Building Operator Certification Level I

Transcription

1 Building Operator Certification Level I A Partnership of the CUNY Institute for Urban Systems Building Performance Lab, the CUNY School of Professional Studies, and the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority

2 Building Operator Certification Level I (BOCI) Principles of Energy Management: Identifying & Characterizing Operational Energy Measures CUNY School of Professional Studies CUNY Building Performance Lab The BOC Identifying & Characterizing Operational Energy Measures Lesson 16

3 Operational Energy Measures Session 16 Objectives Types of operational energy measures. Know operational problem indicators in buildings, systems, equipment. Be familiar with condition measurements in buildings, systems, equipment. Measuring building/system conditions with data loggers Describe a measure in words using correct information categories Describe a measure in numbers; savings and cost Simple energy saving calculations

4 Energy Improvement Measures Energy Improvement Measures are actions that: Reduce energy use Improve IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality) or don t harm IEQ These Improvement Measures can involve: Equipment - Upgrade equipment with capital projects Operations How the equipment is operated Behavior Getting people to change their daily practices

5 Operational Energy Measures What are Operational Energy Measures? Improvements that you can make in operating equipment or building systems that: 1. Save energy and 2. Don t diminish the IEQ of the building. 3. Are within your realm of control: improvements that can be done by you, fellow workers and staff. What Operational Measures are not: 1. We are not talking about capital projects, replacing your equipment or large capital projects by an outside contractor

6 Energy Efficiency Strategies Low Cost High Cost 1 3 Lighting 5 Equipment Operations and maintenance 2 Occupant Behavior 4 Controls 6

7 History of Operational Energy Measures History: How did the operational energy measures develop? - Part of Energy Audit practice items listed with general note, about 5 10% savings History: Texas A&M Energy Systems Lab (1990 s) More structured, formal approach to O&M measures Applied to retrofitted systems, new buildings Saved 25% - 35% of system-level energy use How? by fixing systems that were not working as intended Retro-commissioning (RCx) Required under new NYC Local Law 87 - over 50,000 SF Formalized review of the building s systems and equipment to ensure they are operating as designed Goal: when the systems and equipment are operating as designed, they use the least amount of energy

8 Identifying Operational Problems: Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Key Performance Indicators The practical observations of your building, equipment and systems that indicate wasted energy and poor energy use. You already do some of these as you monitor building equipment and systems: these are observations of your building conditions, equipment and systems that indicate problems that lead to excessive energy use. Key Performance Indicators - 3 levels or categories Building Conditions Window-opening - overheating in winter Too cold over cooling in summer Very high or low CO2 readings too much or too little outside air Lighting hours lighting left on Scheduling Equipment runs when it is not needed. Scheduled for occupancy Zoning and control Equipment & Systems (next slide)

9 Identifying Operational Problems: Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Equipment & Systems - Key Performance Indicators Boiler and Heating System Boiler short cycling Stack temperature - High Condensate Return Temperature - condensate receiver in boiler room Operational Problems - General Simultaneous Heating & Cooling Short Cycling of equipment Start / Stop Outside Air Usage Throttled dampers or valves, Compressed Air System Continued on next slide Leaks in the control air system Compressor has long run time: this can account for a large amount of wasted energy, most commonly caused by air leakage in pneumatic control system.

10 Types of Operational Measures Reducing Operation Hours When it runs Improving Equipment Efficiency How it runs Schedule When (and how long) the equipment operates - Reduce the operating hours of equipment: Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, Motors, Lighting - Occupied / Unoccupied Control them with a written schedule - Adjusting Schedules Hours of Operations - Adjustment by BMS, Thermostat Program, Manual Efficiency How the equipment operates - Boiler Plant Adjustments or cleaning the soot off the tubes - Chiller Plant Adjustment or cleaning the heat exchangers - Operational problems of equipment are corrected - Pneumatic Controls Fix the problems - Lighting: more efficient lamps operate on the same schedule

11 Operational Energy Measures - Examples Operational Energy Measure: an improvement you can make in the operation of your building s equipment or systems that saves energy and does not decrease the building s IEQ. Operational Energy Measure - 6 Categories 1. BOILER PLANT 2. HEATING SYSTEM 3. VENTILATION 4. AIR-CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATION 5. MOTORS 6. LIGHTING 1. BOILER PLANT (first category) Test/improve combustion efficiency Firing rate modulation reduce cycling Improve boiler sequencing reduce cycling Optimize start-up Optimize shut-down

12 Operational Energy Measures - Examples 2. HEATING SYSTEM Balance steam distribution, reduce overheating Reduce pneumatic air leakage Zone system for occupied / un-occupied times Maintain steam traps (replace disc elements) 3. VENTILATION Reduce hours of operation blowers, exhaust fans Reduce over-ventilation of spaces Test and adjust exhaust fans, incl. kitchen hood Use economizer cycle (rooftop or air-handler units) Check and adjust dampers for proper operation

13 Operational Energy Measures - Examples 4. AIR-CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATION Check and adjust refrigerant charge and clean coils Chiller maintenance: clean evaporator and condenser tubes Reduce demand for air-conditioning after hours (unoccupied) Increase air-conditioning set-points Raise refrigerator and freezer temperatures 5. MOTORS Reduce the run time of motors: blowers, exhaust fans, pumps Check loading, reduce speed with sheaves and pulleys Adjust variable frequency drives (if present) 6. LIGHTING Use occupancy sensors in appropriate areas - automatic control of lights Get better turn-off of unoccupied areas Reduce lighting during cleaning hours Introduce manual day-lighting in appropriate areas Change the incandescent bulbs to Compact Fluorescent (by my staff) for 80 light fixtures

14 Focusing on Operational Problems Not just for older equipment Newer equipment that was never properly set-up or adjusted for energy performance Newer buildings offer many opportunities rooftop unit or air handling unit system tested and balanced Do areas heat/cool evenly, receive proper ventilation?

15 Class Discussion: Operational Energy Measures In your building, what are the energy improvements that are needed? Based on ALL of the problems and conditions that we have discussed, which ones are needed in your building? Which problems come to mind? Identify some of the common problems in buildings that lead to energy waste. For each category below, cite a few common problems that lead to energy waste. - Boiler Plant - Heating System - Ventilation - Air Conditioning & Chillers - Motors - Lighting

16 Class Discussion: Operational Energy Measures Brainstorming: identify 3 potential operational energy measures for your facility. In your building, what are the energy improvements that are needed? Identify three Operational Energy Measures that you could do in your building, and write them down. - Boiler Plant - Heating System - Ventilation - Air Conditioning & Chillers - Motors - Lighting

17 Class Exercise: Operational Energy Measures To follow our discussion of the 3 potential operational energy measures for your facility, we would like you to choose one of these, and write down the current problem and the solution. We want you to practice the writing of the problem: the condition description the writing of the solution: the measure description How to make a description In my facility the (condition description), therefore I will (measure description). Key Points beyond the obvious What impacts on comfort and IEQ? Who may be affected? Who needs to be involved in implementing? Operational Energy Measures Operational improvements which can save energy, not impacting occupant comfort. The measure is operational in nature and can be performed by you and your staff A limited amount of work by a support department or outside contractor

18 Class Assignment: What conditions can you examine and measure at your building? For the ONE operational energy measure that you described on the last slide, we would like you to makes some observations of the conditions at your building. About the current condition or problem that is causing energy waste in your building, how can you measure the conditions? Define the current conditions in the building: How can you examine the condition? How can you measure the condition? How can you document the condition?

19 Building Conditions You Can Measure What should we measure? Temperatures CO2 levels Ventilation Rate Lighting levels How can we measure? Hand-held Instruments & manual logs Data-loggers Occupant surveys Measurements & Records More than just single point in time Establish a record (documentation) Make a graph on graph paper or use Excel spreadsheet

20 Measuring Conditions for Operational Energy Improvements Pre-Project Measurements Existing conditions Post-Project Measurements Improved conditions Measurements of equipment conditions and system conditions Ways to take Measurements Instrumentation on equipment Hand-held Instruments & Manual Logs On-board Controller Building Automation System Data Loggers Measure equipment operating conditions: Boiler stack temperature Condensate return temperature Temperature inside air handler / rooftop unit Motor run time (total hours of operation per week) Motor cycling On/Off Current draw at electrical panel or at the load

21 Measuring Conditions for Operational Energy Improvements Data Loggers Digital device with a sensor or sensors Continuously measure the conditions and record them over extended periods of time Small, unobtrusive, no wiring One of the best ways to measure and record conditions over time is by using data loggers. You can use these to take measurements before and after you do your Operational Energy Measure. Depending on the measure that you are doing, you will use the data loggers to: - Measure Conditions in the space, or - Measure operating conditions in your equipment or system Measure conditions in the space: Lighting Level Temperature CO2 levels Humidity Measure equipment operating conditions: See below for more text

22 Measuring Conditions for Operational Energy Improvements - Data Loggers Lighting Energy Usage Actual vs. Required

23 Measuring Conditions for Operational Energy Improvements - Data Loggers How to use data loggers to monitor the operation of equipment. Here they place the data loggers in a RTU Unit to log: 1.Compressor Run Times and Supply Air Temp 2.Return Air Temp and Return Air RH Video: HVAC Troubleshooting with HOBO Data Loggers

24 Data Logger Measurements 10 8 Compressor 6 Current 4 (Amps) 2 0 Supply Air Temp Return Air Temp Time 24

25 Measuring Conditions for Operational Energy Improvements - Data Loggers Selection of Data Logger see the notes section Operational Energy Measure Occupancy sensor for lighting Lighting during cleaning hours Overheating, thermostat replacement Boiler short cycling Boiler stack temperature Economizer on air handler Exhaust fan run times Increase air-conditioning set-points Reduce load on electrical panel Upgrade motor to higher efficiency Operating Hours or Operating Efficiency Sensor Type

26 Measuring Conditions for Operational Energy Improvements - Data Loggers Selection of Data Logger Operational Energy Measure Operating Hours or Operating Efficiency Sensor Type Occupancy sensor for lighting Operating Hours Light sensor Lighting during cleaning hours Operating Hours Light sensor Overheating, thermostat replacement Operating Hours Temperature Boiler short cycling Operating Efficiency Motor On/Off Boiler stack temperature Operating Efficiency Temperature Economizer on air handler Operating Efficiency Temperature Exhaust fan run times Operating Hours Motor On/Off Increase air-conditioning set-points Operating Hours Temperature Reduce load on electrical panel Operating Efficiency Current/Amps Upgrade motor to higher efficiency Operating Efficiency Current/Amps

27 Qualitative vs. Quantitative Descriptions Complete description includes the following: Qualitative - verbal description of the conditions, how to measure the conditions, how to make the improvement. Quantitative quantity of the energy savings Quantitative cost to implement the measure 27

28 Group Exercise - Qualitative Description Instructions for Group Exercise Each person to select one operational energy measure they would like to take in their building. Break into groups of people who are interested in the same type of operational energy measure The discussion groups will make it easier for you because you are doing a similar type of operational energy measure and you will use a similar type of approach in the Qualitative description. Categories of Operational Energy Measures - Boiler Plant: Boiler, Boiler Controls, Boiler Operation - Heating Distribution: Thermostats, Steam Traps, Heating Controls - Air Conditioning, Chillers, Ventilation - Motors: Blowers, Exhaust Fans, Pumps, etc. - Lighting: Upgrade lighting & reducing operating hours

29 Group Exercise - Qualitative Description For your selected operational energy measure, Write the answer to each question: > What is the current problem that is wasting energy? > What is the solution: the operational energy measure? > Will this change the operating hours or the operating efficiency of the equipment? > What measurements before implementing? > Are there any IEQ impacts? > Who involved in implementing the project? Report back to full class Categories of Equipment - Boiler Plant: Boiler, Boiler Controls, Boiler Operation - Heating Distribution: Thermostats, Steam Traps, Heating Controls - Air Conditioning, Chillers, Ventilation - Motors: Blowers, Exhaust Fans, Pumps, etc. - Lighting: Upgrade lighting & reducing operating hours

30 How to Calculate Energy Savings To determine the energy savings of the improvements you plan to make, you need to understand how the energy is being saved. Reduction of Operation Hours When it runs Improve Equipment Efficiency How it runs Reduction of Operation Hours When it runs The operating hours of the equipment is reduced. The operating efficiency of the equipment has not changed. Applies to all energy-using equipment: heating, cooling, ventilation, motors, lighting Example: The same old T-12 fluorescent lamps are operated for less hours per day. Improve Equipment Efficiency How it runs Operational problems of equipment are corrected The efficiency at which the equipment operates is improved. The operating hours of the equipment have not changed. Example: The old T-12 fluorescent lamps are replaced with T-8 fluorescent lamps.

31 Quantification - Lighting Example of Savings from reduction of operating hours > Assume 170 days per year, 100 heating-days per year Lighting: 100 fixtures, each with 2 F34 lamps, Reduce on-hours by 3 hours per day Energy Usage = Rate of Use x Hours of Use = Watts x Hours of Use Energy Saved = Rate of Use x Reduction of Hours of Use = Watts x Reduction of Hours of Use = Watt-hours = kilowatt-hours

32 Quantification - Lighting Example of Savings from reduction of operating hours > Assume 170 days per year, 100 heating-days per year Lighting: 100 fixtures, each with 2 F34 lamps, Reduce on-hours by 3 hours per day Energy Saved = Rate of Use x Reduction of Hours of Use Energy Saved = Watts x Reduction of Hours of Use = 100 x 2 x 34 x 1.1 x 3 x 170 days/yr = 3,815,000 Watt-hours = 3,815 KWH > Do you know what each of the above #s represents?

33 Class Exercise: Quantification Energy Savings Given: You have determined that 5 Exhaust Fans do not need to run for 12 hours per day, 5 days/week, while your building is unoccupied. Each exhaust fan motor is 3 HP and draws 2 KW Each exhaust fan can be shutdown for 12 hours, 5 days/week Determine: The total hours of operation of exhaust fans saved each week. The total KW-hours saved each week. Use: KW x hours = KW-hours

34 Energy Performance- Whole Building Benchmarking Performance Number of Buildings Benchmark Score 100 Worst Performers Energy Intensity (kbtu/ft 2 -year) Best Performers

35 Electric Consumption- Daily kwh kw 4,500 4,000 Baseline Model: kwh = 79.9*OAT ,500 3,000 Daily kwh Use 2,500 2,000 1,500 Date Break 1, /9/2006 2/11/2006 Baseline Period 2/13/2006 2/15/2006 2/17/2006 2/19/2006 2/21/2006 2/23/2006 2/25/2006 2/27/2006 3/1/2006 3/3/2006 3/5/2006 3/7/ /31/ /2/2006 Date HVAC Daily kwh Usage 11/4/ /6/ /8/ /10/ /12/2006 Baseline Post-Installation Period 11/14/ /16/ /18/ /20/ /22/ /24/ /26/ /28/2006

36 Using the baseline - is my building within bounds or doing better! Historical data (green) background shows normal operating bounds Courtesy Mach Technologies Track current bldg. usage against history

37 Class Review & Reading Assignment Identify operational energy measures. Know operational problem indicators in buildings, systems, equipment. Understand condition measurements in buildings, systems, equipment. Measure building and system conditions with data loggers Describe a measure in words using proper categories Describe a measure in numbers; savings and cost Simple energy saving calculations Reading Assignment for Class 17: Herzog, Chaps 6,7&8 (start)