Efforts to Manage the Invasion of Mussels in Southern California

Transcription

1 Efforts to Manage the Invasion of Mussels in Southern California Ricardo De Leon, Ph.D., William Taylor, Ph.D. Paul Rochelle, Ph.D., Sun Liang Ph.D., Anthea Lee, Ph.D. and Karie Holtermann, Ph.D. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

2 Dreissenid Mussels in the West Live quagga mussels discovered January 6, 2007 in Lake Mead First known established population of invasive quagga mussels in the Western United States Jan Dec, 2008: Mussels spread to four Western States Warmer temperatures lead to multiple spawnings per year Highest veliger production is between April and October

3 Metropolitan Water District Approximate Service Area Clifton Court Fore- bay LOS ANGELES AQUEDUCTS (2) San Joaquin River Delta-Mendota Canal San Luis Reservoir Buena Vista Lake Kern River SACRAMENTO Sacramento River FRESNO BAKERSFIELD Colorado River Mono Lake Colorado River Aqueduct LOS ANGELES SAN DIEGO Governor Edmund B. Brown California Aqueduct SAN FRANCISCO East Branch SAN BERNARDINO

4

5 Invasive Mussels Rapid Response Plans Detection Activities To define the extent of the Zebra/Quagga Mussel infestation, its distribution and maturity of the colony(ies) Coordination Activities Mitigation and Control Strategies To define lead agency, coordinate collaboration between agencies, allocate resources for a response and coordinate communication To avoid further spread of the infestation, control and reduce the size of the infestation and establish a monitoring plan to assess control effectiveness 7

6 Mussel Control Approaches Prevent New Infestations Spread Control Population Control Mitigate for Impacts Reduce Risk

7

8 Quagga Mussel Control Program Integrated Pest Management Strategies Phase I: February 2007-August 2007 Initial assessment and equipment procurement Monitoring and surveillance Phase II: Started September 2007 Interim chlorination systems along CRA Design of permanent disinfection systems Isolation barriers along the CRA Applied research on control strategies Anti-fouling coatings Operational management of reservoirs Viability assays Collaboration with federal, state and local agencies Phase III Long term mitigation strategies Cost minimization MWD diver examining mussel monitor bags

9 Veligers per Liter Lake Havasu Veliger Counts at Whitsett Intake Veligers/Liter 2007 Veligers/Liter 2008 Veligers/Liter 2009 Veligers/Liter Date Sampled

10 Whitsett Intake at Lake Havasu

11 Mitigation Activities: Shutdowns CRA shutdowns offer a unique and inexpensive way of controlling mussels. Shutdowns are coordinated with maintenance and repairs of the aqueduct

12 A System-Wide Strategy for the Colorado River Aqueduct Mobile Chlorinators and Desiccation Maintenance Lake Management Outlet Chlorination

13 Tunnel Cleaning Machine Miles of tunnels can be cleaned Can be used to remove small mussels

14 Mobile Chlorinator

15 Quagga Mussel Control Program Interim system at Copper Basin - operational in June 2008

16 Very Limited Options for Control of Invasive Mussels in Natural Systems For Example: Lower Colorado River Lakes and Reservoirs in the West

17 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Quagga Control Step 2. Learn pest life cycle and biology Step 6. Evaluate results Step 1. Proper identification of pest Step 3. Monitor to assess pest population Step 5. Choose management tactics Step 4. Establish action threshold(s)

18 Understand Biology of Pest: Quagga/Zebra Mussel Life Cycle Free-floating stages Control Options Low chlorine dose High temperature Copper sulphate Desiccation High chlorine dose Copper sulphate High temperature

19 Monitoring Techniques Microscopic Identification Molecular Identification Individual D. bugensis mussels Corbicula clams 7 DNA target specifically amplified and detected DNA sequence of 608 bp amplicon Quagga Zebra TAGCCTTATTATTCTG TAGGACTTCTATTTTG Quagga Zebra

20 Detection of Bivalve Veligers by PCR ml plankton net concentrate from 1,000 L water sample Centrifuge Extract DNA PCR DNA sequencing of positives Target Quagga mussel Zebra mussel Golden mussel Primers DBCytC189F DBCytC552R zebcytc123f zebcytc508r LIMNO.COIF1 LIMNO.COIR1 PCR targets the mitochondrial cytochrome C gene Amplicon size T a ( C) Ref 383 bp 61 MWD 386 bp 61 MWD 265 bp 59 Boeger 2007 Melt analysis following real-time PCR confirms amplicon identity

21 Pyramid of IPM Tactics Zequanox F&G Code

22 Control of Established Mussel Populations IPM Specific Biocontrols Propagules Sink

23 Quagga Mussel Control in Lakes and Reservoirs Limnological + Mussel + Principles Behavior Control Options Implementation Plan Lake Mathews Lake Skinner Copper Basin Gene Wash Diamond Valley Lake

24 Range of Control Options for Lake Management Oxygen Deprivation Desiccation Disrupt Reproductive Cycle Predation Chemical Treatments Nutrient Reduction Manage Hydrology Temperature Control Physical Removals ph

25 Lake Skinner 2010

26 Lake Skinner 2010

27 Mussel Bags: Expose adults to various environmental conditions for testing July 8, 2008 Bags

28 Diver Harvesting Mussel Bags

29 Determining Percent Mussel Kill

30 Lake Skinner Anoxia Study Percent QM killed by Tier depth,

31 Lake Profile During Treatment Period Tier 3 Oxygen

32 Lake Skinner Anoxia Study Percent QM killed by Tier depth,

33 Treatment at Lowest Tier

34 Lake Skinner Anoxia Study Percent QM killed by Tier depth,

35 Lake Profile during Recovery Period Tier 3 Oxygen Aereators

36 Outlet Tower Lake Management Oxygen mg/l Aerators Desiccation Need Additional Management Tools Control by Anoxia

37 Old growth Normal New growth Post-treatment recovery Post-treatment recovery Post-treatment recovery

38 Cleavage Prophase Anaphase Trochophore 6-cell PreD-shaped veligers 48 hours 226 μm-450 μm gills 50μm-115 μm D-shaped veliger 3-4 weeks Pediveliger Mussel Breeding in MWD s Laboratory eyespot

39 Acknowledgments Microbiology Development Team Paul Rochelle Anthea Lee Anne Johnson Melinda Tan Patty Huang Kat Hanley Jinxu Huang Reservoir Management Team Bill Taylor Karie Holterman Randi Whitney Malinda Stalvey Denis Otsuka Steve Reynolds Don Bundy Matt Purification Unit Sun Liang Rich Yates Shannon Labernik Chris Gabelich Wade Takeguchi Connie Lee Rudy Baca Susan Yuziewicz