HRAI Annual General Meeting. Jeremy Sager, CanmetENERGY-Ottawa, Buildings Research Group

Transcription

1 1 Leading the Charge HRAI Annual General Meeting Jeremy Sager, CanmetENERGY-Ottawa, Buildings Research Group August 25, 2016

2 Presentation Outline 2 Overview of CanmetENERGY Results from selected activities New testing ti capabilities Thoughts to ponder for the future

3 Presentation Outline 3 Overview of CanmetENERGY Results from selected activities New testing ti capabilities Thoughts to ponder for the future

4 4 Overview of CanmetENERGY CanmetENERGY is the federal government s technical research and knowledge base in the development of new clean energy technologies, regulations, codes, standards, policies and programs.

5 5 CanmetENERGY Ottawa R&D in the areas of energy efficiency, clean fossil fuels, and renewable and alternative energy sources. Energy Efficiencyi Buildings and Communities Industrial Processes Transportation Pilot-scale facilities to help accelerate the advancement of clean energy technologies from the initial iti research stage through to demonstrations.

6 Housing R&D We evaluate a wide range of technologies and provide the tools that enable Canadian manufacturers and builders to use our research results to improve their products. Decision Support Tools Cost Optimization Platform Energy simulation tools Stock analysis Technology assessment

7 7 Facilities National Solar Test Facility, Mississauga, Ontario IES labs, Varennes Hydraulic Machinery Laboratory, Laval University, Quebec (Partner) CE O Building Envelope Test Hut IES Labs, Bells Corners, Ottawa Wind Energy Institute of Canada, PEI (Partner)

8 Canadian Centre for Housing Technology 8

9 Presentation Outline 9 Overview of CanmetENERGY Results from selected activities New testing ti capabilities Thoughts to ponder for the future

10 10 Results from Selected Activities How Design Choices Affect System Sizing Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pumps Systems Integration Zoning Solar Thermal Assist

11 11 Results from Selected Activities How Design Choices Affect System Sizing Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pumps Systems Integration Zoning Solar Thermal Assist

12 12 Heating Equipment Sizing How design choices affect system sizing 1. Examined measured data from CCHT* to determine total heating requirements at design conditions Compare measured values to F280-M90 minimum heating capacity calculations Compare measured values to F minimum heating capacity calculations 2. Evaluated the impact that heating system size and type has on seasonal operating times using CCHT measured heating requirements Single-stage heating systems Two-stage heating systems Modulating heating systems 3. Looked at zoned heating systems and how operating times vary depending on the number of zones calling for heating Single-stage zoned dheating systems Modulating zoned heating systems * CCHT stands for the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology, located in Ottawa, Ontario

13 13 Heating Equipment Sizing How design choices affect system sizing 1. Examined measured data from CCHT* to determine total heating requirements at design conditions Compare measured values to F280-M90 minimum heating capacity calculations Compare measured values to F minimum heating capacity calculations 2. Evaluated the impact that heating system size and type has on seasonal operating times using CCHT measured heating requirements Single-stage heating systems Two-stage heating systems Modulating heating systems 3. Looked at zoned heating systems and how operating times vary depending on the number of zones calling for heating Single-stage zoned dheating systems Modulating zoned heating systems * CCHT stands for the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology, located in Ottawa, Ontario

14 14 Canadian Centre for HousingTechnology (CCHT) Twin, 2-storey detached homes Approx. 2,400 ft 2 / 223 m 2 ) (excluding basement) Located in Ottawa Design Temperature = -25 C Degree-days = 4,673 (base 18 C)

15 15 Simulated Occupancy Sensible heat loads of a family of four Appliances and lighting 60+ events per day 15

16 16 Data Acquisition 300+ temperature sensors Electric, gas, water meters 16

17 17 Part 1: Measured Heating Requirements Compared to F280 Equipment Sizing Calculations Used measured heating data from CCHT to determine the total heating requirements at design conditions in Ottawa, Ontario Compared measured values to: the old F280-M90 required minimum m heating capacity calculation lation the new F required minimum heating capacity calculation

18 18 Heat Balance for CCHT Heat Losses: Conductive Losses Ventilation Losses Infiltration Losses Heat Sources: Furnace Output Heat from the sun Heat from people Heat tfrom other appliances, lights and plug loads. Furnace Water Heater r

19 19 Total Heating Requirements at Design Conditions F280 M90 Minimum Heating Capacity = 53,630 to 56,180 Btu/h CCHT furnace rated output = 47 C (Des sign Temp. = 2 25 C) Desig gn Temp. Diff. F Minimum Heating Capacity = 34,040 to 36,590 Btu/h Maximum measured heating requirement = 34,120 Btu/h (furnace contribution = 31,560 Btu/h) Colder Outdoor Temperatures

20 20 Part 1: Measured Heating Requirements Compared to F280 Equipment Sizing Calculations Findings: 1.1 The new F Standard defines heating requirements that are very close to the actual total heat loss of the building at design conditions. 1.2 The previous F280-M90 Standard significantly oversized the required heating equipment capacity for houses with HRVs and other envelope upgrades not recognized by the previous standard.

21 21 Results from Selected Activities How Design Choices Affect System Sizing Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pumps Systems Integration Zoning Solar Thermal Assist

22 30% or about 4.3 million residences in Canada with electric baseboard or furnace 22 Electric baseboard or furnace 30%

23 23 7.5% or about 1.1 million residences in Canada with heating oil Heating Oil 75% 7.5%

24 4.8% or about 700 thousand residences in Canada with heat pumps 24 Heat Pumps 4.8%

25 Gaps in CSA Performance Ratings 25 New air source heat pumps designed to perform well in cold climates operate at much lower temperatures Current CSA standard C performance ratings COP (heating) and capacity at -8.3 C is the lowest rating point required Most of Canada has design temperatures well below -8.3 C, so what is performance at these lower temperatures? COP = Coefficient of Performance (Output/Input)

26 CC-ASHPs cover loads beyond conventional ASHPs 26 As loads increase (gets colder outside) the CC ASHP As loads increase (gets colder outside), the CC-ASHP maintains capacity while 2 stage ASHP relies on backup

27 CC-ASHP Performance Assessment Test House: Ducted cold climate air source heat pump Reference House: Central A/C + furnace 27

28 Performance Comparison with Gas 700 Beakdown of Total Daily Energy Consumption for Heating CC ASHP Outdoor Unit Electrical 28 Heating System Cons sumption, MJ Standard System Gas Standard System or CC ASHP Indoor Unit 0 Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Test Ref Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Date and House 49% energy savings

29 CC-ASHP Defrost Cycle CC ASHP Supply Temperature & Defrost Cycles for Jan 3, 2013 Thermostat Temperature Supply Temperature CC ASHPAir Handler + Electric Resistance Temp perature, C Power, kw : : : : : : : : : : :00 Time Defrost with Electric Resistance: 13.5 kwh

30 CC-ASHP Defrost Cycle 30 CC ASHP Supply Temperature & Defrost Cycles for February 9, Thermostat Temperature Supply Temperature CC ASHPAir Handler Po ower, kw :00 02:24 04:48 07:12 09:36 12:00 Time 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 00:00 Defrost WITHOUT Electric Resistance: 5.4 kwh

31 CC-ASHP Performance Assessment Power Input, Output and Coefficient of Performance (COP) AVG Indoor + Outdoor Power AVG Output Power (based on enthalpy change) COP (Power Out / Power In) Power Input/Outpu (kw) and COP Temperature Bin ( C) CC-ASHP COP from 1.5 to 3 in heating Gas has COP <1

32 Ductless System Tested Cold climate mini split air source heat pump (2) master bedroom + living room Central A/C + furnace 32

33 Outdoor Unit Locations 33

34 Ductless System Indoor Head Locations 34 NOOK DINING ROOM KITCHEN FAMILY ROOM Fireplace Mini Split R T R GARAGE LIVING ROOM ENTRY T R Supply Register Thermostat Return Thermocouple locations at 2ft in from the outside wall and 3ft up Thermocouple located centrally 1m (3ft 3in) above the floor

35 Ductless System Indoor Head Locations Second Floor 35 BEDROOM 4 BEDROOM 3 R R LAUNDRY ENSUITE MASTER BEDROOM Minisplit R BEDROOM 2 CCHT Research House - SECOND FLOOR Supply Register - below floor R R Supply Register Return Return - below floor Thermocouple locations at 2ft in from the outside wall and 3ft up Thermocouple located centrally 1m (3ft 3in) above the floor

36 Ductless System Tested Cold climate mini split air source heat pump (2) master bedroom + living room Central A/C + furnace 36 60% energy savings in heating and cooling over gas Temperature swings 3 times that of furnace in heating Some method of continuous air circulation should be used in cases with closed floorplans (e.g., fully ducted HRV)

37 CC-ASHP Model Validation 37 Grey line: Hot2000 ASHP model representation Orange dots: Manufacturers claimed performance Blue dots: Measured performance at CCHT

38 CC-ASHP Regional Implications 38

39 39 Results from Selected Activities How Design Choices Affect System Sizing Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pumps Systems Integration Zoning Solar Thermal Assist

40 CC-ASHP Integration with Zoning Summer test results: CC-ASHP vs. single stage A/C 40

41 CC-ASHP Integration with Zoning Summer test results: 3 Zone CC-ASHP vs. single stage A/C 41 Zoning reduces peak time energy use by 42%

42 Zoning Providing Design Guidance 42

43 Combination Systems Providing Design Guidance 43

44 44 Results from Selected Activities How Design Choices Affect System Sizing Cold Climate Air Source Heat Pumps Systems Integration Zoning Solar Thermal Assist

45 45 CC-ASHP Integration with Solar Solar assisted air source heat pump system

46 CC-ASHP Integration with Solar Summer (DHW Only) 46 DHW Load: kwh/day SAHP Energy Use: kwh/day Heat Pump Water Heater uses: 4 kwh/day Electric Resistance uses: 12 kwh/day Natural Gas tank-type uses: 15 kwh/day Daily COP for DHW of 5-45! depending di on sunny days

47 CC-ASHP Integration with Solar - Summer 47 DHW Load SAHP Energy Use Difference is COP

48 CC-ASHP Integration with Solar - Winter 48 Systems uses solar collectors to defrost outdoor unit

49 CC-ASHP Integration with Solar - Winter 49

50 CC-ASHP Integration with Solar - Winter 50

51 CC-ASHP Integration with Solar Winter (DHW + Space Heat) 51 Daily Load: kwh/day SAHP Energy Use: 1-26 kwh/day Natural Gas Condensing: kwh/day Energy reduction of 78% vs natural gas Daily COP for Space Heat & DHW of Solar Fraction of 65% for March, 2016 Outdoor Temp ranging from -15 to +10

52 52 Results from Selected Activities - Recap Air source heat pumps can be designed to maintain capacity and work efficiently at cold temperatures Installation and controls setup can be as important to performance as equipment efficiency CC-ASHPs have short paybacks vs. fuel oil, propane or electric baseboard heating in many jurisdictions Integration with zoned distribution can add > 40% peak demand reductions Integration with solar and storage can contribute substantial solar fractions and improved COPs

53 Presentation Outline 53 Overview of CanmetENERGY Results from selected activities New testing ti capabilities Thoughts to ponder for the future

54 54 New Testing Capabilities A new semi-detached net-zero energy ready home will be completed in Spring 2017 at the National Research Council s Ottawa campus

55 55 New Testing Capabilities The Building Envelope Test Hut (BETH) is up and running at the CanmetENERGY-Ottawa campus

56 56 New Testing Capabilities Solar air testing now functional at the National Solar Test Facility

57 Presentation Outline 57 Overview of CanmetENERGY Results from selected activities New testing ti capabilities Thoughts to ponder for the future

58 Thoughts to ponder for the future Mechanicals Test methods are coming that will rate air source heat pumps at temperatures relevant to Canadian design conditions (i.e., colder!) Will we soon see CC-ASHPs with performance at a cost that can compete with gas-fired systems, even at low gas prices? Will gas-driven CC-ASHPs or micro-chp systems be coming into market? The P.9 standard has helped manufacturers of combination systems improve performance from a thermal performance factor of 0.59 for early tank-based systems to an average of 0.86 for new tankless systems Will this become the standard space and water heating system in homes where space is at a premium? A Builder Decision i Guide for Zoned systems is now available, and an accompanying Zone Duct Design Guide is coming, helping builders and designers with specifying effective zoned HVAC systems Will zoned systems become the dominant duct design in forced air systems? 58

59 59 Thoughts to ponder for the future New Housing Some builders are now offering net zero energy ready and net zero homes as a standard package E.g., Reids Heritage and Minto in Ontario, Landmark in Alberta Will net zero ready homes soon become what the average consumer looks for? Envelopes Knowledge of performance of vacuum insulation panel systems is gaining momentum Will highly insulating, extremely thin insulation systems be a game changer for heating, cooling and ventilation requirements in homes?

60 Questions 60 Jeremy Sager E: T: Acknowledgement of colleagues: Simulation: CC-ASHPs: Mini-splits: Zoning: Envelopes: NRCan / CanmetENERGY: Canadian Centre for Housing Technology: Funding for this work was provided by Natural Resources Canada through Funding for this work was provided by Natural Resources Canada through the Program for Energy Research and Development