Analysis of Impact Factors for Noise Map Production 1

Transcription

1 Analysis of Impact Factors for Noise Map Production 1 Hak-Ryong Moon, 2 You-Jin Lim (Corresponding Author) 1 Research Fellow, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Korea 2 Researcher, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, Korea ABSTRACT The noise problem has emerged as a global agenda now and has become a great issue to solve in contemporary society. In order to establish various ways to solve the noise problem, the noise map has been advanced to confirm the level of noise. The noise map is the visual expression of figures and distributions of diverse noises that the noise level which has been expressed only in number has now visualized to understand more easily. Under this study, CRTN, RLS-90 as the noise prediction method used in a number of countries, as the noise map has been learned and further found out the noise limit of each country and laws on noise as well. By finding out the standard of some countries, it intends to find out the level of emergence of the noise problem globally. Based on this study, it would be feasible to find out the level of noise problem of each area. Furthermore, the comparative study model can be extended to assess and predict trends and changes in sound environment. Keywords: Noise Map, Noise Mapping, Prediction Method, Noise, Noise factor 1. INTRODUCTION With the increase of interest on placid environment, there is an increase of cases for inconveniences, such as, interference with resting hours, interference with sleeping and so forth from various noise sources generated from actual living situation. As such together with the economic advancement, noise has increased significantly and measure to reduce noise has emerged as a great task to solve in contemporary society. The purpose of this study is to find out the level of damages from noise and present the noise forecasting in advance by making the noise map. The noise map is the map that displays the level of noise on specific area. The present noise evaluation has been made in specific region rather than the metro region, as overall influence is hard to be learned. In addition, the result is presented in figures that it is not easy for general public to understand. The noise map is to solve such issues. The noise map uses the forecasting prediction method proven in theory or empirical method, GIS obtain in experience result. It calculates the figure and distribution of noise to analyze the data on seasonal change or visual change to present visually. In order to produce the noise map, there is a need for realization of noise prediction method for noise prediction, realization of multiple diffractions and multiple reflections of noise, realization of actual buildings and topography, connection with GIS including the noise level in city, calculation of noise level for each noise source and integrated noise calculation. For these and other reasons, noise mapping is usually done by calculation based on a computerized noise model of an area, although measurements may be appropriate in some cases. A further benefit of having a noise model is that it can be used to assess the effects of transportation and other plans. Thus the effect of a proposed new road can be assessed and suitable noise mitigation can be designed to minimize its impact. This is particularly important in noise action planning, where a cost-benefit analysis of various options can be tested before a decision is made. Under this study, it is intended to analyze the basic noise prediction method, noise related method and noise limit for production of noise map. Fig 1: Example of noise map 2. TREND OF OVERSEAS RESEARCHES 2.1 Major Cases in Overseas In EU, the green policy was announced in July 2004 in accordance with Directive 2002/49/EC to obligate the noise map preparation. This is facilitated in UK (Birmingham, London), Germany (Stuttgart, Berlin), France (Paris), Netherlands (Amsterdam), Spain (Madrid), and Switzerland (Geneva). Table 1: Plan to prepare the noise map in EU Category By 2007 By 2013 Urban population (1,000 persons) Railway transportation volume (1,000 unit/year) 6,000 3,000 Aircraft operation (1,000 unit/year) 50 - In addition, in order to facilitate the noise map, technical and financial investment has been actively 840

2 undertaken and the progressive studies are carried out by organizing industrial, academic, research consortium, including HARMONOISE and the like. In addition to 27 countries of EU, Czech, Hong Kong, Japan, Turkey and others have prepared the noise map in conjunction with GIS around the areas near to road, railway and the like. For Prague, Czech, the noise map has been produced on the road and railway noise in 5-year unit since 1996 and the noise exposed population has been found out. For Fukuoka, Japan, in order to find out the road noise prediction and noise distribution of downtown, GIS has been structured to prepare the noise map. In addition, in the event of Hong Kong, GIS is used to evaluate the road traffic noise and the 3- dimensional noise map is prepared to calculate the population exposed to noise. In Turkey, the noise map on point pollution source and linear pollution source is prepared on GIS as the basis. 2.2 Representative Noise Prediction Method in Overseas The prediction method for road noise has been developed with Europe leading the way and the prediction methods for noise on road typically used in overseas are CRTN, RLS-90, and XPS CRTN (Calculation of Road Traffic Noise) CRTN has the characteristics in significantly simplifying calculation on the basis of empirical data. CRTN calculates L 10 from the traffic volume to calculate the attenuation in accordance with a series of procedure by the distance, reflection and obstacles. Generated noise is calculated by adding the calibrated figure with running speed, mixture ratio of large vehicles, slope, and road surface conditions and the final noise is calculated through the distance (Cdi), surface absorbed noise (Cgr), observed angle of road (Can), obstacles and sound-proof walls (Csc), reflective effect (Cref) and so forth RLS-90 RLS-90 is consisted with sound source model and delivery model with the consideration of sound expansion, index attenuation, vehicle sound and reflection. The sound source model is calibrated by vehicle running speed, surface type, surface slope and multiple reflections on the noise level from the time of driving on straight line asphalt road with the speed of 100km/h for small-sized car and 80km/h for large-sized car. The speed zone possible to predict would be 30km/h ~ 130km/h based on small-sized car. The delivery model is the noise level that calibrated the impact factors, such as, length of road zone (Csi), dispersion of sound (Cs), impact of surface sound absorption (Cga), and obstacles and sound-proof walls (Csc) of delivery routes related to the time of having the sound to disperse to the predicted point. Table 2: Characteristics of RLS-90 & CRTN [2] Model RLS-90 CRTN Country Germany United Kingdom Noise Indicator LA,eq LAIRCRAFT0,1h LAIRCRAFT0,18h Source Position Nearside Centre of road lane carriageway edge Source Height 0.5m 0.5m Speed Light 30~130 Range(km/h) Heavy 30~ Slope No Atmospheric Attenuation No Ground Absorption The prediction method on railway and aircraft noise, not the road noise prediction method, is shown as follows. It facilitates various noise prediction methods. From the EU member countries, if there is no noise prediction method for railway and aircraft or in the event that the calculation formula is to be modified, RMR, ECAC.Doc.29 is recommended in accordance with EU Directive 2003/613/EC. Table 3: Noise Prediction Method of Railway/Aircraft for each Country Country Railway Aircraft France NMPB Routes-96 Lden & INM Germany Schall-03 AzB, DIN Spain RMR (SRMⅡ) ECAC. Doc. 29 Italy RMR (SRMⅡ) ECAC. Doc. 29 UK CRN ANCON 2 & INM ECAC. Doc. 29 Ireland CRN INM Belgium RMR (SRMⅡ) ECAC. Doc. 29 Denmark Netherlands NBT85 RMR 2002 (SRMI +Ⅱ) ECAC. Doc. 29 (DENL) RLD/BV-01 RLD/BV-02 Portugal RMR (SRMⅡ) ECAC. Doc. 29 Finland Temanord Norway Temanord Sweden Temanord Luxembourg Schall-03 ECAC. Doc. 29 Greece RMR (SRMⅡ) ECAC. Doc. 29 Austria Onorm S 5011 OAL 24 Switzerland SEMIBEL FLULA Hong Kong CRN - 841

3 Fig 2: Railway noise map by using SRM 2 (Spain) Fig 3: Aircraft noise map of Europe (Auckland) 3. TREND OF DOMESTIC RESEARCHES 3.1 Representative Noise Prediction Method in Korea The prediction method for noise map in Korea uses the followings. [1] a. Road: CRTN, RLS 90, NMPB, Nord 2000, ASJ 2003 b. Rail Road: Schall 03, CRN, Nord 2000 In addition, when the noise map is prepared, it has been established as follows with respect to the noise source related impact factors. c. Traffic Volume It is based on one hour traffic volume and it uses the annual average daily traffic volume. The traffic volume during day and night is based on the statistical data or measured value and, if the traffic volume of night time is difficult to calculate, the annual average daily traffic volume *0.7 is assumed. d. Speed The areas that may measure the current speed should measure the speed for an hour during the time when the communication is flawless from the time range of day and/or night to have the average speed to be standard. However, when the measurement of speed is difficult, the speed limit on the road should be used. e. Ratio of mixture for large cars and small cars It is classified in accordance with the forecasting of following table 4. f. Noise source of road traffic The road is set as the noise source for road traffic for each running direction. 842

4 g. Road vertical slope and road surface If the road vertical slope is 5% or more, it is applied and predicted and the road pavement is classified for asphalt and concrete and the calibrated value is applied only for low noise pavement verified for reduction effect. Table 4: Classification of vehicle for each applicable prediction method Noise prediction method Category Classification of vehicles CRTN RLS 90 NMPB Nord 2000 ASJ 2003 Sedan Sedan and van for less than 15 persons Small Small Small Small 1 Small truck Less than 2.5-ton Small Mid-sized truck 2.5-ton or more ~ less than 3.5-ton Small 2 Mid-sized Mid-sized bus 15 persons or more ~ less than 25 persons Large Mid-sized Large Large truck 3.5-ton or more Large Large Large Large bus 25 persons or more 4. TREND OF LAW/SYSTEM AT HOME AND ABROAD 4.1 Domestic From the noise related laws of Korea, the standard of road traffic noise control under Article 26 of the Noise and Vibration Control Act is shown as follows. The noise limit of residential area is 68dB (A) during the day and 58dB (A) at night and the noise limit of commercial area is 73dB (A) during the day and 63dB (A) at night. Table 5: Standard of noise m1 on road traffic in Korea Subject area Day Night Residential area (Leq db(a)) Commercial/industrial area (Leq db(a)) Overseas The standard of road traffic noise control of the UK, Switzerland, Finland, and ISO (International Standardization Organization) has been sought. For the case of Switzerland, the noise limit is set by separating places with significant pedestrians and places with average and places with less pedestrians but the following table describes the average places. Table 6: Threshold value of noise in Switzerland Category Day Night Exclusive residential area Commercial area Industrial area Artery transportation road For the case of Finland, the noise limit of residential area and other areas are consistent during the day at 55dB (A) without separate provision of noise limit at night. For the case of 24-hour working zone, it has the limits of 45dB(A) for daytime and 40dB(A) for night time. Table 7: Threshold value of noise in Finland Category Day Night Residential area 55 - Public building area hour working area For the case of the UK, the noise limit of the residential area is 40dB (A) during the daytime and 30dB (A) during the nighttime, showing lower figures than other countries. In addition, the downtown of cities has low noise figures for 50dB (A) and 35dB (A), respectively. Table 8: Threshold value of noise in the UK Category Day Night Suburban area Urban suburban area Downtown area Notice: The urban suburban area is the area not adjacent to main artery road. The environment standard recommended by International Standard Organization (ISO) is calibrated in accordance with the characteristics for each time and area that the suburban residential area, hospital and rehabilitation area during the daytime is recommended for 45dB (A) or less and the city residential school is recommended for 55dB (A) or less. Table 9: Recommended figure of ISO environment standard Category Day Evening Night Exclusive residential area, hospital Suburban residential area Urban residential area Urban residential area mixed with commercial/industrial area and artery road Commercial area Industrial area

5 prepared not only the measurement through the existing environmental noise measurement network but also the plan to prepare the noise map. On the basis of this study, it would be feasible to find out the level of noise problem for each area. Furthermore the comparative study model can be extended to assess and predict trends and changes in sound environment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported by a grant from a Strategic Research Project (Development of Electronic Road Traffic Noise Reduction Technology) funded by Korea Institute of Construction Technology. Fig 4: Threshold noise for each country Looking into the noise limit of each country as above Figure, Korea showed the highest noise limit while the UK showed the lowest noise limit. With respect to the population exposed to noise, it would show the level of noise limit of each country in preparing for action plan. 5. CONCLUSION In this study, the prediction method on noise of each country and the noise limit has been analyzed. With respect to the prediction method on the road traffic, CRTN and RLS90 have been mainly used and with respect to the noise prediction method on railway, RMR (SRMⅡ) has been mainly used. The noise limit was lowest in the UK for 40dB (A) on the basis of the residential region of the day time and from the collected date, Korea has the highest noise limit. When calculating the noise limit on the basis of this study, appropriate critical figure may be established by finding out the level of each country. If the noise map is used, the effect of noise reduction implementation may be determined in advance on the region to exceed the noise environment standard. In addition, it heightens the level of understanding for the general public on noise and it would be a great help to obtain the consensus of citizens on implementing the noise reduction implementation. For Seoul City, the traffic noise from the increase in traffic demand is substantial and noise related civil complaint is prevalent. Therefore, efficient noise reduction measure has to be REFERENCES [1] Ministry of Environment, Noise and Vibration Control Act, Article No [2] Margreet Beuving, Improved Methods for the Assessment of the Generic Impact of Noise in the Environment State of the Art, IMAGINE Working Group, [3] European Commission, 2002, Directive /EC of the European Parliament and of The Council, Luxembourg [Online] [4] Law, Chi-wing, et al. "Advancement of three dimensional noise mapping in Hong Kong." Applied Acoustics 72(8), pp , AUTHOR PROFILE Hak-Ryong Moon received his doctor s degree in electrical engineering at Soongsil University in Korea. Currently, he is a research fellow at Korea Institute of Construction Technology. His research interest covers intelligent transportation systems, traffic noise and active noise cancelling. You-Jin Lim received her master s degree in transportation engineering at the University Of Seoul in Korea. Currently, she is a researcher at Korea Institute of Construction Technology. Her research interest covers safety transportation, traffic flow and simulation. 844