Mercury Emission Reductions in Michigan. Joy Taylor Morgan, M.S. MDEQ - Air Quality Division (517) September 19, 2012

Transcription

1 Mercury Emission Reductions in Michigan Joy Taylor Morgan, M.S. MDEQ - Air Quality Division (517) taylorj1@michigan.gov September 19, 2012 Michigan Water Environment Association Industrial Pretreatment Seminar Eagle Eye Banquet Facility East Lansing, Michigan Overview Sources of mercury Why the concern? Reduction in mercury use & emissions Emissions regulations & legislation National and Great Lakes state actions 1

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4 Where are Anthropogenic Mercury Air Emissions Originating? Metric tons per year. Source: United Nations Environment Programme Global Mercury Assessment, 2002, using J. Pacyna 1995 data, as presented by AMAP, 1998 Geographic Distribution of Largest Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions Sources in the U.S. (1999) and Canada (2000) 4

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6 Mercury Exposure Pathway Source: USEPA, MERCURY CYCLE IN THE BIOSPHERE Hg 0, Hg 2+, Hg(p) Hg 0 Hg 0 Hg 0 Hg 0 Hg0 + O 3 Hg 2+ Hg 2+ Hg 0 +? Hg 0 Hg 2+ (CH 3 ) 2 Hg Hg 2+, Hg(p) CH 3 Hg + Hg(0) = Gaseous Elemental Hg 2+ = Gaseous Oxidized Hg(p) = Particlulate Bound 6

7 Deposition ( mg/m 3 ) Deposition ( mg/m 3 ) Deposition ( mg/m 3 Deposition ) ( mg/m 3 ) Deposition ( mg/m 3 ) Hg Wet Deposition Michigan to Steubenvil Michigan Eagle Eagle Harbor Harbor Michigan to S Pellston Eagle Harbor Pellston DexterPellston Michiga Grand Dexter Grand Rapids Eagle Rapids Harbor Steubenville Grand Rapids Eagle Harbor Steubenville Pellston Steubenville Pellston Dexter Dexter Grand Grand Rapids Rapids Steubenville Steubenville Year Y Biomagnification 7

8 Risk with Elevated Fish Consumption Very Toxic: brain; kidneys; immune system; possibly cardiovascular system. Developing brain of fetus/children particularly at risk Target level in fish 0.35 ppm several hundred thousand newborns per year at risk in U.S Adults: growing evidence for a link to cardiovascular risks Tools You Can Use MI-TOXIC 8

9 Mercury Effects in Wildlife Mink are affected at > 1 ppm in food Ducks and song birds are reportedly affected at > 0.2 ppm in food & loons at > 0.1 ppm Subtle effects include reduced reproduction, weight loss, nervous system damage, behavioral changes in offspring Hg Connections Doc 9

10 Mercury Use: Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1197 (2005) U.S. Mercury Use Source: US Geological Survey, Minerals Yearbook, 1996, Chlorine Institute Annual Report to EPA, 2004; National Electrical Manufacturer s Association, direct communication,

11 Recent Milestones in Reducing U.S. Mercury Use 1997: Chlorine Institute commits to 50% reduction in mercury use at chlor-alkali plants by : AHA commits to virtual elimination of mercury from hospital waste in MOU with EPA 2006: Honeywell stops producing mercurycontaining thermostats 2007: Lamp manufacturers commit to limiting Hg in compact fluorescent lights to 5 µg 2007, 2010: Significant New Use rules Total U.S. Mercury Emissions Other Munic & Medic Waste Incin Mercury Cell Chlor-Alkali Plants Portland Cement Non- Hazardous Waste ICI Boilers and Process Heaters Electric Arc Furnaces Utility Coal Boilers 11

12 Mercury Emissions Estimates and Projections in U.S.A. for 3 Categories for years 1990, 2002, and Tons per year MWCs MWIs Utilities 23 Mercury Emissions Estimates and Projections in U.S.A. for 4 Categories for years 1990, 2002, and Tons per year Chlor-alkali HWCs EAFs Gold Mining 24 12

13 Activities to Reduce Hg in Waste (Products) Through MDEQ s Pollution Prevention (P2) Mercury Reduction Efforts, MDEQ documented > 20,000 lbs. or 225,000 devices! Impacts Sewage Sludge Incinerators & Municipal Waste Combustor Emissions 13

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15 Mercury Legislation 15

16 Mercury Legislation Public Act 376 of 2000 banned Hg(0) in schools by 12/31/04 Public Act 578 of 2002 banned the sale of Hg thermometers in MI as of 1/1/03 Public Act 493 of 2006 bans the sale of Hg sphygmos by 1/1/08 and the use by 1/1/09 Public Act 492 of 2006 bans the sale of Hg thermostats by 1/1/09 (does not apply to appliances) Public Act 494 of 2006 bans the sale of esophageal dilators, bougie tubes and gastrointestinal tubes that contain mercury or mercury-compounds beginning January 1, 2009 Mercury Legislation Public Act 503 of 2008 requires dentists to use BMPs for mercury amalgam including amalgam separators by

17 Dispose of Hg-Containing Items Properly rrent-projects/thermostatrecycling or /cfl-recycling 17

18 G O G E B I C O N T O N A G O N H O U G H T O N I R O B A R A G N A K E W E E N A W M A R Q U E T T E D I C K I N S O N M E N O M I N E E A L G E R D E L T A S C H O O L C R A F T O B E R R I E N C E A N A B E N Z I E M U S K E G O N O T T A W A V A N B U R E N L E E L A N A U G M N E W A Y G O L U C E A C K I N A C R A N D T R A V E R S E K E N T M E C O S T A C H A R L E V O C H I P P E W I X A C H E B O Y G A N P R E S Q A N T R I M O T S E G O M O N T M O R E N C Y K A L K A S K A M O N T C A L M I O N I A I S A B E L L A A L L E G A N B A R R Y E A T O N K A L A M A Z O O C A L H O E M M E T U N C R A W G F O R D G L A D W I N M R A T I O T C L I N T O I D L A N D N O S C O D A S H IA W I N G H A M B A Y U E I S L E A R E N A C S A G I N A W A S S E E G L I V I N G S T O N A L P E N A A L C O E N E S E E N A T U S C O O L A A K L A N D L A P E E R J A C K S O N W A S H T E N A W W A Y N E M O N R O E H U R O N S A N I L A C M A C O M B S T. C L A I R Michigan Groundwater Stewardship CLEAN SWEEP PROGRAM Mike Allen Ingham County mallen@ingham.org 4 M A N I S T E E W E X F O R D M I S S A U K E E R O S C O M M O N O G E M A W I O S C O M A S O N L A K E O S C E O L A C L A R E C A S S S T. J O S E P H B R A N C H H I L L S D A L E L E N A W E E 11 Regional/National/ International Hg Efforts 18

19 Regional/National Hg Efforts The Great Lakes Bi-national Toxics Strategy, since 1993 Further the goals of the GLWQA (1987 VE of PBTs) Quicksilver Caucus National Org air, water, waste and P United Nations Environment Program since Great Lakes Regional Collaboration Created in 2004 by Presidential Order December 2005 GLRC Report called for basin-wide mercury product stewardship strategy Products Strategy completed June 19, 2008 Mercury Emissions Reduction Strategy August,

20 A Trip to China The End 20

21 Mercury Emissions Reduction and Coal- Fired Electric Generating Units Julie Brunner, P.E. MDEQ - Air Quality Division (517) brunnerj1@michigan.gov September 19, 2012 Presentation Outline Mercury Regulations Mercury Control Mercury and Coal-fired Boilers Alternatives 21

22 Clean Air Act Part 55, of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act Michigan Air Pollution Control Rules Federal Regulations Mercury listed Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) (d) Emission standards developed through a Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Determination 22

23 MACT Standards Mercury and Air Toxics Rule (MATS) Final and in effect on April 16, Compliance for existing sources on April 16, 2015, but extensions can be granted. New sources are required to comply upon start-up. Currently under legal challenge

24 Michigan s Mercury Rules Regulate mercury emissions from any stationary coal-fired electric generating unit (EGU) serving a generator with a nameplate capacity of more than 25 megawatts producing electricity for sale. Michigan s Mercury Rules Compliance for existing sources on January 1, 2015, but extensions can be granted. New sources are required to comply upon start-up. One year variance from the requirement to apply for a Michigan mercury permit is currently in effect. Michigan s mercury rules will be subsumed by MATS. 24

25 Michigan s Coal-Fired Electric Utilities Coal Regions 25

26 Mercury Concentrations in Fuels FUEL TYPE MERCURY CONCENTRATION (ppm) Bituminous Coal * Sub-bituminous Coal * Lignite Coal * Biomass ** Natural gas negligible * Berkenpas et al., 2001 ** 2005 Estimates of Anthropogenic Mercury Air Emissions in Michigan, DEQ, November 2011 Control of Mercury Emissions Mercury Specific Controls activated carbon injection (up to 90% reduction), novel sorbents, modified control equipment, etc. Co-benefit Controls - Using equipment that is designed to control other pollutants such as, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for nitrogen oxides (NOx), dry and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) for oxides of sulfur (SOx), fabric filters for particulate control. Other - Electro-Catalytic Oxidation (ECO) system, Plasma-Enhanced ESP, coal cleaning, fuel switching, etc. 26

27 Typical Control Train (new boiler) Mercury Control and Water Discharges Wet FGDs discharge to surface waters. Three MI power plants have wet FGDs. Detroit Edison Monroe Power Plant Grand Haven J.B. Sims Generating Station Michigan South Central Power Agency Endicott Generating Station 27

28 Detroit Edison Monroe National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit No. MI effective March 1, 2010 Total Mercury Limits 0.16 lbs./day (12-month rolling average) 10 ng/l (12-month rolling average) Mercury Deposition from Power Plants For each new unit, the local mercury deposition is modeled. Local water bodies are the focus, because relatively more deposition impact is close to the source. Models account for the environmental fate of mercury in the local watersheds. 30-year accumulation in fish is estimated. People are assumed to eat fish; mercury exposure and risk are estimated. 28

29 Natural gas Nuclear Alternatives to Coal Renewable sources Biomass Landfill gas Hydroelectric Wind Solar Energy efficiency and demand-side management No build option Summary Mercury Regulations Mercury Control Mercury and Coal-fired Boilers Alternatives 29

30 Questions Julie L. Brunner, P.E. MDEQ - AQD brunnerj1@michigan.gov 30