North American Emission Control Area Drivers and Progress

Transcription

1 North American Emission Control Area Drivers and Progress Meetu Kaul, Esq. National Marine Enforcement Coordinator Air Enforcement Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

2 AIR POLLUTION IS A SEVERE HUMAN HEALTH PROBLEM: RECOGNIZED GLOBALLY Findings WHO: air pollution is the world s largest single environmental health risk and caused almost 15% of all deaths in 2012 Ambient (outdoor) air pollution responsible for 3.7 million deaths, representing 6.7% of total deaths worldwide (2012) 16% lung cancer deaths; 11% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) deaths, >20% ischaemic heart disease and stroke deaths, 13% respiratory infection deaths Global commitments 2014 and 2017 UN resolutions, and 2015 World Health Assembly resolution on air pollution IMO responsible for addressing maritime emissions

3 U.S. EPA LAWS & REGULATIONS FEDERAL CLEAN AIR ACT The Clean Air Act does not specifically regulate marine ports. However: National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS): drive Federal, State, and Local regulations, and (1) create incentives for both government and industry to reduce emissions (2) emissions standards apply to some elements of port activities and help reduce emissions

4 U.S. NON-ATTAINMENT AREAS

5 US EPA S MOBILE SOURCE REGULATORY ROADMAP

6 SHIPS ARE MAJOR SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTANTS NORTH AMERICAN SHIPPING ROUTES IN 2012 TRAFFIC IS PROJECTED TO GROW IN THE FUTURE Source: University College London; Kiln; IMO Third GHG Study 2015

7 SHIP CONTRIBUTION TO U.S. MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY: PM2.5 Source of inventory estimates: C3 Marine NPRM (July, 2009) Does not reflect IMO MARPOL Annex VI Amendments (October 2008)

8 SHIP CONTRIBUTION TO U.S. MOBILE SOURCE INVENTORY: SOX 2009 SOx Inventory 2030 Projected SOx Inventory 2009 Mobile Source SOx Inventory 2030 Mobile Source SOx Inventory C3 Marine 80% Locomotive 2% Aircraft 1% Highway 5% Diesel NR 4% Other NR 2% Diesel Marine <30 l/cyl 6% C3 Marine 95% Locomotive 0% Aircraft 1% Diesel Marine <30 l/cyl 0% Highway 3% Diesel NR 0% Other NR 1%

9 PROJECTED ECA AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS 2020: PM2.5 REDUCTIONS Nebraska

10 PROJECTED ECA AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS 2020: SULFUR Potential Sulfur Deposition Reductions 2020 Improvements in deposition for marine and terrestrial ecosystems Nebraska

11 PROJECTED ECA AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS 2020: OZONE REDUCTIONS Nebraska Ozone (Smog) reductions from the proposed ECA reach well into the U.S.

12 PROJECTED ECA AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS Annual reductions starting 2020 of: 320,000 tons of NOx 90,000 tons of PM ,000 tons of SOx This is 23%, 74% and 86% reduction below predicted levels absent the ECA

13 BENEFITS & COSTS In 2030 the estimated benefits are between $110 and $280 billion By 2030, the emission reductions will annually prevent: Between 13,000 and 32,000 PM-related premature deaths Between 220 and 980 ozone-related premature deaths About 1,500,000 work days lost About 10,000,000 minor restricted-activity days The estimated costs are much smaller: $3.1 billion

14 PROGRESS

15 AIR QUALITY GAINS FROM MARINE FUEL SULFUR STANDARDS Results from US west, east and Gulf coast air quality monitoring shows average 74% reduction in ambient PM2.5 levels These reductions are definitively linked to the use of cleaner marine fuels required by California and the NA ECA These reductions reflect air quality data collected before and after the switch to 0.1 % sulfur ECA fuels You cannot get such results from emission controls on land-based sources

16 AIR QUALITY GAINS FROM MARINE FUEL SULFUR STANDARDS Percent change in annual average PM2.5 from marine vessel RFO combustion From pre-na-eca ( to NA-ECA 0.1% S (2015) Kotchenruther, 2017