World Renewable Energy Technology Congress

Transcription

1 World Renewable Energy Technology Congress SMALL HYDRO POWER - POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT & ISSUES Dr. SUNIL K SINGAL Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee sunilfah@iitr.ernet.in, sunilksingal@gmail.com Sept 26, 2013 (New Delhi) 1

2 ENERGY Energy is important input for development Energy consumption and economic development is highly co-related Energy is required for - Trade and Commerce - Production - Transportation Sector - Agriculture - Domestic needs

3 SOURCE OF ENERGY Conventional Sources of Energy - Thermal - Hydropower - Nuclear Non-conventional Renewable Sources of Energy - Solar - Wind - Biomass - Tidal - Geothermal - Small Hydro

4 SMALL HYDROPOWER Small Hydropower is a proven renewable, mature, predictable, highest conversion efficiency and cost competitive renewable energy source. Requires relatively high initial investment, but has the advantage of very low operation costs and a long lifespan, Part of multipurpose river valley projects, Quick start & stop, picking up Life cycle analysis of hydropower shows as cleanest electricity technology with a low carbon footprint Has the highest energy payback ratio..

5 HYDROPOWER PROJECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY A NUMBER OF WAYS By size (large, medium, small, mini, micro, pico) By head (high or low) By purpose (single or multipurpose) By storage capacity (run-of-river, pond, seasonal, multi-year) By function (generation, pumping, reversible) By service type (base load, peaking, intermittent) By system design (Stand-alone or cascading)

6 POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITY Worldwide Large well distributed undeveloped hydro potential provides opportunities. Small hydropower can be one of best option for rural and remote area electrification as well as small investors Substantial potential available at existing weirs, barrages, dams and canals Potential (GW) ,037 Technical Potential (GW) Installed Capacity (GW) 0 Africa Asia Australasia/ Oceania Europe North America Latin America

7 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR SHP For a systematic, time bound, duly shared between Government, Social and Private Sectors, master plan with new resource assessment is required. It is an inventory of all possible sites. May provide priority or ranking for speedy development. May provide clusters. May provide financial requirement. May provide grid network strengthening.

8 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TO COVER Existing irrigation dams and canals. Run of river schemes Sites for off grid rural electrification. Sites at existing water supply, sewage treatment, return channel of thermal plants Pump storage

9 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION

10 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF CANAL FALL SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION

11 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF DAM TOE SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION

12 PUMPED STORAGE (Source: IEA) PUMP STORAGE DEVELOPMENT

13 INDIAN ELECTRICITY SCENARIO Aug 2013 Fuel Installed Capacity (MW) % Thermal Coal Gas Oil Hydro Nuclear Renewable Total India: Fossil fuel 66% vs world 91% Hydro 17.6% vs world 9%

14 SECTOR-WISE TOTAL INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA Aug 2013 Sector MW %age State Sector Central Sector Private Sector Total

15 OPPORTUNITIES IN HYDROPOWER SECTOR IN HIMALAYAN STATES OF INDIA States Potential Utilised Potential to be Tapped MW MW MW % Arunachal Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Jammu & Kashmir Mizoram Meghala Manipur Nagaland

16 SHP - CLASSIFICATION IN INDIA Schemes Type Pico/Watermill Micro Mini Small CEA (1997 June) Up to 15 MW No. of Potential Schemes (MW) Station Capacity Upto 5 kw and below Upto 100 kw 101 kw to 2000 kw 2001 to kw POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT CHRONOLOGICAL PFC/AHEC ( Mar 2003) Up to 15 MW MNRE/AHEC Mar Up to 25 MW No. of Potential No. of Potential Schemes (MW) Schemes (MW) Small streams (ROR) Dam Toe Canal Falls Total 1,512 6,782 3,978 8,337 5,815 16,090

17 SMALL HYDRO POWER PROGRAMME Potential - Over 19,700 MW Identified potential - 19,750 MW (6474sites) Installed Capacity MW(939 projects)(21%) Under implementation MW (327 projects)

18 PURPOSE OF SHP Social Sector SHPs- aims to supply electricity specially in stand alone mode, characterized with poor load factor and of small capacity often involved in distribution also Often are fully supported by government O&M is recovered through user charges collection Commercial SHPs- aims to sell electricity to power distributing or trading companies or for captive use, are grid connected and are relatively larger capacity have high load factor Financially sound Both are required and different level of approach, subsidy, tariff etc are needed 18

19 Source : SRREN - IPCC LEVELIZED COST WITH RESPECT TO PLANT LOAD FACTOR

20 ISSUES SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS Information regarding the agency who carried out the investigations - Topographical surveys and investigations, - Hydrometric surveys and investigations, - Geological surveys and investigations, - Environmental impact assessment - Geo-technical investigations for Dam/ Barrage and underground works such as desilting chamber, tunnel, surge tank etc including drill logs

21 ISSUES SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS Assessment of quantity of muck and identification of site for muck disposal areas Construction material survey. The locations along with their distances for sources of different construction material from the project site should be indicated on a map. Details of power evacuation along with the alignment of transmission line shown on the topographic survey map.

22 ISSUES ACCESS TO POTENTIAL SITES The access to various components of HEP becomes difficult due to; rugged terrain, thick vegetation cover, poor and difficult motor able roads. RUGGED TERRAIN Ruggedness of valley is evident from steep slopes and narrow valley. Such a valley makes survey and investigation difficult and at places even makes approach un-accessible.

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24 THICK VEGETATION COVER The climate is hot and humid in lower reaches which favors the thick vegetation cover in valley. Thick vegetation cover makes access difficult.

25 POOR ROAD NETWORK AND DIFFICULT MOTORABLE ROADS

26 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES Environmental flows and flow management specially in tandem with higher priority consumptive irrigation and drinking Site selection and design optimization Construction and associated infrastructure impacts specially tunnelling, waste disposal, blasting Land management and rehabilitation Aquatic biodiversity Sedimentation, erosion and land slide Extent and severity of environmental impacts Greenhouse gas emissions, climate change risks Social impact assessment and management planning Community and stakeholder consultation and support Dispute resolution / complaints mechanisms Improved communications and call for a sustainability standard

27 ADOPTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Economy Environment Sustainability Society To keep a balance On sound policy, technology and implementation

28 PROSPECTS FOR TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT AND INNOVATION Variable speed technology Fish-friendly turbines Hydrokinetic turbines Abrasive resistant turbines Tunnelling technology Dam technology Optimization of operation Resource Assessment, Planning & Design Good controls

29 Potential from very low head and hydrokinetic projects are usually not assessed in existing resource assessment for Generally head under 1 to 1.5 m are not viable with traditional technology. New technologies are being developed to take advantage small water elevation changes, but mostly rely on the kinetic energy of stream flow compared to potential energy due to hydraulic head "Free Flow" or "hydrokinetic" generation captures energy from moving water without requiring a dam or diversion While hydrokinetics includes generation from ocean tides, currents and waves; hopefully practical application in the near future is likely to be in rivers and streams

30 HUMAN RESOURCES IN HYDROPOWER SECTOR The hydropower activities involve a large number of disciplines and experts The disciplines required - policy formulation, Public Administration, Financial Management, Economic and Financial analysis, Information, Education and Communication; Remote Sensing, topographical and geological surveys, hydrological survey, meteorology, mathematical modeling, socio-economic and energy surveys, besides engineering subjects of civil, electrical and mechanical engineering. Hydropower may need personnel having fairly good background in each of these fields. Regular programmes in civil, hydraulics, electrical, mechanical engineering have limited contents of hydropower subject.

31 Set up initially by MNRE government of India in 1982 Exclusive academic center of IIT Roorkee working with focus on SHP development and recognized as National Resource Centre for Small Hydropower. Large national database and resource assessment for shp development and rural electrification. Preparing the National Standards/ Code of Practices for SHP development. Systematic AHEC, IIT ROORKEE state master plans for shp and remote village electrification Training and education in shp at all levels and related field as per requirement. Two MTech and PhD programmes are offered Independent performance testing and evaluation of shp stations International training and technical support.

32 REAL-TIME DIGITAL SIMULATOR (RTDS) FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANT RTDS at Alternate Hydro Energy Centre IIT Roorkee

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34 Hydraulic Turbine laboratory under construction 34

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