Counter Measures in Fisheries & Aquaculture Climate Change. Jackie Alder UNEP

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1 Counter Measures in Fisheries & Aquaculture Climate Change Jackie Alder UNEP

2 Outline Background Current Challenges Counter Measures

3 Fisheries Current state of fisheries North Sea (SAUP 2011)

4 Other Pollution - nutrients Habitat loss various drivers Biodiversity declines various drivers

5 Climate Change - Oceans Increasing sea temperature Sea level rise Acidification Increased flooding/droughts

6 Challenges Population growth Income growth Increasing demand for fish Uncertainty of climate change impacts (FAO 2010)

7 Meeting Demand Capture fisheries Aquaculture all forms Other protein substitutes production of food fish from aquaculture increased at an average annual rate of 8.3%, while the world population grew at an average of 1.6% per year = average annual per capita supply of food fish from aquaculture increased 10 times or 6.6% growth/year (SOFIA 2010)

8 Uncertainty of climate change Fish and fisheries Population size and structure Distribution Reproductive success Recruitment Multiple Stressors Holbrook et al 2002

9 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2003 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

10 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2007 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

11 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2011 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

12 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2015 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

13 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2019 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

14 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2023 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

15 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2027 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

16 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2031 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

17 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2035 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

18 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2039 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

19 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2043 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

20 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2047 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

21 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2051 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

22 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2055 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

23 South African hake (Merluccius capensis) 2059 Relative abundance Relative abundance 0 Low > > > > > > > > High > 0.040

24 Multiple Stressors T, O 2, acidity Metabolism Skeleton/shell formation Respiration Enzyme and cell functioning Stress = less energy for growth & reproduction

25 How does this affect the energy flows food chain? Limited understanding where there are multiple stressors Research needs to be integrated Despite warmer water, larval and juvenile survival of pollock in NE Pacific is lower because of the wrong zooplankton is available it affects feed Coral hybridization may increase as species boundaries are lost increasing biodiversity, but how will these hybrids survive with diminished water quality -

26 Other Challenges Pollution interaction with increasing acidity Clam larval survival in the east coast of the USA may be impacted by combination of pollution, eutrophication and acidification, similar poor recruitment in west coast of USA Habitat Loss Deltas and estuaries are in the front line of climate change. For example, sea level rise and reduced river flows are causing increasing saltwater intrusion in the Mekong delta -threatening the viability of catfish aquaculture. The industry produces about 1 million tonnes/year, valued at $1 billion & provides over 150,000 job opportunities, mostly for women

27 Counter Measures Mitigation Aquaculture Alternative protein sources Adaptation Vulnerability Resilience

28 Counter Measures Mitigation Some scope for reducing emissions Habitats Blue Forests/Carbon

29 Counter Measures Aquaculture? Similar challenges for marine/brackish based Acidification, hypoxia, etc. Some scope natural oyster beds in the Pacific Northwest have experienced a multi-year recruitment failure, producing no commercially significant oyster sets. Acidification poses a severe threat to hatcheries that supply most of the region s $100 million+ oyster industry. Because this corrosive seawater kills oyster larvae, one of the region s largest hatcheries (Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery at Netarts Bay) suffered a 70-80% decline in oyster larval production in 2007 and 2008

30 Countermeasures Alternative Sources of Protein? Intensive animal production systems Fishmeal, feeds, land, water inputs needed Intensive plant production systems Competing with biofuels Water (floods/droughts), land and fertilizer issues

31 Adaptation Fisheries Habitats Fisheries Communities X Reduce Vulnerability Increase Resilience

32 Fisheries & Habitats Diverse stocks Population structures Maintain biodiversity Marine Protected Areas Reduce pollution land & marine, invasives! Manage coasts and offshore areas including establishing networks of marine protected areas within wider ecosystem framework Identify the multiple benefits of these ecosystem services Value these services

33 Coastal Communities Identify disaster risk reduction measures Protect and rehabilitate coastal ecosystems to build resilience Ensure adaptation measures do not risk ecosystem services (within and beyond the site) Eliminate subsidies that exacerbate unsustainable fisheries and aquaculture, and other coastal developments

34 Climate Change Perspective The scale of change due to climate and the change due to human activities Addressing current human activities will contribute to mitigating and adapting to climate change Need to start now

35 Summary Ecosystem approach that integrates all sectors is an essential counter measure for climate change in oceans and fisheries review of ocean governance Subsidies need to be changed, shift some of the perverse to more sustainable activities such as alternative feeds for fishmeal and more sustainable aquaculture methods Reduce pollution, especially nutrients entering coastal waters Manage coastal ecosystems for their multiple benefits carbon capture & storage, and adaptation Strengthen instruments for managing marine invasive species

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