Low Cost Healthy Water and Sanitation in Emergency and Normal Situation for Yemen

Transcription

1 Image credits goes to Nada Al-Dahmashi Low Cost Healthy Water and Sanitation in Emergency and Normal Situation for Yemen A short course with support of: Sana a university

2 TABLE OF CONTENT: o Objective, targeted audience and expected outputs. 1. Basic principles of Environmental Health 2. Water supply and sanitation monitoring for IDPs 3. Protective clothing for Environmental health 4. Survey and evaluation of environmental health activities 5. Sanitation ladder 6. Total community low cost sanitation (invention by Prof. Kamal Kar from Bangladesh) 7. Dry sanitation a) Bucket Latrine b) Pit Latrine (PL) c) Ventilated improved pit Latrine (VIP) d) Ventilated cesspit 8. Wet sanitation a) Percolation pit b) Aqua Privy Latrine c) Septic tank followed by wet cesspits d) Septic tanks followed by small bore sewers to the irrigation field e) Septic tanks followed by small bore sewers and WSPs then toirrigation field f) conventional sewers followed by WSPs 9. Sanitation Strategy Selection 10. Emergency water and sanitation

3 Objective: Improve and building the capacity of water sector trainees on the Low cost Healthy water and sanitation in Emergency and normal situation for Yemen Targeted Audiences: SWSLC engineers, Civil engineers, NGOs. Expected Outputs: Attendees of the short course will be able to: Discuss and understand the different types of low cost water and sanitation in Emergency cases Evaluate the Emergency healthy water sanitation which could be applied during the war in Yemen for IDPS Compare the difference between the rural and urban sanitation Improve the existing sanitation in Yemen

4 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Yemen WaSH Cluster Standards (Adapted from Sphere) Water in communities Beneficiaries receive at least 7.5L/P/D Ddistance to the nearest water point is 500meters or 30 min(on foot, one way) Women, men, children and disabled people can reach the water point easily Sanitation Maximum 20 persons use toilet/bathing facility. Toilets and showers are lockable, well-lit and are no more than 50 metres from dwellings. Pit latrines and soakaways are at least 30 metres from groundwater sources,1.5 metres above the water table. Latrine users have access to hand washing facilities with soap and water in close proximity to the toilet Water in institutions Health centres and hospitals: 5 litres/out-patient and 40 litres/in-patient/day Diarrhoea Treatment Centres: 60 litres/patient/day & 15 litres/carer/day, and water is chlorinated and FRC levels follow the endorsed Yemen WaSH Cluster standard operating procedures Schools : 3 L/P/D

5 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Sanitation in institutions Health Centres and Hospitals 1 toilet to 20 beds or 50 out-patients Diarrhoea Treatment Centres toilets for patients and carers are separate Schools 1 toilet to 30 girls & 1 toilet to 60 boys Hygiene Handwashing with soap or ash at key times based on existing practices (after defecation/cleaning child faeces, before eating, and before food preparation/feeding a child). Safe water treatment and storage practices at household level. Solid waste All households have access to a refuse container to be collected regularly and/or are no more than 100 metres from a communal refuse pit. Refuse is disposed of safely on site (either burning or disposal in specified refuse pit) Drainage Areas around dwellings and water points are kept free of standing waste water or flood water, and water point drainage is well planned, built and maintained.

6 2. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION MONITORING FOR IDPS The quality of the water in any storage tank is the responsibility of the owner and occupants of the dwelling. Such responsibility should be guided and encouraged by the inspector. Frequency of sampling for treated water: examination of drinking water should be both frequent and regular, minimum number of samples are: one sample for every 5000 population served per week (but should be increased in emergencies or epidemics). Frequency of sampling for untreated water: frequency of sampling should be established by the appropriate control agency, and it should reflect local circumstances and results of sanitary survey Emergency water supplies: alternative water supplies should be planned in advance and selected on the basis of a sanitary survey. Collection of samples for bacterial examination: it should be representative, no accidental contamination occurs during sampling.

7 FIGURES OF SAMPLING WATER POINTS a) Sample of public water point

8 FIGURES OF SAMPLING WATER POINTS b) Collection of water sample from a Tap

9 FIGURES OF SAMPLING WATER POINTS c) Sampling from a reservoir (tank)

10 FIGURES OF SAMPLING WATER POINTS d)sampling from a dug well

11 FIGURES OF SAMPLING WATER POINTS e) Determination of residual chlorine

12 Model for daily duties of camp sanitation foremen Duties 1. Prepare for the work Attendance of laborers; protectives clothes on; remarks about the work; instructions and directions; issue of tools. 2. Clerical work Leaves; referrals to health center; remarks for reports. 3. Preliminary inspection Start work; quick inspection of the camp and laborer s tools; environmental health deficiencies; building violations. (to report to camp services officer, CSO) 4. General inspection Water network; public latrines; drains; solid waste collection points(removal & quantity); environmental health projects; maintenance works; installations(schools, feeding centers, etc.); market places; cleanliness and sanitary facilities at shelters; cleanliness in the streets and alleys. Time 07 07:15 07:15 8:00 08:00 09:00 09:00 11:30 5. Administrative work Meeting the foreman and discuss observations; report important observations to CSO/Sanitation inspector; new administrative instructions; write notes; figures; and prepare report. 11:30 12:00 6. Follow up work and correct deficiencies Ensure that laborers are at work and have completed their work; places with unsatisfactory cleaning; eliminate health hazards; organize group work. 12:00 13:45 7. Laborer dismissal Gather laborers and store their tools; instructions and directions; remarks about the work; end the work day. 13:45 14:00

13 3. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Sanitation laborers and foremen should be provided with protective clothing to carry out their responsibilities as follows: One rain coat every four years; One pair of rubber boots per year; One pair of leather boots per year; Two pairs of overalls per year; Two pairs of leather gloves per year; One hat per year; One towel per year; One piece of soap per month; Two safari suits per year.

14 4. SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES (The camps format) General information Water supply Liquid wastes Human excreta Wastewater Sewerage system Rainwater Solid Waste

15 5. SANITATION LADDER

16 6. TOTAL COMMUNITY LOW COST SANITATION Steps to implement the approach: Strengthening the relationship between the consultant and the community Field visits and a tour to visit the places of open defecation by men, women and children Draw a map of the village, showing the visited sites of defecation Discuss the map with the community by participatory analysis to help community members understand more Discuss the mechanism of transferring faeces to and from home through chicken, insects and children The moment of ignition, firing and voting to get out to get convinced to prevent the open defecation Work out a time frame plan to start stopping the open defecation by selecting representatives from the village Start an initiative to implement private or public WC for the village Follow-up phase by forming a committee to visit the region every month for three months. The committee went to check the area to make sure that the area is free of open defecation. The village receives a certificate to declare that the village is free of open defecation.

17 7. DRY SANITATION a) Bucket latrine

18 7. DRY SANITATION b) pit latrine

19 7. DRY SANITATION c) Ventilated improved pit Latrine (VIP)

20 7. DRY SANITATION c) Ventilated improved pit Latrine (VIP)

21 7. DRY SANITATION d) Two compartments cesspits with solar dried

22 8. WET SANITATION a) Percolation pit

23 8. WET SANITATION b) Percolation Trench

24 8. WET SANITATION c) Aqua Privy Latrine

25 8. WET SANITATION c) Aqua Privy Latrine

26 8. WET SANITATION c) Aqua Privy Latrine

27 8. WET SANITATION d)chemical Latrine

28 8. WET SANITATION e) Septic tank followed by wet cesspits

29 8. WET SANITATION DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANKS Pump-out interval/year Volume by liter Q ave X PF Q ave X PF Q ave X PF Q ave X PF

30 8. WET SANITATION ARRANGEMENT OF INLETS AND OUTLETS

31 8. WET SANITATION SEPTIC TANK FOLLOWED BY LEACHING FIELD

32 8. WET SANITATION WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS

33 8. WET SANITATION Imhoff tank:

34 8. WET SANITATION FREE WATER SURFACE (FWS):

35 Female Dignity Kit Contents Sanitary napkins (32PCS) Gel-Shampoo Hand soap (3PCS) Hair brush Underwear set (2 PCS) Toothpaste Towel Solar-Powered flashlight Washing Powder400 gm(2pcs) Toothbrush (2 PCS) Nail clipper Cotton socks Fleece blanket Textile backpack Abaya Head Scarf

36 9.SANITATION STRATEGY SELECTION Start Yes Wet System Is Water available? Dry System No Is the soil permeable? Yes Yes Is the soil permeable? No Is the GWL is less than 30m depth? Is the GWL is less than 30m depth? No Yes No No Yes Systems in 7 or 8 could be used Yes Is the water source is less than 100 m distance? 1 or 2 No Groundwater must be protected 3 or 4 or 5 1or 2 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 could be used

37 9.SANITATION STRATEGY SELECTION APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY No. Technology dry vs wet sys applicable Conditions 1 Conventional pit (cesspit) with and without ventilation (mix wastewater and urine separation) 2 Double pit (urine separate) 3 Single solar heat vault (mix wastewater and urine separation). Dry and Wet Systems Dry and Wet Systems Dry System - Not in high groundwater level - Permeable soils - Not in high groundwater level - Permeable soils Any place 4 Double vault composting or/and dehydration toilet with solar heating with and without ventilation (mix wastewater and urine separation). Dry System Any place 5 6 CCD composting toilet and the combined CCD with the German experiences. Septic tank or aqua privy with graveled sawkaway or small diameter sewers with drainage field. Dry System Wet System Any place - Not in high groundwater level - Permeable soils 7 Septic tank or Imhoff tank with wastewater stabilization ponds or constructed wetland or sand filters. Wet System Any place 8 Separated graywater and blackwater (ecological buildings) with one of the above treatment system. Wet System Any Place

38 Design evaluation 9.SANITATION STRATEGY SELECTION Appropriate alternative low-cost technologies stage the five commitments To consult separately with girls, boys, women and men, including the elderly and people with special needs, to ensure that water and sanitation programs are designed to provide equitable opportunities to reduce incidents of violence Ensure that girls, boys, women and men, including older persons and persons with special needs, have access to adequate, safe and safe water, sanitation and hygiene services outputs Water, sanitation and hygiene assessments include identification of the special needs of girls, boys, women and men, including older persons and persons with special needs in terms of safety, dignity and equitable access Water, sanitation and hygiene facilities are located and designed through separate consultations for girls, boys, women and men, including the elderly and persons with special needs, to ensure equitable access and minimize the risk of violence Water, sanitation and hygiene facilities are designed to meet the distinct needs of dignity, safety and access (meaning that all public latrines and shower blocks are segregated by sex, can be locked from inside, privacy screens being considered, lights, illustrations, and special design for people with special needs)..). This includes water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in areas for children. Meeting the monthly health needs of girls and women

39 during response monitoring and evaluation of implementation implementation 9.SANITATION STRATEGY SELECTION Appropriate alternative low-cost technologies stage the five commitments Ensure that girls, boys, women and men, including older persons and persons with special needs, have access to feedback mechanisms and complaints so that corrective action can be taken to meet their special protection and assistance needs Monitoring and evaluation of safe and equitable access and use of water, sanitation and hygiene services in water, sanitation and hygiene projects Give priority to girls (especially adolescent girls) and women's participation in the consultation process outputs Water, sanitation and hygiene (girls, boys, women and men, including older persons and persons with special needs) are informed of their rights and understanding of feedback mechanisms related to water, sanitation and hygiene programs Cluster organizations and coordination platforms have established a feedback mechanism with and for beneficiaries and have taken corrective action in time to address safety, dignity and access issues raised by users and / or redefine their assistance The baseline and monitoring and evaluation tools include the collection of data disaggregated by sex and age on access to and use of water and sanitation facilities, including how safe people feel about the use of water, sanitation and hygiene facilities Collection and analysis of detailed beneficiary data and information on older persons and persons with disabilities in improving access to safe, equitable and safe water, sanitation and hygiene services Focused group discussions for women and girls during the needs assessment and response phase

40 9.SANITATION STRATEGY SELECTION

41 9.SANITATION STRATEGY SELECTION

42 10. EMERGENCY WATER AND SANITATION Minimum commitment for Safety and Dignity for IDPS Design Evaluation To consult separately with girls, boys, women and men, including the elderly and people with special needs, to ensure that water and sanitation programs are designed to provide equitable opportunities to reduce incidents of violence During response Give priority to girls (especially adolescent girls) and women's participation in the consultation process Ensure that girls, boys, women and men, including older persons and persons with special needs, have access to adequate, safe and safe water, sanitation and hygiene services Implementation Ensure that girls, boys, women and men, including older persons and persons with special needs, have access to feedback mechanisms and complaints so that corrective action can be taken to meet their special protection and assistance needs Monitoring and evaluation of implementation