Hydropower from pressurized conduits Energy generation from distribution systems Research project

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1 Energy generation from distribution systems Research project P1-1

2 Layout of the presentation Introduction Project team and collaborating organisations Study aims Deliverables/products Budget Bloemwater Caledon-Bloemfontein pipeline Energy generation from distribution systems P1-2

3 Introduction WRC K8-839: Scoping Investigation into the potential of energy saving and production/generation in the supply of water through pressurized conduits Submitted WRC proposal: Energy generation from distribution systems in June 2010 which was accepted in December 2010 Energy generation from distribution systems P1-3

4 Introduction Fundamental of hydraulic engineering Evaluating hydro generation potential Site evaluation methodologies Hydraulic structures Electromechanical equipment Environmental impact and its mitigation Economic analysis Administrative procedures Energy generation from distribution systems P1-4

5 Introduction This research project will provide potential small hydropower developers a better understanding of the different issues, phases and procedures that need to be followed to develop and run a small hydropower operation. Energy generation from distribution systems P1-5

6 Introduction Hydropower potential in South Africa (Barta, 2002) Hydropower category (Power output range) Installed capacity (MW) Potential for development Firm (MW) Long-term (MW) Pico (up to 20 kw) 0,02 0,1 60,2 Micro (20 kw to 100 kw) 0,10 0,4 3,8 Mini (100 kw to 1 MW) 8,10 5,5 5,0 Small (1 MW to 10 MW) 25,70 63,0 25,0 Total 33,92 69,0 94,0 Energy generation from distribution systems P1-6

7 Project team and collaborating organisations Prof SJ van Vuuren (Project leader) Mr M van Dijk Mr B Barta Miss I Loots Mr A van Rooyen Under- and post graduate students Could be expanded! Energy generation from distribution systems P1-7

8 Project team and collaborating organisations Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (Mr A Kurtz ) Bloemwater (Mr L van Rheede van Oudtshoorn) Ethekwini Municipality (Mr F Stevens ) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-8

9 Study aims 1. To prove that it is feasible and technically possible to generate energy from distributions systems. 2. Development of guidelines to identify locations which have potential for hydropower generation. 3. Development of an assessment model including a cost benefit tool. 4. To develop a tool for optimization of the energy generation from a pressurised conduit by evaluating storage volumes, demand patterns, operating cycles and operating life of the control valves. 5. Demonstration of technology by means of full scale pilot plant installations. 6. Provide educational material illustrate and describing the process. Energy generation from distribution systems P1-9

10 Study aims 7. To illustrate that the social and environmental benefits in installing a micro-hydropower scheme outweigh the logistical and technical complications. 8. To reduce risks and increase investor confidence in this type of micro-hydropower scheme by indicating the potential benefits and complications. 9. To show that the retro-fitting of a scheme onto an existing system is economically viable -the income generated through the sale of electricity and/or carbon credits outweighs the costs involved in the setting up of the scheme. Energy generation from distribution systems P1-10

11 Deliverables/products Literature review Guideline for determining hydropower potential Hydropower assessment model Cost-benefit assessment tool Optimization tool Pilot plants Operational data Final summary report Small Hydro Power Educational Program (SHPEP) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-11

12 Research project budget WRC Human resources Capital expenses (limited) Running expenses Contribution from collaborating organisations Energy generation from distribution systems P1-12

13 Energy generation from distribution systems Caledon-Bloemfontein Pipeline P1-13

14 Caledon-Bloemfontein Pipeline The Caledon Bloemfontein potable water supply system was commissioned in the late 1960 s, operated and owned by the DWAF. The assets under discussion, with the exception of the Welbedacht Dam, were transferred to Bloem Water in Bloem Water had operated the infrastructure ever since. Energy generation from distribution systems P1-14

15 Caledon-Bloemfontein Pipeline (CBP) An abstraction point at the Welbedacht Dam wall; Raw water pump station; Water Treatment Plant at the Welbedacht Dam with a capacity of 145 Ml/day; High Lift Pump Station; 6,7km 1 200mm Ø Steel rising main; 105,7km 1 170mm Ø Pre stressed Concrete gravity mains; and Reservoirs with the following particulars: De Hoek Reservoir 22,7 Ml Uitkijk Reservoir 9,1 Ml Brandkop Reservoir 136 Ml Energy generation from distribution systems P1-15

16 CBP - System layout Energy generation from distribution systems P1-16

17 Elevation (m) CBP - System layout De Hoek reservoir Uitkijk reservoir Brandkop reservoir Uitkijk - Brandkop profile De Hoek - Uitkijk profile HGL maximum flow Chainage (m) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-17

18 CBP - Potential sites (Criteria) Q, H, generation time and assurance of supply Accessible Reservoir storage to accommodate fluctuating demands Generated electricity consumption? Bypass alternative Safety mechanisms Energy generation from distribution systems P1-18

19 CBP - Potential sites (Uitkijk reservoir) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-19

20 CBP - Potential sites (Uitkijk reservoir) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-20

21 CBP - Potential sites (Uitkijk reservoir) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-21

22 CBP - Potential sites (Brandkop reservoir) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-22

23 CBP - Potential sites (Brandkop reservoir) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-23

24 CBP - Potential sites (Brandkop reservoir) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-24

25 Elevation (m) CBP - Generating potential (De Hoek to Uitkijk) De Hoek reservoir ΔHmax = 75,5 m ΔQmax = 1,59 m³/s Uitkijk reservoir Longitudinal profile HGL static conditions HGL maximum flow Chainage (m) Energy generation from distribution systems P-25

26 CBP - Generating potential (De Hoek to Uitkijk) Q40 = 0,64 m 3 /s: ΔH = 66,1 m Q70 = 1,11 m 3 /s: ΔH = 46,8 m Q100 = 1,59 m 3 /s: ΔH = 16,8 m Energy generation from distribution systems P1-26

27 Elevation (m) CBP - Generating potential (Uitkijk to Brandkop) Uitkijk reservoir ΔHmax = 83,2 m ΔQmax = 1,42 m³/s Brandkop reservoir Longitudinal profile HGL static conditions HGL maximum flow Chainage (m) Energy generation from distribution systems P1-27

28 CBP - Generating potential (Uitkijk to Brandkop) Q40 = 0,57 m 3 /s: ΔH = 66,3 m Q70 = 1,00 m 3 /s: ΔH = 47,1 m Q100 = 1,42 m 3 /s: ΔH = 17,5 m Energy generation from distribution systems P1-28

29 CBP - Generating potential As an example details of the installation of cross flow turbines at Uitkijk and Brandkop Reservoirs could be Description Units Uitkijk Reservoir Brandkop Reservoir Average daily flow Ml/day Flow rate l/s Available head (min) m Cross flow turbine (D*L) mm 315* *410 Generator kw Standard generator kva Power factor 0,91 0,89 *Conservative estimates Energy generation from distribution systems P1-29

30 CBP - Generating potential Site Uitkijk Brandkop Flow rate 96,25 86,14 Ml/day Flow rate 1,114 0,997 m³/s Velocity 1,039 0,930 m/s Roughness parameter 0,15 0,15 mm Lambda 0,013 0,013 Friction head 27,824 27,857 m Secondary losses 2,87 3,15 m Total head 75,53 83,19 m Available head 44,84 52,18 m Efficiency % Generated power kwh REFIT tariff (<10 MW) 0,67 0,67 R/kwh Potential income per day R R Annual energy value R R Energy generation from distribution systems P1-30

31 CBP - Feasibility study Historical overview Site analysis Flow analysis Optimization of generated power minimization of risk Environmental permissions Planning permissions Turbines and Ancillary Equipment Health and Safety Revenue and Cost analysis (forecasting) Funding Energy generation from distribution systems P1-31

32 Thank you P1-32