Air Emission Accounts

Transcription

1 Sacha Baud Directorate Spatial Statistics Vienna 6-7 September 2012 Air Emission Accounts We provide information

2 Who applies the energy first approach when compiling Air Emission Accounts? Methodology - overview Energy statistics/energy balances are based on territory principle. Adjustment to Energy Accounts (residence principle, industry break down etc.). Calculation of air emissions using emission factors. Addition of further emissions from non-energy sources. slide 2 14 September 2012

3 1. From energy statistics/energy balances to Energy Accounts Energy statistics/energy balances are based on the territory principle, i.e. they comprise all energy carriers used on the national territory, without taking into account the origin of the user (resident or non-resident unit). In contrast, Energy Accounts comprise the energy carriers used by resident units, irrespective the geographic region of the use. (a) For adjusting to the system boundaries of Energy Accounts the consumption of energy carriers by non-residents units on the national territory has to be removed whereas the fuel consumption of resident units abroad has to be added (usually fuels for transport purposes), e.g. tourists, freight carriers. slide 3 14 September 2012

4 1. From energy statistics/energy balances to Energy Accounts (cont.) (b) It is necessary to allocate fuels to industries and households. In energy balances only the final energy consumption is allocated to NACE categories (groups of NACE 2-digits) and households. Fuels used for transport issues and the so called transformation input is not allocated to NACE categories and households. Further data sources are necessary for this allocation step. E.g. in Austria we have three sample surveys on fuel consumption (manufacturing industry, service industries, households). Collaboration with energy statistics experts is important! slide 4 14 September 2012

5 1. From energy statistics/energy balances to Energy Accounts (cont.) How to split groups of NACE 2-digits (examples): CRF 1A4a, SNAP : Combustion plants < 50 MW in service industries Space heating in service industries; breakdown by means of Useful Energy Analysis and distribution of labour force. CRF 1A2f, SNAP 03010F: Combustion plants < 50 MW in other industry Unspecific combustion processes; some industries like iron and steel production, chemical and petrochemical, paper, food have specific CRF codes (1A2a 1A2e), information comes from air emissions inventory experts or energy statistics experts. This code encompasses the other manufacturing industries; breakdown using Useful Energy Analysis, Transformation Input and Energy Accounts. slide 5 14 September 2012

6 2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors After the first step of reorganisation the following data are available: Energy consumption by energy carrier and by NACE category and households For the calculation of emissions the technical sources are necessary. Examples are: Type of vehicle (passenger car, light duty truck, moped etc.) Gas turbines, boilers, small stoves etc. Type of aircrafts, ships etc. slide 6 14 September 2012

7 2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors (cont.) In an ideal world you would have an own emission factor per pollutant or greenhouse gas for each combination of energy carrier, industry/household and technical source. In practice an emission factor is often used in more than one combination. IPCC and EMEP/CORINAIR guidelines provide emission factors, but most countries have developed specific factors. So it is crucial to contact your national air emissions inventory experts to ensure the use of coherent factors. Example: CO 2 emissions from air transport Emissions (t) = kerosene (t) x slide 7 14 September 2012

8 2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors (cont.) Example: Combination of fuels, industry and technical sources Combustion in energy and transformation industries SNAP Code 0101 public power Combustion plants >= 300 MW (boilers) Hard coal, wood waste, sewerage sludge, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, gasoil, diesel, natural gas Combustion plants >= 50 and < 300 MW (boilers) Municipal solid waste, natural gas Combustion plants < 50 MW (boilers) Hard coal, light fuel oil, heavy fuel oil, gasoil, natural gas Gas turbines not occuring Stationary engines Diesel slide 8 14 September 2012

9 2. Calculating air emissions using emission factors (cont.) Discussion of national experiences/approaches! slide 9 14 September 2012

10 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion These emissions are not covered by Energy Accounts because they are not energy-related. For a full description of air emissions according to AEA these emissions have to be added from air emissions inventories. They are estimated or directly measured. For AEA purposes they have to be rearranged to fit into the accounting scheme. So a close cooperation with the producers of air emission inventories is highly recommended. In general they are calculated like emissions from combustion, i.e. based on activities/technical sources and specific emission factors. slide September 2012

11 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.) Most of these emissions can directly be allocated to specific industries and households because of the underlying activity. Examples for industrial processes: Cement production (decarbonizing): CRF 2A1 or SNAP Lime production (decarbonizing): CRF 2A2 or SNAP Processes in petroleum industries (fugitive emissions from fuels, refining, storage): CRF 1B2a4 or SNAP 0401 Processes in metal production like blast furnace charging (CRF 2C1b /SNAP ), electric furnace steel plant (CRF 2C1e3/ SNAP , aluminium production (CRF 2C3, SNAP ) slide September 2012

12 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.) Examples for industrial processes (cont): Products of chemical industry like sulfuric acid (CRF 2B5f, SNAP ), ammonium nitrate (CRF 2B5f, SNAP ), calcium carbide (CRF 2B4b, SNAP ); Please note: SNAP is more detailed than CRF. Products of food and beverages industry like bread (CRF 2D2, SNAP ), wine (CRF 2D2, SNAP ) or beer (CRF 2D2, SNAP ); again SNAP is more detailed than CRF. slide September 2012

13 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.) Agriculture: For agriculture there are specific codes of CRF and SNAP so an allocation of the respective emissions is relatively easy. Only if a country has important own-use production by households it is necessary to divide these emissions between agriculture and households. Air emission inventory experts should have the necessary information for their calculation and allocation to agriculture and households. slide September 2012

14 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.) Besides direct allocation of emissions to specific industries or to households there are also cases where emissions can only be allocated indirectly. In these cases one need further information and keys for the assignment, e.g. from air emission inventory experts. Examples for solvent and other volatile organic product use: CRF 3A, SNAP : Other industrial paint application CRF 3A covers total paint application, whereas in SNAP serveral applications are differentiated. A key for disaggregation could be IO-tables on use of these products, sales data. slide September 2012

15 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.) Examples for solvent and other volatile organic product use: CRF 3A, SNAP : Other industrial paint application (cont.) In Austria we can allocate some of the applications, e.g. manufacture of automobiles, construction and buildings, coil coating or wood. SNAP : Allocation to those NACE 2 digits, in which typically also paint is used: 13-15, 17-18, 20-24, 26-28, using distribution of labour force. SNAP 0604: Fireworks (no GHG, therefore no CRF reporting) No information av.; 50/50 to households and 97 (pyrotechnicians) slide September 2012

16 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.) CRF 6B1, SNAP : Waste water treatment in industry Allocation to NACE 2 digits 10, 16 and 17 (most important industries), using information from air emission inventory experts slide September 2012

17 3. Calculation of emissions from non-combustion (cont.) There are a lot of non-energy related emissions that need to be added to the emissions from combustion. This work has to be done in cooperation with the national air emission inventory experts. On the one hand to benefit from their knowledge and on the other hand to assure that air emission accounts are compatible with air emission inventories. Discussion of national experiences/approaches! slide September 2012

18 Summary of workflow 1. Adjustment of system boundaries, i.e. from territorial data of energy statistics/energy balances to residence data of energy accounts (according to National Accounts definition) 2. Allocate energy use to industries and households (according to National Accounts definitions); supporting information can be used 3. Calculation of emissions, using specific emission factors (for each combination of energy carrier, industry and technological source) slide September 2012

19 Summary of workflow 4. Calculation of non-energy emissions, using support from air emission inventory experts. 5. Aggregation of emissions from combustion and non-combustion sources for each industry and households for each air pollutant and greenhouse gas 6. Check differences between air emission accounts and air emission inventories. They have to be consistent. slide September 2012

20 Mixed approach Depending on your national circumstances it is also possible to apply a mixed approach, i.e. using information from energy statistics/energy balances and from air emission inventories or vice versa. E.g. in Austria we compile energy use in air transport directly from airlines because they buy most of their kerosene abroad and this information is not available from other sources. The amount of used kerosene is transformed into emissions using a specific factor. The other transport emissions stem from the air emission inventory. slide September 2012