Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_ Available online at aeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype= =9&IType=11 ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed AN EXTENSIVE EXAMINATION OF WATER QUALITY AND SOIL QUALITY CHARACTERSTICES IN FEW AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH CORE CAPITAL REGION AT AMARAVATI BY USING GIS APPLICATIONS M.V. Raju Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India K. Mariadas Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Vignan s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India G.Venu Ratna Kumari Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Kanuru, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India M. Siva Jagadish Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Technology, Vignan s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India S. Ramesh Babu AGM, Environment Health and Safety, Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana State, India ABSTRACT Ground water is the main source in the study area of core capital region at amaravathi and also it has some surface water sources of river Krishna flows through the region from North-West to South-East bordering the Krishna and Guntur districts. Apart from the river Krishna, many small rivulets and canals flow through the region editor@iaeme.com

2 M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu The irrigation canals include the Buckingham canal, Ryves canal, Krishna Main canal, Nizampatnam canal, Krishna West Bank canal and the Commamuru canal. In this present study, worked on examination of 44 number of water samples, which includes 22 number of ground water as well as 22 number of surface waters and also 22 number of soil samples analysed in three different months i.e. August, September and October were and also developed various GIS maps of Ground water quality, surface water quality, soil quality positions of the study area, which were covering in three mandals of Thulluru, Tadepalli and Mangalagiri of study area of the core capital region. In some samples it s required some preliminary treatment must be given to water for its utilization. On overall the ground water quality and soil quality of most of the parameters in most of the areas was observed are within the acceptable limits, where as for utilization its seems to followed by some preliminary treatment technologies Key words: Core Capital Region, Water quality, Soil Quality, Contamination, GIS. Cite this Article: M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu, An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11),, pp INTRODUCTION Groundwater is an important one source of water supply, it was occurs most of the areas, where, beneath the earth surface not in a single widespread aquifer but in thousands of local aquifer systems and compartments that have similar characters. The ground water quality is still important to the public, therefore it is important to ensure its high quality at all time so that the consumer health is not compromised. Generally, Ground water resources are affected by three major activities. i.e. The first one is excessive turn up or use of chemicals or fertilizers and/ or pesticides in agricultural areas. The second one is sewage or sludge or effluent to the environment. Finally, excessive pumping and improper management of aquifers result. And also solid waste dumping and disposal activity in an open un-engineered landfill is the one of the factor that cause the ground water pollution due to lack of pollution control interventions such as unsecured sanitary landfills, leachate treatment pond, monitoring wells, and many more Soil is a dynamic living resource whose condition is vital both to the production of food and fibber and to global balance and ecosystem function or in essence to the sustainability of life on earth. Soil, water and air are three basic natural resources upon which most life depends. Soil quality may be defined as the capacity of soil to function within the ecosystem and land use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health (Doran and Parkin, 1994). For better management practices it is necessary to assess the soil and water quality and they will decide the performance of the crops. 2. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, which came into effect on 2 nd June, 2014, provided for the reorganization of the existing state of Andhra Pradesh. It has a jurisdictional area of 8, km 2 spread in Guntur and Krishna districts. It also includes 214 km 2 of the new capital city of Andhra Pradesh, Amravati and the Capital City area between Vijayawada editor@iaeme.com

3 An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications and Guntur cities on the Southern bank of river Krishna upstream of prakasam barrage. As per the 2011 census, the total population of the Amaravati Capital City area is 97,960. Out of the total population, the male population is 48,705 and the female population is 49,255 and the numbers of Literates are The total capital region is divided into many zones and all these zones represent a specified area of the total capital region. The zones are urban local bodies, Amaravathi, Central Zone, Eastern Zone, North East Zone, Northern Zone, South East Zone, South West Zone, Southern Zone and Western Zone. And the Core capital region, which consisting of 25 villages, named as Thulluru, Lingayapalem, Uddandarayunipalem, Velagapudi, Sakamuru, Nelapadu, Malkapuram, Mandadam, Venkatapalem, Anantavaram, Nekkallu, Rayapudi, Inavolu, Pictchukalapalem, Dondapadu, Abburajupalem, Borupalem, Kondaraju Palem, Tedepalli, Undavalli, Penumaka, Krishnayapalem, Nidamarru, Kuragallu, Nowluru are falling in three mandals of Thulluru, Tadepalli and Mangalagiri. The capital region with 25 village s map of the study area shown in Figure 1.1 Figure1.1. GIS Map of 25 Village Areas Falling in 3 Mandals of Thulluru, Tadepalli and Mangalagiri at Core Capital Region of Amaravathi (Study Area) 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY An extensive examination of water quality i.e. ground water as well as surface waters in few areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region, Amaravathi and Evaluation of soil quality and development of GIS maps Suggestion for suitable treatment technologies for better utilization of the resources 4. METHODOLOGY Collection of source data like satellite data of two seasons, SOI (Survey of India) toposheet, village maps and tentative soil erosion maps. These are the main inputs for the preparation of thematic layers Two seasons satellite data of PAN (Panchromatic) and LISS-III (Linear Image Self Scanner) are geometrically corrected and enhanced. Then both PAN and LISS III data are merged using principal component method and Cubic Convolution re-sampling technique. Finally after map composition satellite imagery is printed in FCC in 1:50,000 scale editor@iaeme.com

4 M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu Preparation of basic themes like base map, settlement map, village map, drainage map and soil erosion map from the source data. Then updating of base map, transport map and drainage map from the satellite image by visual interpretation Thematic maps (related to natural resources) like land use / land cover map, Litho logy map, structure map and geomorphology map are prepared by visual interpretation of the satellite imagery Visual interpretation is carried out based on the image characteristics like tone, size, shape, pattern, texture, location, association, background etc. in conjunction with existing maps/literature Preliminary quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. Field observations are incorporated in to the related thematic layers. Well status map is prepared by plotting the well inventory data on the village maps Ground water prospects map is prepared by the combination of Lithology map, geomorphology map, Command area map is prepared by the combination of land use/land cover map, primary and secondary data related to irrigation and tanks Final quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. All the maps prepared are converted into soft copy by digitization. In that process editing, labelling, mosaicking, quality checking, data integration etc., are carried out Land use/land cover map, ground water prospects map, command area map are integrated with village map and analyzed to get village wise statistical findings Villages are categorized by irrigation utilization, natural resources utilization based on the village wise statistical findings. Ranking criteria is prepared for prioritization of villages for the developmental activities based on the available natural resources and accordingly villages are ranked and categorized Report was prepared with report generation, graphics preparation, A4 size layout preparation, and Editing / composition and Annexure preparation Preparation of Arc view project file with hotlink to all thematic maps Preparation and plotting of A4 size maps Preparation of final deliverables in soft copy format for submission. Methodology of the present study shown in Figure 4.1 Figure 4.1 Methodology of work at study area editor@iaeme.com

5 An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 5.1. Preparation of Soil Sample If the sample is soil or mineral, take about 100 gm of the given soil sample, dry it by keeping it in an oven at 100 o C to 110 o C (at less than 60 o C if organic matter is to be estimated), crush it with a wooden mallet, sieve it in a 2 mm IS sieve (425 µ IS sieve for estimation of ph) And from the above dry powdered soil sample take 50 gm into a beaker. Add 250 ml of distilled water to it so that a soil water ratio of 1:5 is maintained (add 125 ml of distilled water only for estimation of ph) then Mix the contents thoroughly with a glass rod and allow it to remain still, After some time, preferably about 16 hours, mix the contents again so that the salts in the soil are extracted by the distilled water completely and then Filter the supernatant and use it as the sample for chemical analysis 5.2. Preparation of Water Sample Water samples have been collected according to procedures prescribed in UNESCO document. The collected samples were labelled properly indicating the exact position where the samples are collected at study area. Samples are brought to the laboratory in the bottles and analyzed for parameters and determined by standard methods (APHA 1998). Methods used for water analysis shown in Table 5.1 and results analysis are shown in Table 5.2., 5.3., 5.4., 5.5. And Table 5.6 Table 5.1 Methods used for water analysis Test Conducted Units Principle of the method Temperature 0 C Precision thermometer, measured in situ Electrical conductivity Mhoms Digital conductivity meter Turbidity NTU Turbidity meter mgl -1 Evaporation Dissolved and suspended solids mgl -1 Filtration and evaporation ph Digital ph meter Alkalinity as CaCO 3 mgl -1 Titration with std. H 2 SO 4 P-alkalinity + MO Alkalinity x 100 ml of sample taken P-Alkalinity as CaCO 3 mgl -1 phenolphthalein x Vol. Of H 2 SO 4 required in presence of ml of sample taken MO-Alkalinity as CaCO 3 mgl -1 x Vol. Of H 2 SO 4 required in presence of methyl orange ml of sample taken Chlorides mgl -1 Titration with stand. AgNO 3 using K 2 Cr 2 O 7 as indicator Hardness mgl -1 EDTA titrimetric method Source: American Public Health Association (APHA) editor@iaeme.com

6 M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu Sample Code Aug Table 5.2 Results of Soil sample analysis by monthly variations Name of The Parameters ( by Month Wise Variations) (Units: mg/l, Except ph) Dissolved ph Alkalinity Hardness Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug S S SS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Avg Sampling Station Details: S1= Thulluru, S2= Lingayapalem, S3= UR Palem, S4= Velagapudi, S5= Sakamuru, S6 = Nelapadu, S7= Malkapuram, S8= Mandadam S9 = Venkatapalem S10= Anantavaram, S11 = Nekkallu, S12= Dondapadu, S13 = AR Palem, S14= Rayapudi, S15 = Borupalem, S16 = Kondaraju Palem, S17 = Undavalli, S18 = Penumaka, S19 = Krishnayapalem, S20 = Nidamarru, S21 = Kuragallu, S22 = Nawuluru Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct editor@iaeme.com

7 An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications Sample Code Aug Table 5.3 Results of Ground water sample analysis by monthly variations Name of The Parameters ( by Month Wise Variations) (Units: mg/l, except ph) ph Alkalinity Hardness Dissolved Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct S S SS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Avg Table 5.4 Results of Surface water sample analysis by monthly variations Name of The Parameters ( by Month Wise Variations) (Units: mg/l, except ph) Sample Dissolved ph Alkalinity Hardness Code Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct Aug Sept Oct S S SS S S S S S S S S editor@iaeme.com

8 M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu S S S S S S S S S S S Avg Sample Code ph Moistu re Conten t Table 5.5 Results of soil sample mean values Organic matter Hardness Mean Values of The Parameters (Units: mg/l, except ph) Alkalinity Potass ium Phospho rous S S SS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S TDS editor@iaeme.com

9 An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications Table 5.6 Results of ground water sample mean values and surface water sample mean values Sample Code ph Mean Values of The Parameters (Units: mg/l, except ph) Ground water sample mean values Surface water sample mean values Alkalinity Hardnes s TS TDS ph Alkalinity Hardnes s S S SS S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S GIS maps for physic- chemical analysis of water samples and Soil TS TDS editor@iaeme.com

10 M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu

11 An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications 6. CONCLUSIONS An assessment for Chemical analysis of core capital region of various parameters is safe and good for human activities. The properties ground water and surface water in core capital region with a comprehensive of the parameters are studied GIS helps in data capture and processing and it serve as powerful computational tool that facilitate multi map integrations. And with the help of GIS mapping we are able to show the ground water surface water quality analysis. Geographical Information System technology must be used in their assessment of pollution as it useful to analyze & get the solution easily with more accuracy This study has shown that use of GIS is very useful tool for analysis purpose. People can use soil for irrigation, ground water for drinking and surface water for agriculture fields The spatial distribution maps of ph, TDS, solids, Alkalinity and Chlorides shows that these parameters are within the permissible limit Finally it is concluded by using GIS technology has great potential to revolutionize soil, groundwater and surface water monitoring and management in the future. Rapidly expanding GIS technology will play central role in handling the voluminous ratio-temporal data and their effective interpretation, analysis and presentation through GIS applications editor@iaeme.com

12 M.V. Raju, K. Mariadas, G.Venu Ratna Kumari, M. Siva Jagadish Kumar and S. Ramesh Babu REFERENCES [1] Kumar, M.S., Raju, M.V., Palivela, H., Venu Ratna Kumari, G , Water quality scenario of urban polluted lakes - A model study, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 8(5), pp [2] Madhuri, T.U. A study on assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking in Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, Volume 35, Issue 2, February 2015, Pages [3] APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. (20th Edition). American Public Health Association, Washington DC, New York [4] Raju, M.V., Satish Kumar, M., Venu Ratna Kumari, G., Ramesh Babu, S.R., An investigative study on water quality distribution in the zones of municipal corporation using remote sensing and GIS applications, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(6), pp [5] Asadi, S.S., Raju, M.V., Yugandhara Reddy, K., Vasantha Rao, B.V.T., 2015, A decision support spatial distribution model to assess heavy metals concentrations using geomatics, International Journal of Applied Chemistry 11(1), pp [6] BIS, Indian standards specifications for drinking water. IS: 10500, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, [7] Jain C.K and Sharma M.K, 1997 Relationship among water quality Parameters of groundwater of Jammu District, Pollution Research 16 (4): [8] BIS, Indian standards specifications for drinking water. IS: 10500, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2003 [9] Viswanath K, assessment of soil and water quality in ongole division of prakasam district,andhra Pradesh, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2006 [10] Venu Ratna Kumari, G., Satish Kumar, M., Raju, M.V., Palivela, H, A synoptical representation on potentiality of ground water using geo spatial technology, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, Volume No: 9, Issue No: 01,, pp , ISSN: [11] Satish Kumar, M., Raju, M.V., Asadi, S.S., Vutukuru, S.S., A statistical evaluation of binginipalle cheruvu soils and sediments pollution: A model study, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Volume 9, Number 23 (2014) pp , ISSN [12] Satish Kumar, M., Raju, M.V., Palivela, H. Comprehensive index of groundwater prospects by using standard protocols - A model study, Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp [13] APCRDA, Report of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Amaravathi Sustainable Capital City Development Project, August 2017 [14] M.Satish Kumar, M.V Raju, G.Venu Ratna kumari and S.Ramesh babu, Mapping and modeling of groundwater pattern using geo spatial technology, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, Volume No: 9, Issue No: 09, 2017, pp , ISSN: [15] Asadi, S.S., Sree Ramulu, Y., Raju, M.V., Satish Chandra, D, Creation of remote sensing and Gis based risk area mapping for ground water pollution prevention: A case study, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN Volume 10, Number 4 (2015) pp [16] Kumar, M.S., Raju, M.V., Palivela, H., Venu Ratna Kumari, G, Water quality scenario of urban polluted lakes - A model study, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 5, 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com

13 An Extensive Examination of Water Quality and Soil Quality Characterstices In Few Areas of Andhra Pradesh Core Capital Region at Amaravati By Using GIS Applications [17] Doran J W and Parkin T B 1996 Methods for assessing soil quality. SSSA Special Publication Number 49 [18] Raju, M.V., Satish Kumar, M., Venu Ratna Kumari, G., Ramesh Babu, S.R, An investigative study on water quality distribution in the zones of municipal corporation using remote sensing and gis applications, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 9, Issue 6,, pp [19] C.K. Jain and M.K. Sharma, Regression Analysis of Ground Water Quality Data Of Sagar District, Madhya Pradesh. Indian J. Environ Health. Vol.42, No.4, October 2000, Cpp: [20] Anji Reddy M, 2005, Environmental Geo-Informatics and Modeling ; Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Management, B.S. Publications [21] Monica, C.L., Raju, M.V., Kumar, D.V., Babu, S.R., Asadi, SS, Assessment of phyiciochemical characteristics and suitability study of for domestic purpose: A model study, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 9, Issue 9,, pp editor@iaeme.com