RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION (R&D&I) 2017 ANNUAL REPORT

Transcription

1 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION (R&D&I) 2017 ANNUAL REPORT

2 CONTENTS FOREWORD O1 A benchmark in natural 2 gas transmission Research, 4 development and innovation with a purpose O2 Industrial safety 7 The energetic 9 and ecological transition O3 New synergies 10 for gas New gases 12 O4 Operational 15 performance Network piloting 16 and maintenance CREDITS

3 FOREWORD The energy sector is going through major changes, linked to the environmental challenges and opportunities brought by the spread of new technologies. In this context, GRTgaz is committing itself resolutely to the process of energy transition, by further boosting its Research, Development and Innovation (R+D+I) activities. The challenge is to ensure that gas energy plays a decisive role in the reform of the energy system. Natural gas is, in fact, one of the best substitutes for the most polluting energies. Furthermore, gas infrastructures are now required to integrate an increasing amount of partly or totally decarbonized energy sources. Their capacity to respond to power demands makes them a major asset in the development of intermittent renewable energy resources. The year 2017 marked a major turning point for GRTgaz. Our company acted upon its energy transition commitments by accelerating its R&D and innovation momentum. On December 31st, 2017, GRTgaz created its own research center, called the Research & Innovation Center for Energy (RICE), to which all ENGIE CRIGEN Lab s Gas Infrastructure R&D has been transferred. By acquiring these laboratories and integrating these advanced skills, GRTgaz has strengthened its autonomy with regard to its majority shareholder, ENGIE. It has also developed unique capacities for realizing its strategic ambition to be a resolutely committed player in the energy transition and assert its position as a leader in European gas infrastructures. Boosted by the creation of RICE, the entire company now has innovation at the very heart of its strategy. In addition, to pave the way for a decarbonized energy future, GRTgaz is increasingly engaging in partnerships and collaborations of various kinds, notably with the other energy operators. The R&D program of GRTgaz saw major advances in 2017, with, for example, the laying of the first stone of the Jupiter 1000 (Power to Gas) technology demonstrator. The new projects launched in 2017 also illustrate the R+D+I dynamism of GRTgaz and the company s positioning as a committed player in the energy transition. The Trans HYtion project lays the ground for the rise of hydrogen energy systems and the pyro-gasification pilot, developed in collaboration with the ETIA Group, clears one promising path provided by these new gas options which will benefit from the flexibility of the natural gas supply chain. Continuous improvement of the industrial safety of the gas system and striving for operational excellence are imperatives deeply anchored in the DNA of GRTgaz. Our ongoing R&D effort in this area is focused on advancing the integration of the new technologies into the way we function. This is the bedrock of the bond of trust existing between GRTgaz and the lands traversed by its gas supply network. Éric Courtalon DIRECTOR OF RICE 1

4 A BENCHMARK IN NATURAL GAS TRANSMISSION A benchmark operator in natural gas transmission, GRTgaz designs, develops, maintains and operates a network covering most of France and interconnected with the networks of neighboring countries. A NETWORK IN THE HEART OF EUROPE The mission of GRTgaz is to transport natural or renewable gas from various sources of supply to customers connected to its transmission network. These gas infrastructures, present across France, include the high-pressure underground pipelines that carry the gas, industrial installations such as compressor stations, which provide the energy to move the gas through the pipeline, and delivery points for connecting-up customers. This meshed transmission network, located at the heart of Europe, is linked to the networks of Norway, Belgium, Luxemburg, Germany, Italy (via Switzerland) and Spain (via Teréga formerly TIGF). It is connected to the LNG terminals of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and, recently, North Sea coasts, which can receive Liquid 20,141 MILES OF PIPELINE 26 COMPRESSOR STATIONS DELIVERY POINTS : PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION POINTS INDUSTRIAL CONSUMER POINTS Natural Gas (LNG) from around the world. The network provides access to gas from diverse sources and facilitates Europewide gas trading, thus contributing to the healthy functioning of the market and the energy security of all concerned. REGULATED MISSIONS In a regulatory context in which the contours of its activity notably its publicservice missions are precisely defined, GRTgaz pays constant attention to the safety of people and installations as well as to continuity of supply to consumers and energy security for territories and industry. 3 BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION UNITS CONNECTED TO THE GRTgaz NETWORK Figures at end

5 UNITED KINGDOM Gassco Dunkirk LNG Dunkirk BELGIUM Alveringem Pitgam Taisnières Fluxys GERMANY Elengy Bréal Fontenay- Mauvoisin Cherré Auvers le-hamon Nozay Roussines Brizambourg Beynes Évry-Grégy Cuvilly Saint-Victor Dierrey- Saint-Julien Vindecy Obergailbach Laneuvelotte Morelmaison Voisines Palleau Étrez Oltingue Swissgas Fluxswiss SWITZERLAND Gaznat GRTgaz Deutschland Open Grid Europe Castillon Chazelles Laprade Saint-Avit ITALY TIGF Teréga Cruzy Courthézon La Bégudede-Mazenc Saint-Martinde-Crau Montoirde-Bretagne Fos- Fos- Tonkin Cavaou SPAIN Elengy Fosmax LNG Transmission network (France) Transmission network (Germany) 26 compressor stations (France) for 616 MW of installed capacity 6 compressor stations (Germany) Participation in Megal (721 miles of high-pressure pipelines) 7 interconnections with adjacent networks 4 interconnections with LNG terminals Direction of natural gas flow Adjacent transmission operators and LNG terminals THE CHALLENGES OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION Confronted with the challenges posed by climate change, France and Europe are committed to an energy transition aimed at significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GGE), thus curbing the rise in global temperature. By facilitating the development of renewable energies and new uses of gas and by promoting synergies between the electricity and gas systems, GRTgaz aims to make a decisive contribution to this energy transition and be a leader in a rapidly evolving energy sector. The challenge is to integrate more decentralized renewable-energy production while continuously improving safety, competitiveness and sustainability. Eventually, the aim is to achieve overall carbon neutrality in gas supply. The creating of this new energy scenario will inevitably involve massive use of IT and new technologies. Research, Development and Innovation will therefore play a critical role in this transformation. 3

6 RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION WITH A PURPOSE A TRANSVERSAL ORGANIZATION In encompassing every area of the process of gas transmission, the R&D&I of GRTgaz calls upon all its divisions and contributes directly to their activities. The divisions experts take charge of the various aspects of R&D&I: technology foresight, defining and piloting projects, studying the impact of new technologies on current activities and developing new technical solutions. This approach is firmly oriented towards implementing new services and developing new sectors. Its structure takes the form of different tools, such as Challenge Innovation, which involves the company s employees in developing and disseminating new ideas and best practices. GRTgaz also develops its practices by linking its internal expertise to that of external partners, in France and further afield. This open innovation approach is expressed, notably, in Open Innovation Challenges, thanks to which external contributions help the company find solutions to its questions and issues. Now equipped with its own research center, RICE, GRTgaz is also forming partnerships with other research centers (public and private), universities and Grandes Ecoles, innovative companies and energy operators such as Teréga or RTE. These numerous collaborations express the determination of GRTgaz to build a rich and dynamic ecosystem to support the development of its portfolio of technologies. This approach creates levers that allow GRTgaz to successfully promote its services offer and participate in the rise of new industrial sectors. THE THREE R&D&I CHALLENGES For GRTgaz, R&D&I direction is determined by three major focus areas: Industrial safety The energy and ecological transition Operational excellence and performance From various points of view, the above aspects are indissociable in reinforcing the leading role of gas in the energy mix. 4

7 organization coordination PARTNERSHIPS SRD GSD R&D innovation mission INNOVATION R&D partners ED TD NEW SECTORS NEW TECHNOLOGIES NEW TOOLS Energy operators Grandes écoles, universities, research centers SD Innovative companies SOME GRTgaz DIVISIONS INVOLVED IN R&D&I ED: Engineering Division TD: Technical Division ISM: Information System Division SRD: Strategy & Regulation Division GSD: Gas System Division SD: Sales Division SOME PARTNERS GRDF, RTE, Teréga, SPEGNN, ADEME, SER, CRIGEN, CEA, CNRS, Centre de mathématiques appliquées (CMA) de Mines ParisTech, Centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement, Green Gas Initiative... FOCUS Research and Innovation take a new direction Since December 31, 2017, GRTgaz has its own research center, called the Research & Innovation Center for Energy (RICE). This center has taken over all the Gas infrastructure R&D of the ENGIE CRIGEN laboratory. It is organized into the following activities: Gas analysis and metering, Integrity of Metal and Nonmetal Networks, Industrial Safety and Risk Management, Smart Grids, Network Engineering, Decision-making Tools, Gas Processes and Uses, Innovation and Exploitation. RICE is also in charge of the company s Innovation Mission and coordinates the research activities entrusted to other divisions. 5

8 MAGNETIC TOMOGRAPHY A breakthrough technology, magnetic tomography could revolutionize the inspection of pipelines for possible defects and reduce the number of searches. It is used to detect damage from the surface, without emitting a signal. The principle is one of measuring the magnetic field, which, in high-pressure pipelines, will alter according to the mechanical stresses present. This facilitates detection of defects due to abnormal stresses. A prototype having been created in 2016, the technology is currently in developmentand-evaluation phase until 2022, in partnership with Teréga. GRTgaz is notably participating in several collaborative international projects undertaken by the PRCI (Pipeline Research Council International) in the areas of Operations and Integrity and Design, Materials & Construction, so as to better understand the physical phenomena involved. 6

9 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY To support the divisions, GRTgaz R&D&I is reinforcing the very high and constantly enhanced safety levels of the natural gas transmission activity. SAFETY AS OUR TOP PRIORITY At the very heart of the company s preoccupations, the safety of people and equipment is a constant focus of attention. Continuous surveillance by specialist teams of installations that must operate 24 hours a day, ensures that the transport of natural gas takes place in harmony with the territories the pipelines pass through. In the context of its R&D&I, GRTgaz strives to evaluate, study and develop every technology that might help it manage regulatory changes and the evolution of its network. This consists of buried, steel pipelines, protected by special coatings and subjected to an electric current, to prevent corrosion (cathodic protection). It is vital to collect data about their condition. To do this, instrumented pigs are inserted into the pipelines, in order to detect any anomalies in the metal. Where necessary, investigative excavations are carried out. Among the new inspection technologies being tested, magnetic tomography should make it possible, in the next few years, to identify various types of defect by simply walking a device along the surface, above the pipeline. In particular, new methods are currently being developed to monitor integrity of the network. GPS positioning db recording failure area GPS positioning leak t 1 / Injection 2 / Recording 3 / Recovery 4 / Analysis FOCUS SMART BALL In 2017, GRTgaz carried out an initial study aimed at using Smart Ball technology originally designed for inspecting water and liquid-hydrocarbon pipelines for its gas network. This is a small, instrumented sphere, which is carried along by the flow of fluid in the pipeline and helps locate leaks by means of acoustic analysis of noise events. The eventual aim for GRTgaz is to use the Smart Ball as a non-motorized carrier, along significant lengths of pipeline, equipped with various types of sensor, in order to: - inspect unscrapeable gas pipelines and provide information about their integrity, to complement information from surface measurements, - further improve the cartographic positioning of works. Research will continue in 2018 with tests in the laboratory and on the GRTgaz pipelines, to better understand how to implement the technology. 7

10 HYDROGEN Surplus electricity production from renewable energy sources can be used to split water, by hydrolysis, into decarbonized hydrogen a gas that has various uses in industry, in areas such as transport or heating buildings. Above all, the efficiency of this green energy will benefit greatly from the natural gas transmission infrastructure. Indeed, the possibility of injecting hydrogen into the natural gas network, in pure or synthesized-methane form, could be a particularly important factor in its contribution to France s energy mix. The transport of this energy by natural gas pipelines could partly replace the current trucking solution. In the light of potentially massive hydrogen market penetration, studies of the technical feasibility of converting natural gas pipelines are under way. 8

11 THE ENERGETIC AND ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION Convinced that gas energy is destined to play a major role in the energy transition, GRTgaz is developing future solutions that will place the network for the transmission of natural gas at the heart of this revolution. GRTgaz RESPONDS TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION R&D&I at GRTgaz is contributing to the development of a broad range of innovative solutions that will give natural gas especially its transmission network a pivotal role in the energy transition. This effort is focused on promoting technologies that will provide answers to environmental challenges. Some of these solutions are already tried and tested, such as energy efficiency or Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV), which emits less greenhouse gases and pollutes less than traditional fuels. Other avenues require not just overcoming technological problems, through research and development, but also putting a whole ecosystem in place. Such is the case with the hydrogen network, with which GRTgaz is closely involved, convinced that it will reach maturity in the medium- to long-term, during which energy use will become totally decarbonized. This commitment is also expressed in the company s support for renewable-energy systems, such as biomethane and synthetic gas (syngas). Numerous technical and regulatory advances will be necessary to adapt the transmission system to these new gases. FOCUS The transition to hydrogen In 2017, as part of its commitment to the energy transition, GRTgaz launched the Trans HYtion project, to promote hydrogen energy and study the technical and economic implications of its development. The technical solutions related to injection into the natural gas network have thus been closely examined, to determine the share of hydrogen that might be injected into the existing network. The impact of this hydrogen injection on the network is also being studied, notably in respect of steel pipelines, through research conducted in collaboration with the CEA s Liten research establishment. On a broader level, the network has been mapped, with a view to proposing potential scenarios. Actions have been put in motion that involve the entire ecosystem involved in the transition to hydrogen. In 2019, GRTgaz intends to implement the "Jupiter 1000" project an injection test on a limited section of its network, at Fos-sur-Mer. The Trans HYtion project should come to an end in around

12 NEW SYNERGIES FOR GAS R&D&I at GRTgaz has adopted the new transversal approach of the energy sector, which means it takes full advantage of the complementarity between energies, notably gas and electricity. POWER-TO-GAS The energy transition involves integrating an increasing share of renewable energies (intermittent and spread out across the territory) in the production of electricity, which represents a challenge in terms of balancing consumption and production. While today centralized production constantly adjusts to consumption, it will be important, one way or another, to be able to use surplus production from decentralized renewable energy sources notably by storing this energy. Hydrogen is an answer to this challenge. Produced using electricity, by electrolytically splitting water (hydrolysis), it is an ideal pivot between increasingly decarbonized electricity and zero-emission energy applications, in the sense that its combustion generates only water. Hydrogen can be injected directly into the natural gas network or be converted into synthesized methane (similar to natural gas) via chemical reactions brought about by combining it with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). In addition, combined-cycle gas-fired power plants fed by the natural gas transmission network can readily provide the necessary electric power. Thanks to this flexibility, hydrogen and synthesized methane are likely to become links between the electricity network and the gas networks which will store surplus electric power in the form of gas. POWER-TO-GAS O 2 H 2 storage of CO 2 Recovery and H 2 Renewable energy Electrolysis of water Methanation Injection into the network 10

13 NETWORK INTERCONNECTION The new synergy between gas and electricity will make it possible to optimize the entire energy system and encourage the development of renewable energy sources. The natural gas grid will thus become a massive long-term storage solution for electricity produced from renewable energy sources. Natural gas Transport Consumption Renewable gas Reverse-flow stations Delivery Distribution Consumption FOCUS WestGridSynergy In 2017, GRTgaz carried out a first test of the Smart Gas Grid, by participating in a group of innovative, multi-participant projects, called West Grid Synergy. The program brings a gas dimension to the SMILE (Smart Ideas to Link Energies) association, under the umbrella of which it is being run. The aim is to maximize renewable gas production in the regions, by facilitating its integration into gas grids. It has been rolled out across two experimental regions (Brittany and Pays de la Loire), where biomethane production projects exceed consumer needs for local public distribution systems at certain times of year. The innovative solutions are aimed at combining digital and energy technologies to manage biomethane production, develop new and efficient uses of gas and optimize overall management of the energy system. For example, the setting up of reverseflow stations at the interface between the distribution grid and the transport grid will make the grid bidirectional. Hitherto, the gas could only flow one way, from transport grid to distribution grid. This technology opens up new possibilities in terms of organizing flows and storing biomethane produced locally. 11

14 THE NEW GASES The gas infrastructures can accept the integration of the new gases, renewable or otherwise, and play a critical role in the development of systems necessary for the energy transition. The gas transmission network connects the production sites of new gases and gives them outlets independent of their location. Thanks to its storage infrastructures, it smooths out the encompassed energy demand, thus supporting the economic model of these production sites. BIOMETHANE A renewable energy source supported by GRTgaz, transmission of biomethane requires numerous new technical and regulatory solutions for the transport system to fully adapt it to these new gases, the characteristics of which vary according to their very diverse origins and their production and purification processes. The R&D&I of GRTgaz works at national and European level to encourage the development of a biomethane system that will be both efficient and cost-effective. Its work especially concerns standardization, particularly for the development of robust analysis methods. The challenge is to define harmonized specifications for injecting biomethane into a natural gas network, so that biomethane producers can develop their activity in full knowledge of the facts. FOCUS ON BIOMETHANE Determining impact In collaboration with operators Storengy, Teréga and GRDF, GRTgaz is leading a research project dedicated to the exhaustive characterizing of the compounds of biomethane. The task is to identify trace-level compounds present that could affect health, the environment or equipment. Begun in 2016, the project entered its experimental phase in It consists of examining the characteristics of biogas produced by the processes of methanation and purification, depending on the various types of raw materials treated. Towards standardized analyses A growing number of installations make it possible to inject biomethane into Europe s gas infrastructures. However, for the development of this new system to continue accelerating, this renewable gas must be subject to standardization that guarantees its quality and purity. To bring this about, standardized measurement methods must be defined to precisely determine the characteristics and flow of gas. Such is the purpose of the Metrology for biomethane project, of the EMPIR (European Metrology Program for Innovation & Research) program of EURAMET (European Association of National Metrology Institutes), which is a partnership of R&D laboratories and national metrology organizations. This 3-year project, financed by the European Union, began in GRTgaz brings to it industrial skills and scientific expertise and is in charge of defining techniques for analyzing different families of compounds that might affect the network. In particular, it will manage a work package dedicated to converting reference techniques to routine techniques for carrying out measurement in the field. 12

15 TOWARDS A NEW GAS MIX Support for the development of innovative gases is based on the commitment of GRTgaz in favor of a fully decarbonized gas mix by 2050 to use the words of an ADEME study published in January This goal will be reached, particularly, by the rational exploitation of biomass, such as that coming from wood and its gasification at high temperature (pyrogasification). This type of process produces a synthetic gas (syngas), the challenge of which, for the operator, is to master the injection conditions, on both the technical and economic level. From biomass to methane T = 800 à 1000 C Biomass or waste Gasification Syngas CH 4 H 2 Purification CH 4 Methanation Specifications adjustment Synthetic methane Injection into gas network CH 4 CO 2 CO ETIA ETIA/GRTgaz PARTNERSHIP FOCUS ETIA and pyrogasification GRTgaz has partnered with ETIA, specialist in thermal treatment processes, to build a pilot plant producing synthetic methane by gasification. ETIA provides exclusive, patented gasification equipment and is also building a syngas processing line, with the help of GRTgaz expertise. These works fall within the framework of the circular economy projects of the regions, by producing synthetic gas from local biogenic resources or waste. The trials, begun in 2017, are continuing in 2018, with the first industrial-scale applications expected in This will contribute significantly to reaching the target of 10% renewable gas consumption by 2030, as set by France s Law on Energy Transition. 13

16 HACK4GAS The aim of the hackathon Hack4Gas is to create a community of gas ambassadors, who will contribute to spreading the word about the special merits of gas in the context of the ecological transition. In concrete terms, the goal was to think up new solutions for leading this community, give it new mechanisms and tools for sharing knowledge and encourage its members. The 1st Prize was awarded to ToGazer, a digital platform that supports the community of ambassadors in their knowledge of gas and their personal development. The 2nd Prize went to Rallye parlons gaz, a tour de France to meet employees and the general public and talk about the advantages of gas energy. The 3rd prize won by Agoragaz, a digital portal that centralizes existing content and facilitates the sending of it to a large number of people. 14

17 OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE Supporting the energy transition requires everyone s commitment, especially that of the employees. To share knowledge and foster awareness of the company s challenges, GRTgaz is investing in new tools and working methods. NEW TOOLS Convinced that the company s performance depends on its capacity to benefit from the collective intelligence and encourage everyone s creativity so that new solutions can be hatched, GTRgaz is developing initiatives for working differently and producing new ideas. The Hackathons and Challenges new forms of open and participative reflection are therefore put to good use. These motivational events involve employees from different GRTgaz divisions as well as participants from outside the company. At the same time, GRTgaz is making use of new digital training tools, notably MOOC (massive on-line open courses). Collaborative and active, these online trainings make it possible to create communities that cross the barriers of institutions and companies. These tools offer the opportunity to collaborate with other players in the energy sector, as is the case with MOOC Data Energie, or to address a broad public, as with the MOOC Expérience gaz course. FOCUS The 2017 EducEco Challenge GRTgaz and AS3E (a French association for the development of eco-mobility educational challenges ) created the GRTgaz Trophy, aimed at promoting gas-powered mobility and increasing young people s awareness of the environmental advantages of this fuel. The trophy concerns vehicles in the BioNGV category of the EducEco Challenge, run at the stadium of Hainaut de Valenciennes, in northern France. GRTgaz and AD3E brought technical expertise and financial support to the three teams participating in the BioGNV category. 15

18 MANAGING AND MAINTAINING THE NETWORK To make increasingly efficient use of the natural gas transport network, GRTgaz studies and implements innovative technologies that will allow it to strengthen its operational performance and support the changes brought by the ecological transition. NETWORK SURVEILLANCE The management and surveillance of gas distribution uses data from numerous sensors positioned around the transport network. With the increase in power of decentralized renewable energies, an even more detailed monitoring of the gas system will be necessary, because of the many injection points of the new gases and the coupling with the electricity network. To make these changes possible, R&D&I at GRTgaz is developing new technologies linked to the transmission, collection, treatment and analysis of the data associated with these measurements. For example, the pipelines themselves could be used to transmit these measurements. This innova- tive approach was the object of a feasibility study, launched in 2017 with the CEA, to review possible modes of transmission. Another innovation area is that of achieving more precise estimation of the amount of gas stored in the pipelines, in order to determine how much methane can be injected. This requires multiple pressure measuring points in the network these are currently mainly limited to large facilities. In 2017, GRTgaz initiated a study of how to tackle this reinforcement. A prototype is planned for 2018, to test a deployment on the main network (4,350 miles), before extending these trials to the regional network (15,534 miles) if the results are positive. FOCUS Blockchain technology Blockchain technology opens promising prospects in the energy sector, because it makes possible transparent, tamper-proof, secure and decentralized exchange of information. GRTgaz has been interested in this subject since 2016 and has dedicated a program to it, with three parts: cultural adaptation, conceptualization and project. Introduced by meetings with experts, the cultural adaptation phase took place in 2017, with training days and a MOOC dedicated to the subject of blockchain. This was followed by a conceptualization phase, which led to the listing of some thirty possible use cases in the company s various divisions. Three of the themes judged the most promising were then selected for developing proofs of concept. This phase of the project notably brought the e-secure solution, developed with the start-up KEEEX, which ensures the authenticity and traceability of transmission and connection contracts. This innovative application was the object of a first contract, signed by the sales department in January

19 FOCUS The surveillance of easement strips by lidar The areas of land under which the gas pipelines run have to be kept clear and easily accessible, in case of a possible service operation. Maintaining these regulated easement strips involves being able to detect areas where, for example, brush needs to be cleared. GRTgaz began to explore the possibility of using the LiDAR technology in 2017, in the context of an employee-initiated project. This technology makes it possible to take remote measurements, by the analysis of laser-beam pulses backscattered from the ground. Trials of remote sensing by drones fitted with lidars were carried out in 2017 and continue in 2018, in order to confirm the relevance of this method of inspection. The results should make it possible to envisage financially and environmentally rationalized and optimized maintenance. 17

20 twitter.com/grtgaz youtube.com/user/grtgazofficiel linkedin.com/company/grtgaz facebook.com/grtgaz/ download on App Store Google Play, Windows Phone Store opendata.reseaux-energies.fr HEAD OFFICES Immeuble Bora 6, rue Raoul Nordling Bois-Colombes Cedex Tel. : 3+33 (0) GRTgaz, incorporated company with a capital of 618, 195, 880 euros. Head Offices: 6, rue Raoul Nordling Bois-Colombes. Company registration: RCS Nanterre Editorial consultancy, design and layout Sciences & Co Photo credits: Médiathèque GRTgaz, GRTgaz/Jérôme Cabanel, GRTgaz/Franck Dunouau, GRTgaz/Philippe Grollier, GRTgaz/Eric Larrayadieu, GRTgaz/Luc Marechaux. 18

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