Impact of metrology on energy in Australia

Transcription

1 Impact of metrology on energy in Australia Dr Ilya Budovsky Leader, Energy Sector Group Head, Electricity Section November 2018

2 The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge The Global Energy Challenge

3 The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge Growing Demand for Energy The Global Energy Challenge

4 The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge Growing Demand for Energy The Global Energy Challenge New Sources of Energy

5 The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge The Three Aspects of the Global Energy Challenge Growing Demand for Energy The Global Energy Challenge Efficient Use of Energy New Sources of Energy

6 Metrology for Energy Metrology for Energy The need Confidence in measurements: electricity meters, gas meters, insulation, etc. Confidence in infrastructure: components operating within specifications Measurement of energy efficiency Recognition of measurements in law Getting the measurements right Research on new measurement techniques and instruments Calibration of reference standards, by NMIs or accredited laboratories Chemical and biological reference materials Accreditation, standards, certification Legislation Effective recognition of measurement in law Energy efficiency requirements Regulation: using suitable measuring instruments and keeping them accurate Internationally harmonised pattern approval standards National test procedures for verification of instruments In-field compliance testing of instruments NMIA High Voltage Laboratory

7 NMIA and the Energy Sector Long-standing NMIA involvement: Reference standards to underpin smooth operation Services in areas of market failure Expertise and international recognition Energy Sector Focus Team (from 2013): Study -> Engagement -> Projects

8 NMIA sector strategy supporting Australian stakeholders: Government, research, industry, the community Health forensic drug profiling environmental chemistry (air, soil, water) sports drugs testing DNA measurements custom measuring systems gas standards nanometrology Environment microbiology dioxins nano utility metering food allergens reference materials instrument calibrations (mass, length, time, electrical ) hydrocarbon flow facility type approval of instruments feedstock and GMOs trade measurement legal metrology policy Food & Agriculture food analysis/safety sucrose in sugar cane HV testing Energy

9 Electricity production and delivery of electricity and gas efficient use of energy in buildings, appliances and transport. >50B$ power network investments over last decade Massive investment in infrastructure followed by price rises and decrease in demand add value to utilities, e.g. mobile high-voltage services, impulse testing of high-voltage infrastructure, DC high voltage, harmonics SmartGrids, Integration of renewable sources calibration of complex electronic instruments as opposed to artefact standards. new standards for infrasound measurement supporting wind farms. partner with manufacturers, Universities, etc. - already engaged with networks Complex regulatory environment Engage with Government, AEMO, ENA, etc.

10 Gas >$200B gas investments over last decade $60B pa liquid fuels $12B pa exports => $60B pa in 2018 production and delivery of electricity and gas efficient use of energy in buildings, appliances and transport. Australia is poised to become the world s largest exporter NMIA has extended the capability to calibrate gas meters up to 7000 m 3 /h Support LNG exports through chemical composition standards High level of globalisation Technically assist industry to establish own gas measurement facilities, gaining accreditation and international acceptance. Developing regulatory environment Position NMIA as top technical experts

11 Energy Sector Focus Team - Engagement Government AEMO, AEMC, NOPTA, NOPSEMA, Energy White Paper taskforce, Dept. of Industry, Energy and Resources Growth Centre, Domestic gas strategy taskforce, Independent Scientific Committee on Wind Turbines Industry associations CIGRE, Electrical Energy Society of Australia, Australian Pipeline Operators Group, Metering-and-allocations Working Group, Gas-energy-Australia, WE- ERA. Industry conferences APPEA, EECON, Techcon, ANCRE, Future-Energy Large companies and equipment manufacturers Jemena, Caltex, Shell, Conono Philips, Energex, Chevron, University of SA, UNSW, Uni.Syd Yokagawa, Wilson Transformer, TRIMEC, MacNaught, COMPAC, BOC, Bauer

12 Presently running projects CNG and LNG for Transport Marketing gas composition and flow standards to LNG Industry Pipeline-level flow meter calibration High flow and pressure gas facility Two new projects started in 2016 Mobile highvoltage transformer testing Fast transient testing facility LED lighting Well head metering of unconventional gas Metrology for wind farms

13 Measurement in Electrical Grids Trends: New technologies Integration of renewables Distributed generation Efficient appliances Increased accuracy and versatility of electrical measuring instruments NMIA Response: New-generation quantum standards New reference standards for electrical power Wideband power standards up to 200 khz Calibration of PMUs New high-voltage tests & calibrations (inc. on-site)

14 New-Generation Quantum Voltage Standards NMI scientists with Dr Sam Benz (NIST, USA) The Quantum NMI Logo - Spectral distribution of 43 precisely known harmonics of 400 Hz generated with Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesiser Quantum NMI Logo in time domain

15 Quantum Harmonic Phase Standard Main Objective Traceability to spectrum analysers that measure phase angle of harmonics in a composite signal with respect to the fundamental Example of LED Waveforms

16 Typical Test Signals Signal frequency: 60 Hz Harmonics: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 23, 31, mv rms Harmonic number Magnitude (%) Phase ( )

17 Traceability chart Primary Standards Reference Power Analysers Working Power Analysers National Metrology Institutes U < 0.01 Calibration Laboratories U = 0.1 Field Measurements U = 1 Target uncertainties o for harmonics 5 and 7 o for harmonic 39

18 Thermoelectric AC-DC Power Transfer Standards at NMIA Zero power factor reference 1988 Dual-Bridge Power Comparator 1990 High-frequency Thermal Power Comparator (40 Hz khz) 1998 Low-frequency Thermal Power Comparator (40 Hz -10 khz) 2013

19 NMIA 1000 V Precision Inductive Voltage Divider Typical ratio errors at power frequencies: in-phase quadrature 1 part in of input 5 parts in of input

20 NMIA Multi-Range Current Transformer and Current Shunts Current Ranges from A to 200 A Computer Control Long-term stability determined by one 10 Ω suparesistor Typical ratio errors at power frequency less than 2 x 10-6 and 2 µrad.

21 NMIA Working Electrical Power Standard Voltage up to 500 V Current up to 200 A Harmonics Uncertainties typically less than 10 µw/va Many components can be traceable to user national metrology institute.

22 Installation at Emirates Metrology Institute

23 Benefits to Industry Reduced uncertainties 10 µw/va Reduced calibration times Harmonics and distorted waveforms High frequency up to 200 khz

24 Calibration of phasor Measurement Units PMUs measure a number of physical quantities (voltage, current, phase, frequency, rate of change of frequency) synchronized to UTC (Universal Coordinated Time)

25 High-voltage calibration and testing Testing ability of high-voltage equipment to withstand lightning strikes to new IEC Standards NMIA Role Traceable calibrations and testing services up to 2.4 MV Lead two IEC 42 Groups developing relevant standards Industry training through measurement courses and technical presentations Outcomes Laboratory and mobile facilities ensuring manufacturers and utilities have access to essential testing services AC Voltage withstand Test on a 500 kv Elevated Work Platform Testing of a 500 kv transmission line insulator tension assembly with a kv lightning impulse

26 Precision DC High-Voltage Dividers Collaboration with NIM China and EPRI China Rated voltages: kv Rated input R: MΩ Best Uncertainties: ppm

27 Resistive reference divider for switching impulses Rated voltage: 400 kv; Rated input R: 300 kω Step Response: T N : 0.5 µs, t s : 2.3 µs, Overshoot: 0 %

28 On-Site High-Voltage Calibrations Impulse Voltage Testing at a Power Transformer Factory NMIA Mobile High-Voltage Calibration Unit

29 Impact on Electrical Energy ] Essential for safe and efficient operation of electrical grids The Support Australian new Energy technology Sector: for the transformation of the NEM: Renewable Energy Production and delivery of Generation electricity and gas DC transmission Efficient Extended use of length energy of in buildings, transmission appliances lines and transport. Switching of large users New types of transmission cables (cross-linked polyethilene)

30 Reference Gas Standards & LNG Exports Comparable measurements are essential for international trade NMIA gas standards are used to determine the composition, density and energy content of LNG exported from Australia

31 NMIA Reference Gases NMIA reference gases are made using: Very high accuracy balances Specific gas cylinders Well characterised gases Highly trained staff The calibration standards are accurate with small uncertainties

32 Proficiency Testing for Energy Gases NMA delivers PT services for a range of energy gases such as LPG, LNG, and pipeline natural gas. The NMIA PT studies help to deliver comparability of gas measurements in the Asia-Pacific region.

33 High Flow Low Pressure Gas Flow Facility at NMIA Existing Gas Flow Standards 2 x primary standards: 300L Bell Prover (±0.1%) 5 x Mercury Sealed Piston Provers (± %) 3 x Nozzle Arrays used as transfer standards for flowrates from to 500 m³ h -1 : Rotor Sonic Nozzle Array, or RSNA (0.005 to 8 m³ h -1 ) Satellite Sonic Nozzle Array, or SSNA (0.5 to 180 m³ h -1 ) Octopus Sonic Nozzle Array, or OSNA (50 to 300 m³ h -1 ) Blue Spaghetti Monster Array, or BSMA (50 to 7000 m³ h -1 ) 300L Bell Prover PVTt System 12 L mercurcy sealed piston prover (Brooks prover)

34 The Blue Spaghetti Monster Array Why? To support custody transfer on a pipeline level metering. Provide calibration high-flow low-pressure facility for local industries. How? An array of 28 critical flow Venturi nozzles (CFVN) in parallel to produce various flow rates with uncertainties of ±0.11% Assembling the new 7000 m3/h gas flow facility 3-D model of the Blue Spaghetti Monster Array at NMIA

35 Critical Flow Venturi Nozzle Profiled nozzle designed according to standards (ISO9300). Relies on critical pressure drop between upstream and downstream. Very reliable and repeatable. Low Maintenance. Calibrated using NMIA primary standards. Shockwave region Direction of flow

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37 Primary PVTt Facility Due to industry demand for higher flow rates and better accuracy we have developed a 670L PVTt collection tank primary standard for nozzle calibration up to 100 m³/h at better than +0.05%.

38 Metrology for Transport Fuels Metrology for Transport Fuels Example: LPG meters under two-phase near-boiling flow conditions. LPG is kept liquid under pressure ( 10 Bar at ambient temperature) vapour pressure is temperature dependent (10 C 200kPa) tanks are at different temperatures (eg day/night temperature lags) when fuel moves from tanker to storage to customer it can boil this also occurs as cavitation within meters at high flow =>> both a potential hazard and metering errors NMIA has established a capability to calibrate meters under highly controlled near-boiling flow conditions to examine these effects

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40 Australia-China Workshop: Measurement Challenges for Electrical Energy Security 5-8 September 2017, Canberra and Sydney Over ] 50 participants from Australia and China The Australian Energy Sector: NMI Australia, NIM China, Chinese Embassy - Second Secretary and Counsellor for Science and Technology Universities (Harbin Institute of Technology, Thinghua University, Production and delivery of RMIT, UQ, Macquarie, UTS, etc.) electricity and gas Industry - electricity transmission and distribution, equipment manufacturing, etc. Government Efficient use of energy in Opening buildings, by Dr appliances Alan Finkel, and Australia s Chief Scientist transport.

41 Australia-China Workshop: Measurement Challenges for Electrical Energy Security Supported by Australia-China Science Research Fund ] Four Streams: The Australian Energy Sector: Power Quality Measurement of Quantities in Electrical Grids Data Security Energy Storage

42 Follow-up Workshop in China - April 2018 ] The Key Australian Outcome Energy Sector: Agreement Production on and a delivery large scale of collaboration between national metrology electricity institutes, and gas universities and industry in Australia and China on Power Quality of Future Electricity Networks: Efficient use of energy in buildings, Three Australian appliances Universities and (UoW, UQ, UTAS) transport. NMIA NIM China Tsinghua University Six Australian Transmission/Distribution Companies Major German manufacturer

43 Conclusion Conclusion The first half of the 21 st century will see major changes in the way the world processes and consumes energy: Growth in demand and production, mostly in developing countries New sources of energy clean and renewable Significantly more efficient use of energy New types of electrical grids Need to protect the environment Measurement is essential to support these changes Hydrogen Economy Electric Vehicles Measurement research must be in advance of technology implementation A national metrology institute is an essential national resource of expertise Measurement infrastructure, industry and government must engage New fuels A coordinated standards and conformance infrastructure is more valuable than the sum of its parts; we need to work together

44 Thank you Questions? Dr Ilya Budovsky Department of Industry, Innovation and Science National Measurement Institute Telephone