Climate Change PRESENTATION MADE BY: CATARINA SOARES, Nº LUÍS L ARANJO MATIAS, Nº 76992

Transcription

1 Climate Change PRESENTATION MADE BY: CATARINA SOARES, Nº LUÍS LARANJO MATIAS, Nº 76992

2 Definition of Climate Change changes in the earth's weather, including changes in temperature, wind patterns and rainfall, especially the increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere that is caused by the increase of particular gases, especially carbon dioxide Oxford Dictionary

3 Causes Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the "greenhouse effect

4 The role of Human activity More than 90 percent probability that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet. Industrial activities Raised carbon dioxide levels from 280 ppm to 400 ppm in the last 150 years.

5 What are the main greenhouse gases? A number of greenhouse gases occur naturally in the Earth s atmosphere. The greenhouse gas content of atmosphere is being altered by human activity. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Fluorinated gases

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7 Result from the greenhouse effect:

8 Solar irradiance Evidence show that current global warming cannot be explained by changes in energy from the sun. Why? - Amount of energy coming from the sun either remained constant or increased slightly. - Scientists would expect to see warmer temperatures in all layers of the atmosphere

9 How do we know that changes in the sun aren t to blame for current global warming trends? Since 1978, a series of satellite instruments have measured the energy output of the sun directly. The satellite data show a very slight drop in solar irradiance (which is a measure of the amount of energy the sun gives off) over this time period. So the sun doesn't appear to be responsible for the warming trend observed over the past 30 years.

10 Effects Earth will become warmer. Warmer conditions will probably lead to more evaporation and precipitation overall Melt glaciers and other ice, increasing sea level. Animal and plant life is changing

11 Human Health Weather and climate play a significant role in people's health. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme events could enhance the spread of some diseases.

12 Ecosystems Number and variety of plant and animal species in a particular location. Climate change will alter, and in some cases destroy, certain types of habitats. Meanwhile, some crops and other plants may respond favorably to increased atmospheric CO 2, growing more vigorously and using water more efficiently.

13 Water Resources Impacts on Water Cycle and Water Demand Impacts on Water Supply Impacts on Water Quality

14 Mitigation vs. Adaptation

15 Videos:

16 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system...

17 UNFCCC Entered into force on 21 March 1994, it has near-universal membership. The 195 countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the Convention. It s a Rio Convention, one of the three adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.

18 UNFCCC Preventing dangerous human interference with the climate system is the ultimate aim of the UNFCCC.

19 UNFCCC: First Steps to a Safer Future Recognize that there was a problem Methods & Science Set a lofty but specific goal IPCC s 4 th Assessment Report (there are already a 5 th one) Puts the onus on developed countries to lead the way The Kyoto Protocol Direct new funds to climate change activities in developed countries Cooperation & Support

20 UNFCCC: First Steps to a Safer Future Keeps tabs on the problem and what s being done about it - National Reports Charts the beginnings of a path to strike a delicate balance the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol Kicks off formal consideration of adaptation to climate change - Adaptation

21 History of the Kyoto Protocol 1995: The emission cut agreed between the parts wasn t adequate. So it started the negotiations to effort a global position to respond to climate change 2 years later it was adopted the Kyoto Protocol December 11 th, It was operational at February 16 th, 2005.

22 Kyoto Protocol An agreement, under the UNFCCC, to achieve the targets of reduction and limitation of GHG emissions. Two commitment periods: The first one between 2008 and 2012 The second one between January 1 st, 2013, and There are 192 parts to the Kyoto Protocol

23 Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol put s the onus on the developed countries by two reasons: they should be the one to lead the way because of their knowledge and advanced science, and they are the responsible for great part of the GHG emissions since 1800, due to the Industrial Revolution, and their industrialized activities. Common but differentiated responsibilities

24 Doha Amendement It took place at December 8 th, Key points: New commitments for the Parties. A new reviewed list of GHG. Alteration of articles of the Protocol. 37 industrialized countries cut their GHG emission at an average of 5%, at 1990 levels. It is committed a 18% reduction of GHG emission, at 1990 levels.

25 Kyoto Mechanisms International Emissions Trading Clean Development Mechanism Joint Implementation

26 Targets Monitorization Registry System control and saving of all transactions by the Parties. All the data is reserved by the United Nations Secretary for Climate Change, in Bonn, Germany. Conformity System ensure that the Parties are fulfilling their commitments.

27 The Road Ahead Kyoto Protocol is only the first step for the cut and stabilization of GHG emission. There is already an Ad Hoc work group, in Durban, working at a new Platform for Enhance Action a new bound between the Parties after Kyoto.

28 Paris 2015 December 11 th, 2015 Another UNFCCC Conference, or COP21. The main gold is to achieve a new legal and universal commitment between the Parties. The aim is to cut GHG emission to an increase limit of average temperature of 2ºC.

29 European Union Policies Climate Action (CLIMA) Directorate-general for Climate Action Basic principles: Formulate and implement climate strategies and policies; Have a leading role in international negotiations about climate; Implement a European Trading System; Monitoring the member states emissions; Promote low carbon technologies and adaptation measures.

30 Climate Strategies and Targets The target of EU is to reduce its green-house gas emissions progressively up to The Key climate and energy targets are: 2020 climate change and energy package 20% cut in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels) 20% of EU energy from renewables 20% improvement in energy efficiency 2030 climate and energy framework At least 40% cuts in greenhouse emissions (from 1990 levels) At least 27% share of renewable energy At least 27% improvement in energy efficiency

31 Climate Strategies and Targets Low Carbon Technologies 2050 low-carbon economy: By 2050, the EU should cut emissions to 80% below 1990 levels Milestones to achieve this are 40% emissions cut by 2030 and 60% by 2040 All sectors need to contribute The low-carbon transition is feasible and affordable. New development is essential to enable the targets set. Horizon 2020: new funds for research and innovation.

32 Climate Strategies and Targets Low Carbon Technologies

33 Benefits from a Low Carbon Society Kick European economy from clean or zero carbon technologies development leading to job creation and economic growth; Make European Union less dependent of oil and gas imports; Health benefits for EU citizens.

34 Achieve the Targets 1. European Trading System An adequate model for European Union; 2. Low Carbon Technologies Investment in Science and Technologies (Horizon 2020); 3. Reduce the weight of transports in GHG emissions; 4. Protect the Ozone Layer production of specific legislation;

35 Transports

36 Transports

37 Achieve the Targets 4. Fluorine Gases Cut by 2/3 to Gases with no Ozone Layer Depletion but with larger Greenhouse effect (23000 times CO2); 5. Forests and Agriculture Crucial ecosystems for adaptation and mitigation; 6. Adaptation; 7. UE Budget Financial investments in Climate Action: mitigation and adaptation measures in all departments from all member states.

38 Effort Sharing Decision Establishes binding annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for the period

39 Climate Change Policies in Portugal Strategic Documents: Strategic Framework for Climate Policy vision and targets. Respect for the international commitments, as well the national (specially the Green Growth Commitment) National Plan for Climate Change (2020/2030) assure the sustainable trajectory of GHG emissions cut National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation 2020 targets, activities and organization model of the 2020 strategie.

40 Mitigation Mitigation: correct errors made in the past. Portugal instruments: National Plan for Climate Action National Plan for Carbon Licenses Distribution Portuguese Carbon Fund National Low Carbon Rout Sectorial Plans for low Carbon

41 Adaptation: National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation In the view of the Portugal Environment Agency: Support for the implementation of the National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation; Put relevant information available to help citizens understand the theme; Set guidelines for public and private entities

42 Adaptation Political Strategy From Portugal Environment Agency website Adapt from UNEP.

43 National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation: Targets and Strategic Sectors Targets: Information and knowledge Reduce the vulnerability and increase the response capacity Participate, Awareness and Publicize International Cooperation

44 National Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation: Targets and Strategic Sectors Strategic Sectors: Territory and Urban Planning; Hydric Resources; Safety of People and Goods; Human Health; Energy and Industry; Tourism; Agriculture, Forests and Fishing; Coastal Zones; Biodiversity.

45 Green Growth Commitment Objectives linked with Climate Action: Objective 9 Increase the public Transportation use; Objective 10 Reduce CO2 emissions; Objective 11 Increase the weight of Renewable Energies

46 Green Taxation Reform Objectives: Penalize more what polutes and degrate, to alliviate work and families; Redution of external depedency; Promote efficiency in resources use, like water, energy and materials.

47 Green Taxation Reform Measures: Carbon fee; ISV (Tax on Vehicles) increase of the tax at gasoline and diesel vehicles; Incentive to electric cars; Incentive to bike-sharing and carsharing; Fiscal incentive to vehicle slaughter at end of life. Estimated revenue from Carbon Fee (in Million euros). From Green Taxation Reform.

48 Thank You! Catarina Soares Luís Laranjo Matias