EVOLUTION IN AGROCHEMICAL USE ON TOBACCO OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS TO REDUCE LEAF RESIDUES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

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1 EVOLUTION IN AGROCHEMICAL USE ON TOBACCO OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS TO REDUCE LEAF RESIDUES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT G. Burla ( 1 ), G. Milli ( 2 ), S. Miele ( 3 ), E. Bargiacchi ( 3 ) (1) Trasformatori Tabacco Italia via Carlo Marx 4 Città di Castello (PG) (Italy) ( 2 ) Fattoria Autonoma Tabacchi Via G. Oberdan, 12 - Città di Castello (PG) (Italy) ( 3 ) Consorzio Inter Universitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM) Via G. Giusti, 9 Firenze (Italy)

2 Before the Directive 1999/45/EC Plant Protection Products were divided into classes of toxicity based on the impact they have on health and the environment. The classification was based mainly on the evaluation of the acute toxicity (LD 50). The products were divided into four toxicological classes (I, II, III and IV).

3 Current legislation (Directive 1999/45/EC ) considers for the classification: chronic toxicity, impact on the environment (air and soil), persistence, the action on the wild fauna the toxicity is also evaluated in function of the, co-formulants in the commercial products. For this reason, commercial products containing the same active ingredient can be classified in different classes, taking into account concentration and type of co-formulants

4 By the implementation of Directives 1999/45/EC and 2001/60/EC from 1 October 2005, the agrochemicals: have been assigned a risk phrase indicated by the letter R (there are 68 different phrases) and a safety phrases with the letter S; have been, most of them, relocated in a higher class of risk; have been placed on the market with a safety data sheet.

5 EU Classification Criteria - Acute Toxicity The table summarizes the LD50 and LC50 values for each route of exposure for the three toxicity categories and their associated risk phrases. Very Toxic Toxic Harmful Oral LD50 (mg/kg) 25 > >200 2,000 Dermal LD50 (mg/kg) 50 > >400 2,000 Inhalation LC50 Gases, Vapors (mg/l) Inhalation LC50 aerosols, particulates (mg/l) 0.5 >0.5 2 > > >1-5 EU Indication of Danger(symbol) Very Toxic (T+) Toxic (T) Harmful (Xn) R Phrase (oral) R Phrase (dermal) R Phrase (inhalation) Mixture concentration limits R28 Very toxic if swallowed R27 Very toxic in contact with skin R26 Very toxic by inhalation 7% T+ substances 1% R25 Toxic if swallowed R24 Toxic in contact with skin R23 Toxic by inhalation <7% T+ Substances or 25%T Substances 0.1% - 1% T+ Substances R22 Harmful if swallowed R21 Harmful in contact with skin R20 Harmful by inhalation 3% -25% T Substances or 25% Xn Substances

6 EU Classification Criteria - Skin Corrosion/Irritation Hazard Criteria Indication of Danger(symbol) Corrosive Destruction of full thickness of skin in up to three minutes Corrosive(C) exposure or ph 2 and 11.5 (if no testing and sufficient acid/alkali reserve). R Phrases R35 Causes severe burns For mixtures, 10% R35 substances Corrosive Destruction of full thickness of skin in up to four hours exposure, organic hydroperoxides. Corrosive(C) R34 Causes burns Mixtures with 5% - <10% R35 substances, 10% R34 substances Irritant Mean value of > 2 for erythema/eschar or for oedema in at least 2 of 3 tested animals from gradings at 24, 48 and 72 hours, or Inflammation that persists to the end of the observation period normally 14 days in at least 2 animals, particular lytaking into account alopecia (limited area), hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, and scaling, or Human experience that the substance is an irritant Mixtures with 1% but <5% R35 substances, 5% but<10% R34 substances or 20% R36/37/38 substance Irritant (Xi) R38 Irritating to skin

7 EU Classifications All agrochemicals are classificated according: Health Hazards Physical Hazards Environmental Hazards

8 EU Classifications Health Hazards T+ Acute Lethality T+ (R26, 27, 28) T (R23, 24, 25) Xn (R20, 21, 22) VERY TOXIC Irreversible, non-lethal effects T+ or T (R39) Serious Chronic Effects T or Xn (R48) Xn (R68) TOXIC HARMFUL T Xn

9 EU Classifications Health Hazards Carcinogenic T (R45, 49) Cat 1 and 2 Xn (R40) Cat 3 T Mutagenic T (R46) Cat 1 and 2 Xn (R68) Cat 3 Toxic to Reproduction T (R60, 61) Cat 1 and 2 Xn (R62,62) Cat 3 TOXIC HARMFUL Xn

10 EU Classifications Health Hazards Corrosive C (R34, 35) Xi Irritant Xi (R36,37,38,41) IRRITANT Sensitizer Xn (R42 inhalation) Xi (R43 skin) Aspiration Hazard Xn (R65) CORROSIVE C

11 EU Classifications E Physical Hazards EXPLOSIVE Explosive (R2, R3) Oxidizer (R8, R9, R7) Extremely Flammable (R12) Highly Flammable (R11, R15, R17) Flammable (R10) OXIDISING HIGHLY FLAMMABLE O F

12 Environmental Hazards Acute Aquatic Toxicity Persistence R50, R51, R53 - Symbol N Acquatic Toxicity R52 (Harmful -No Symbol) Non-Aquatic Toxicity (Terrestrial Environment) R54 through R58 Non-Aquatic Toxicity ( Ozone Layer) 59 Symbol N DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT N

13 LABEL EXAMPLE S26 S35 S39 S57 S62 R10 R20/22 R37/38 R41 R50/53 R65

14 OBLIGATORY RULES DPR 290/01 and DIRECTIVES 2009/128/EC License' to purchase and to use products of the categories 'very toxic', 'Toxic' and 'Harmful'. Authorization to the trade, sale and store Plant Protection Agents Audit/revision, at regular intervals, of Pesticide application equipment. Purchasers and users of Plant Protection Agents (T+, T, Xn, Xi, N, C) must take an updated register of the operations for each crop (loading,unloading, date of treatemnts, crop etc..)

15 SINCE 2010, IN ITALY, UNDER REGULATION (EC) No. 1698/05 HAVE BEEN ACTIVATED "AGRO-ENVIRONMENT MEASURE FOR THE CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO WITH THE FOLLOWING GOALS Protect biodiversity in rural areas (genetic diversity, of species and ecosystems); diversification of the agricultural areas under tobacco; reducing the use of pesticides or other agricultural chemical inputs that can be harmful for wild fauna and flora; Protection of water resources ground and surface; reduction in levels of utilization unit of water resources; reduction of chemical inputs and agricultural potential pollutants (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides); Develop practices and agricultural activities with less impact on the climate change; reduction of the amount of fertilizer and pesticides; Preserve the rural landscape; support to farming practices and systems that ensure the preservation of the historical and cultural identity landscape;

16 Actions Selection of fertilizers: Correct use of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers with indications on the amount and timing of distribution. Control of weeds: use less toxic Active Ingredients, manual control after transplantation; Integrated control at the parasites, viruses, diseases: use plant protection products with a lower environmental impact and after scouting; Suckers control: reduce the amounts of maleic hydrazide; Optimization of water use: Increasing the use of drip irrigation, night irrigation, farming practices to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil (green manure).

17 Some examples of how they have changed the quantity of Crop Protection Products from the 80s to date in the cultivation of tobacco

18 Insecticide consumption: '80 vs ' HARMFUL DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT G r / h a VERY TOXIC 250 DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT HARMFUL Clorpiriphos Azinphos-metyl Pirimicarb Deltametrina Imidacloprid Years ' Years ' DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Years '80 Years '2000 IRRITANT DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

19 Fungicide consumption: '80 vs ' HARMFUL 3200 DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT G r / h a HARMFUL 600 DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Metalxyl Mancozeb Metalaxyl M Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Years ' Years ' Years '80 Years '2000 HARMFUL DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IRRITANT

20 ppm ppm Residues of Active Ingredients on tobacco crop 2012 Production area under TTI contracts: Center Italy GRLs (Coresta Guide) ppm Max ppm Average ppm Min ppm active substance Residue of maleic hydrazide on tobacco crop 2012 Production area: Center Italy GRLs (Coresta Guide) ppm Max ppm Average ppm Min ppm

21 ppm ppm Residues of Active Ingredients on tobacco crop 2012 Production area under TTI contracts: Verona GRLs (Coresta Guide) ppm Max ppm Average ppm Min ppm active substance Residue of maleic hydrazide on tobacco crop 2012 Production area: Verona GRLs (Coresta Guide) ppm Max ppm Average ppm Min ppm

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