IR-4 Ornamental Horticulture Program Trial Report

Transcription

1 Project Title: Evaluation of phytotoxicity of V-1142 on Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue ) IR4 PR#: Report date: December 5, 26 Authors: Heiner Lieth and Linda Dodge Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Davis, CA Narrative Summary: Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue plants growing in 1-gallon containers received two applications of V-1142 at.5 lb ai/acre (1X), 1. lb ai/acre (2X) or 2. lb ai/acre (4X) rates as described in the Materials and Methods section of this report. The interval between applications was 4 weeks. The plants in the Control group received no V The trial was conducted over 8 weeks from April 6, 26 to May 31, 26. The phytotoxicity index levels for the Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue plants exposed to V-1142 at all rates were high enough to render the plants unmarketable. Phytotoxicity was present at all rates of application and became apparent two weeks after the first application. There was a significant growth retardation effect caused by the product. V-1142 should not be used over the top on Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue. Acknowledgements: The research was supported through funding from the USDA IR-4 Program, Western Region based at UC Davis, Davis, CA. Personnel involved in this project included: Ron Lane (pesticide application, pest management) and Melaku Sebhatu (plant culture, data collection). The materials being tested were supplied by the manufacturer/distributor. Plants were provided by Monrovia Nursery, Visalia CA. 1

2 Overview of Trial and Protocol: The trial was conducted according to the IR4 protocol # 6-1 (Appendix A). The details are listed in the section, below, entitled Materials and Methods/Recordkeeping. Phytotoxicity ratings were recorded at weeks, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8. Phytotoxicity was evaluated using a Phytotoxicity index, consisting of a scale where values of 1 or below represent negligible blemishes and values above 3 represent damage that renders the plant unmarketable. Plant height and width measurements were taken at the beginning and end of the trial. Plant growth evaluations include a calculated Volume index which is proportional to the canopy volume. Results: By week 2 there was a significant increase in the phytotoxicity index in all treatments where Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue plants were exposed to V-1142 (Tables 1 and 3, Figure 1). It should be noted that the absolute phytotoxicity index levels for the treated plants were greater than 8 for all treatments where V-1142 was applied versus less than 2 for the control plants. Phytotoxicity symptoms included reduced growth, leaf necrosis and death of plants (Figure 2). Over the 8 week growing period, the Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue plants in the control treatment grew an average of 19.2 cm taller and 23.3 cm wider resulting in a volume index increase of 3621 (Tables 2 and 3, Figures 1 and 3). The plants treated with V-1142 at all rates grew significantly less with mean height and width decreases of less than 2 and 3 cm respectively. The volume index changes due to the V-1142 treatments were negative for all rates of application. Discussion: The phytotoxicity index levels for the Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue plants exposed to V-1142 at all rates were high enough to render the plants unmarketable. Phytotoxicity was present at all rates of application and became apparent two weeks after the first application. There was a significant growth retardation effect caused by the product. V-1142 should not be used over the top on Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue. 2

3 Materials & Methods/Recordkeeping: Crop History Crop Cultivar/Variety: Date of Seeding: Date of Emergence: Date of Transplanting: Potting Mix: Pot size & spacing: Row spacing: Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue ) liners received from Monrovia Nursery 3/16/6, transplanted 4/3/6 UC Mix: 1/3 sand, 1/3 peat, 1/3 bark (by volume) 1-gallon pots spaced on 12-inch centers Product(s) applied prior to start of experiment: Product Rate Application Type Date of Application Crop Growth Stage Application Volume Osmocote tsp./pot Manual 4/4/6 Actively growing NA Experiment Information Experimental Design: Number of Reps: Randomized complete block 9 (3 blocks x 3 reps per block) Materials & Methods: Plant Material and Culture. Liners of Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue were received from Monrovia Nursery, Visalia CA, on March 16, 26. The plants were transplanted to 1-gallon pots containing UC Mix on April 3, 26. The experiment ran from April 6, 26 to May 31, 26 in an outdoor nursery under 5% shade (Table 4). The plants were irrigated daily during the 8-week experiment with tap water using a drip irrigation system delivering 1 gallon per hour. Applications of pesticides as part of a normal pest management program were made as needed (see below). Experimental Procedure. Thirty-six plants were randomly chosen and individually tagged for treatment with (Control),.5 lb ai/acre (1X), 1. lb ai/acre (2X) or 2. lb ai/acre (4X) V-1142 with 9 replicates per treatment. These dosages were prescribed in IR4 Ornamental Protocol 6-1 (Appendix A). The plants received the first granular application on April 6, 26 and the second application 4 weeks later on May 4, 26. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using Proc GLM of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The phytotoxicity and change in mean value from the starting plant height, width and volume index were analyzed for significant differences using t-tests. 3

4 Application Equipment: Manual spray bottles for V-1142 Product(s) applied during experiment (including treatments, fertilizers, etc): Product Rate(s) Application Type Date of Application Crop Growth Stage V ,.25, Foliar sprayr 4/6/6 Actively growing.5 lb ai/acre V ,.25, Foliar spray 5/4/6 Actively growing.5 lb ai/acre Application Volume Data Collected: Data Collection. Phytotoxicity ratings were taken at week, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8, (April 4, 11 and 18, 26; May 2, 9, 16 and 31, 26). Visual phytotoxicity evaluations were based on a numerical rating scale ranging from (no injury) to 1 (complete kill) (Table 5). Plant height and width were measured at week (April 4, 26) and week 8 (May 31, 26). Plant height (cm) was measured from the container soil surface to the top of the canopy. Plant width (cm) was measured twice along perpendicular lines at the widest part of the plant, resulting in W 1 and W 2. For each observation a canopy volume index was calculated so as to be able to determine if canopy volume was affected by the application of herbicide. The calculation was made as H*W 1 *W 2, where H is the height and W 1 and W 2 are two width measurements. The usefulness of this index is based on the fact that many of the models for such a volume calculation are of the form a*h*w 1 *W 2. The constant a depends on the assumption of the shape of the canopy. Since analyses of variance are scale-independent, the conclusion will thus be for the volume of the plant canopy. 4

5 Table 1. Phytotoxicity changes over 8 weeks for Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue treated with (Control),.5 (1X), 1. (2X) or 2. (4X) lb ai/acre V-1142 at weeks and 4. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences between treatments (P <.5). Yes / No designations refer to significant treatment effects at the 5% level. Means ± SE (n=9) Phytotoxicity Effect of V-1142 on Hydrangea Phytotoxicity Index Increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 1 week no 2 weeks yes 4 weeks yes X. ±. b.11 ±.2 b.22 ±.22 b 1X. ±. b 1.22 ±.15 a 6. ±.37 a 2X.22 ±.15 a 1.22 ±.15 a 6.22 ±.32 a 4X. ±. b 1. ±. a 5.44 ±.29 a Phytotoxicity Index increase from beginning of trial until: Treatment 5 week yes 6 weeks yes 8 weeks yes X -.44 ±.29 b -.56 ±.29 c -.56 ±.29 b 1X 5.44 ±.53 a 5. ±.53 b 6.56 ±.34 a 2X 6.44 ±.29 a 6.33 ±.29 a 7.11 ±.11 a 4X 5.56 ±.34 a 5.33 ±.37 ab 6.67 ±.41 a Table 2. Plant height, width and volume changes over 8 weeks for Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue treated with (Control),.5 (1X), 1. (2X) or 2. (4X) lb ai/acre V-1142 at weeks and 4. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences between treatments (P <.5). Yes / No designations refer to significant treatment effects at the 5% level. Means ± SE (n=9) Growth Effect of V-1142 on Hydrangea Increase by week 8 of: Treatment Height (cm) yes Average yes Volume Index yes Width (cm) X ± 1.25 a ± 1.53 a ± a 1X ±.74 b ± 1.14 b ± b 2X -2. ±.6 b -3.8 ±.68 b ± b 4X ±.89 b ± 1. b -81. ± b 5

6 Raw Data: Table 3. Phytotoxicity and plant growth data collected for plants of Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue treated with two applications of (Control),.5 (1X), 1. (2X) or 2. (4X) lb ai/acre V-1142 at weeks and 4 of an 8-week experiment. Phytotoxicity Report Form Hydrangea V-1142 Phytotoxicity at week Plant Size at week Plant Size at week 8 Height Width1 Width 2 Height Width1 Width 2 Treatment Block Rep (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Control A Control A Control A Control B Control B Control B Control C Control C Control C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean X A X A X A X B X B X B X C X C X C Mean

7 Environmental conditions during the experiment: Table 4. Environmental conditions during the experiment to determine phytotoxicity of V-1142 on Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue. Date Sol Rad (Ly/day) Max Air Temp ( F) Min Air Temp ( F) Avg Vap (mbars) Avg wspd (MPH) Precip (in) CIMIS ETo (in) Avg Rel Hum (%) 4/6/ /7/ /8/ /9/ /1/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /2/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /3/ /1/ /2/ /3/ /4/ /5/ /6/ /7/ /8/ /9/ /1/ /11/ /12/ /13/ /14/ /15/ /16/ /17/ /18/ /19/ /2/ /21/ /22/ /23/ /24/ /25/ /26/ /27/ /28/ /29/ /3/ /31/

8 Table 5. Numerical plant damage rating scale used for phytotoxicity determinations. Rating Description of plant damage No damage 1 No visible damage but unintended (non-permanent) impact 2 Slight leaf/tissue damage (curling leaves, necrosis, etc.) 3 Marginal chlorosis on some leaves (damage on up to 1% of plant) 4 1% 2% of plant damaged 5 Significant damage to much of plant (3% - 4%) 6 4% 6% of plant damaged 7 Chlorosis or necrosis on most of plant (6% - 7%) 8 Abscised leaves, branch dieback 9 Tissue severely damaged (8% - 1% of plant) 1 Complete kill 8

9 Species: Hydrangea -- Material: V-1142 Height (cm) Change (cm) Phytotoxicity Index Control 1X 2X 4X 4 Ctrl 1X 2X 4X Day of trial Day of trial Width (cm) Ctrl 1X 2X 4X Day of trial 2 1 Change (cm) Volume Index Ctrl 1X 2X 4X Day of trial Change Figure 1. Summary of results for Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue treated with (Control),.5 (1X), 1. (2X) or 2. (4X) lb ai/acre V-1142 at weeks and 4. Both means and cumulative changes over time are plotted for phytotoxicity index, plant height, plant width and plant volume index. Histograms show changes over the 8-week trial period. SE bars shown. (n = 9) 9

10 Phytotoxicity ratings Figure 2. Examples of phytotoxicity ratings given to Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue plants 8 weeks after 2 applications V

11 CONTROL 1X 2X 4X Figure 3. Hydrangea macrophylla Nikko Blue 8 weeks after two applications of (Control),.5 (1X), 1. (2X) or 2. (4X) lb ai/acre V-1142 at weeks and 4. 11

12 APPENDIX A Phytotoxicity to ornamental horticulture plants from tools to manage broadleaf weeds and sedges. Ornamental Protocol Number: 6-1 Objective: Determine phytotoxicity of Manage (halosulfuron), Sulfentrazone.2G, and V-1142 to unlabelled perennial plants commonly grown in nurseries. Experimental Design: Plot Size: Must be adequate to reflect actual use conditions. Replicates: Minimum of 3 replications (preferably 4) with 3 plants per replicate Application Instructions: Apply first application over the top of plants just breaking dormancy or, under climates where plants do not go totally dormant, apply prior to active growth in the spring. See table for product specific information. Plant Materials: See attached list of plant materials. Plants grown in field containers are preferred to in-ground. Evaluations: Record plant height & width at initial and final evaluations. At 1, 2, and 4 weeks after each application, record phytotoxicity on a scale of to 1 ( = No phytotoxicity; 1 = Complete kill). If appropriate, also include ratings for chlorosis, defoliation, stunting or other growth effects on a scale of to 1 ( = No effect; 1 = Complete plant affected). If any phytotoxicity is observed in treated plants, take pictures comparing treated and untreated plant material. If different application methods or evaluations are made, please clearly specify differences in final report and explain how they enhanced results. Recordkeeping: Keep detailed records of weather conditions including temperature and precipitation, soil-type or soil-less media, application equipment, irrigation, liner size, plant height & width, and plant growth stage at application and data collection dates. Treatments: Product Rates Special Instructions Contact Information to obtain materials and any needed adjuvants Sedgehammer 75 WG (halosulfuron) Sulfentrazone.2G (Sulfentrazone.2% active) 1 oz per acre (.47 lb ai) 2 oz per acre (.94 lb ai) 4 oz per acre (.188 lb ai).125 lb ai/acre.25 lb ai/acre.5 lb ai/acre V WG.5 lb ai/acre 1. lb ai/acre 2. lb ai/acre Untreated Reports: Reports must include: Results summary (no more than one page) Summary table with appropriate statistical analyses Experimental design and materials and methods Appendices: raw data and recordkeeping information as listed above If pictures were taken, please include them. Always use.25% v/v of a non ionic surfactant. If severe phyto symptoms do not occur and where feasible apply a second application 4-6 weeks later at identical rates. 2 applications on a 4 week interval 2 applications on a 4 week interval Kory Wheeler Kwheeler@gowanco.com FMC, Bobby Walls, , bobby_walls@fmc.com Valent, Joe Chamberlin, , jcham@valent.com A report submitted electronically is preferred but not required. If the report is provided electronically, the basic report can be sent in MS Word or WordPerfect, the recordkeeping information as pdf or other electronic documents, and the raw data in MS Excel or other suitable program such as ARM. Please direct questions to: Cristi Palmer, IR-4 HQ, Rutgers University, 681 US Hwy 1 S, North Brunswick, NJ , Phone x629, palmer@aesop.rutgers.edu OR Ely Vea, 38 Aston Forest Lane, Crownsville, MD 2132, Phone & FAX#: , evvea@comcast.net. 12