Dr. Radovan Kopecek, Photovoltaik für die Energiewende, 21. Oktober

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3 International Solar EnergyResearch Center Konstanz Ziele des ISC Konstanz Photovoltaik für die Energiewende Dr. Radovan Kopecek

4 ISC Konstanz 4

5 ISC Konstanz: who we are International Solar Energy Research Center e.v. a nonprofit organization Founded in 2005 R&D on c-si solar cells, modules and systems Technology transfer About 50 employees Turnover about 4 Mio /a cells modules systems 5

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8 till 2020 ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

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10 energy transformation 10

11 status of PV 2016 world energy consumption/potential Traditional energy sources Renewable energy sources Annual Solar Radiation Annual Solar Radiation Oil Gas Coal Total Fossil Energy Reserves Nuclear Annual Energy Consumption Water power Biomass Tidal power Wind energy Annual supply of renewable energies Annual Energy Consumption Eurec Agency/ Eurosolar, WIP: Power for the World A Common Concept. 11

12 Electricity mix in Germany

13 Electricity mix in Germany

14 PHOTOVOLTAIK 14

15 PV costs and installations in ct/kWh 300GW GERMANY:40GW

16 PV costs and installations in ct/kWh 300GW 40GW

17 top PV research institutes world wide 17

18 ISC partners/customers machine builders component suppliers cells/modules and systems universities/institutes 18

19 international ISC team 19

20 international ISC team Germany (30), Romania (3), Italy (2), Austria (1), Cameroon (1), Chile (2), China (1) Czech Republic (1), Hungary (1), India (1), Kazakhstan (1), Poland (1), Peru (1) Switzerland (1), Taiwan (1), Turkey (2), Venezuela (1) 50 people involved in R&D of c-si PV 17 nations: almost every 2nd employee is from abroad 20

21 Our publicly funded projects 21

22 Our publicly funded projects 22

23 EUROSTARS price for ModerN-type 23

24 monofacial module: ZEBRA at ISC ModerN-Type 300Wp no LID no PID If bifacial: 350Wpe

25 ISC Konstanz and BIFACIALITY 25

26 how solar cells look front rear 26

27 BiSoN: bifacial cell from ISC Konstanz front rear 27

28 BiSoN: bifacial cell from ISC Konstanz front rear 28

29 MegaCell 21% BiSoN cell at MegaCell 40MW/a BiSoN in Q >>> 80MW/a BiSoN in Q

30 BiSoN technology transfer: bifaciality 2016

31 Technology transfer: bifaciality R&D center Cell technology

32 bifaciality as a large plus: BiSoN Farm in Chile

33 bifaciality as a large plus: BiSoN Farm in Chile 2,5MWp 3 MWpe

34 bifaciality as a large plus: BiSoN Farm in Chile 2,5MWp 3 MWpe

35 bifaciality as a large plus: AtaMo research

36 ISC focus research and development mc-si: 17-19% > 19% Cz-Si: 19-21% >22% training and education 5 PhD 2 master / 4 DHBW 5 practice development cooperation Cameroon: 5 projects India: 4 project Tanzania: 2 projects Kenya: 3 projects Ghana: 1 project Mexico: 1 project spreading of PV 36

37 development and education cooperation 37

38 locations Educationcooperation Electrification project Module donation

39 development cooperation: GhanSol Nyakrom school 39

40 development and education cooperation: SLAK 5 40

41 Hekima Girls School development cooperation: TanSol 41

42 ISC s goal: spreading of PV! 42

43 solar cell history and status of PV

44 what is photo voltaics? Efficiency = <30% el. Power Lightpower

45 short PV history: photoelectric effect : Becquerell discovers the effect : PhD thesis of Einstein explains the effect 45

46 solar cell history 1905 Einstein 1918 Cz- Crystals first space applications MWp systems 2000 Feed in tariff 1954 first solar cell kwp system in Germany mass production in China GWp Systems 1839 Becquerel 1886 Hertz

47 short PV history: how solar cell works n-type semiconductor E depletion Zone p-type semiconductor

48 short PV history: first solar cell

49 today's c-si industrial cell process typical c-si industrial solar cell n + p-type Si p + AgAl Ag Al properties - p-type Si bulk (ca cm and 200 µm) - texture (KOH+IPA or isotexture) - homogeneous P- emitter (40-60 /sq) and Al-BSF (depth 5-10 µm) - front side PECVD SiN x ARC (73 nm / n=2.1) - screen printed front Ag-contact - full Al rear contact + AgAl pads Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

50 today's c-si industrial cell process Texture and wafer cleaning POCl 3 -diffusion PECVD SiN x Screen printing Co-firing p-type mc-si (ca. 1 cm) 220 µm Edge isolation Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

51 today's c-si industrial cell process mc-si: acidic texture Cz-Si: alkaline texture Texture and wafer cleaning POCl 3 -diffusion PECVD SiN x Screen printing Co-firing p 210 µm Edge isolation Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

52 today's c-si industrial cell process 55 /sq. on both sides Texture and wafer cleaning POCl 3 -diffusion PECVD SiN x Screen printing n + Co-firing p Edge isolation Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

53 today's c-si industrial cell process one sided 70 nm Texture and wafer cleaning POCl 3 -diffusion PECVD SiN x Screen printing n + Co-firing p Edge isolation Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

54 today's c-si industrial cell process Ag on front Al on rear side Texture and wafer cleaning POCl 3 -diffusion PECVD SiN x Screen printing n + Co-firing Edge isolation p AgAl Ag Al Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

55 today's c-si industrial cell process metal belt furnace Texture and wafer cleaning POCl 3 -diffusion PECVD SiN x Screen printing Co-firing Edge isolation n + p p + AgAl Ag Al Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

56 today's c-si industrial cell process Texture and wafer cleaning laser wet chemical treatment (dicing saw) POCl 3 -diffusion PECVD SiN x Screen printing Co-firing Edge isolation n + p p + AgAl Ag Al Dr. Radovan Kopecek, What is behind a solar cell?, June

57 stringing Automated printer and dryer screen printer laser wet bench ISC laboratory processing equipment (lab ground floor) sinter furnace metallisation area inline wet bench chemistry area supply unit drying furnace screen printer laser hazardous substance store POCl3, BBr3, O2 wet benches guest office open space clean room spray roll-on PECVD, LPCVD inline diffusion air conditioning unit laminator

58 µw-pcd QSSPC photo meter stringing ISC laboratory characterisation equipment (lab first floor) open space SR IV EL/PL Pull tester open space module F&E laboratory IV LID setup ECV PV2000 ECV 4-point laser climatic chamber chemical process 3D microscope PID setup

59 Objectives of our education cooperation Bildungskooperation

60 EduSol Serie Ghana, Kamerun Schulung deutscher Schüler/ Stundenten gemeinsame Installation einer Solaranlage für Partnerschule und Training/ Solarunterricht Schwerpunkt: nachhaltiges Lernen und interkulturelle Erfahrung! Auszeichnung zum offiziellen Projekt der UN- Weltdekade Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung

61 Facetten unserer Bildungskooperation Zusammenarbeit mit Bildungseinrichtungen (HTWG Konstanz, DHBW Ravensburg) Betreuung von Master- und Doktorarbeiten, Hochschul- und BOGY-Praktikanten Laborführungen für diverse Gruppen Solarworkshops, Informationsveranstaltungen Aktivitäten im Rahmen von Netzwerken für PV und EE Wissenstransfer auf internationaler Ebene (Ausbildung/ Betreuung von Studenten, Workshops) Technologietransfer mit besonderer Anpassung zur örtlichen Gegebenheiten (z.b. Wüste, Meeresküste) Unterstützung der Entwicklung einer lokalen Solarindustrie Beratung zum Einstieg in die solare Wertschöpfungskette Plan 2017: KonSoLe - Konstanzer Solare Lernwerkstatt für allgemeinbildende Schulen