UV, PAR and POM Applications

Transcription

1 UV, PAR and POM Applications

2 Content P3: Atlas Weathering Services chooses Kipp & Zonen UVS Radiometers used instruments: UVS-A, UVS-B P4: POM-02 for the Chinese University of Hong Kong used instruments: POM-02 P5: A Visit to the Rothera Station, Antarctica used instruments: POM-01 P6: New and Improved PAR Quantum Sensor - PQS 1 used instruments: PQS 1 P7: KIER invests in a Calibration Facility for its Pyranometer Network in Korea used instruments: CMP, CGR, POM P8: Choosing the Right UV Radiometer used instruments: UVS-A, UVS-B, UVS-E P9: Consistent and Accurate PAR Data for the US National Ecological Observatory Network used instruments: PQS 1 P10: Four POM Sky Radiometers for the Italian Air Force used instruments: POM-01 2 P11: Kipp & Zonen in European UV Research Project used instruments: Brewer MkIII as reference All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without permission in written form from the company. Kipp & Zonen B.V

3 Atlas Weathering Services chooses Kipp & Zonen UVS Radiometers Kipp & Zonen is proud to announce the recent purchase of twenty-seven UVS broadband global UV-A and UV-A/B radiometers by Atlas Weathering Services Group of the USA. Atlas is a global leader in the field of material testing and advanced weathering services, with test laboratories located in New River, Arizona (DSET Laboratory) and South Florida (SFTS Miami and SFTS Everglades). These weathering test sites utilize the latest technology in weather reporting instrumentation, such as total solar (Ultraviolet, Visible and Infrared), total UV and narrow-band UV radiometers, and pyrheliometers. The Atlas laboratory test instruments are directly traceable to national and international standards, including the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). acquire high accuracy global UV-A and UV-B solar irradiance data, in order to assess the short and long-term durability of manufactured goods to UV radiation. Atlas offers a range of materials testing services, including outdoors accelerated weathering testing for characterizing short and long-term UV and visible solar radiation impact on manufactured goods. The range of materials tested includes plastics, rubber products, paints, textiles, and building materials. The test data supplied by Atlas to the manufacturer is critical for determining the durability of the end product; in many cases such material testing is compulsory to ensure that the manufacturer s products meet industry standards. Atlas also designs and builds turn-key weathering systems that are distributed world-wide, and is buying further Kipp & Zonen UVS radiometers to integrate into these systems 3 Broadband UVS Radiometer In the spring of 2005 Atlas made the decision to replace its ageing fleet of Total UV Radiometers and to host an independent inter-comparison amongst the leading broadband UV radiometer manufacturers to identify the best performing instruments available. Kipp & Zonen accepted the challenge with confidence and supplied a dual-band UVS-AB-T model to Atlas/DSET New River, Arizona for the inter-comparison. In addition to instrument performance, price, delivery time, and in-country support were all criteria of consideration. After a three month evaluation Atlas deemed Kipp & Zonen the victor. As a result, Atlas purchased nineteen Kipp & Zonen UVS A-T and eight UVS-AB-T models for the Arizona and South Florida Test Facilities locations. These radiometers will be used to Intercomparison at Atlas test facility in Arizona SUMMARY UVS RADIOMETERS Atlas Weathering Services Group in the USA hosted an inter-comparison of broadband UV radiometers to identify the best model available to update their weathering test facilities in Arizona and South Florida. Kipp & Zonen s UVS series was the winner and 27 instruments are now deployed at the two sites. Passion for Precision

4 POM-02 for the Chinese University of Hong Kong The effects of ground-level anthropogenic aerosols on the environment and human health are relatively well established, but there are large uncertainties in the impacts of atmospheric aerosols on weather and climate systems. The effects of aerosols have not been fully incorporated into models for the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report, the Fourth Assessment, published in Much more investigation needs to be carried out for the Fifth Assessment, due in A leading research centre is the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), which also houses the Institute of Space and Earth Information Science (ISEIS). Professor Long Chiu of ISEIS has been involved with the joint NASA/JAXA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and his research interests include microwave remote sensing, global and regional hydrology, air-sea interactions and climate change. His department has recently acquired from Kipp & Zonen a POM-02 sky radiometer that will be installed at the newly constructed Fok Ying Tung Remote Sensing Science Center building. One of the objectives is to study stratospheric aerosols. Primarily, this refers to water vapour and suspended particles, mainly smoke, dust, sand and ash. These may be generated by human activity; for example industry and the deliberate burning of forests, or by natural events; such as volcanoes and desert sand storms. The aerosols absorb and scatter solar radiation and promote atmospheric chemical reactions. They also act as nuclei for the formation of clouds, rain and other precipitation. The POM-02 will complement other meteorological and environmental instruments to investigate the interactions between aerosols, clouds and precipitation and to calibrate satellite algorithms for aerosol measurements. The target is to improve the understanding of the role of aerosols in regional and global climate change and phenomena such as global dimming. A&P Instrument Co. Ltd. has been the Kipp & Zonen distributor in Hong Kong for more than 10 years. They suggested the POM to Professor Chiu and the POM-02 model was chosen, because it offers more wavelengths than the POM-01, extending into the near infrared. A&P also carried out the installation and commissioning at ISEIS, where a test run of the POM-02 showed very good results. As soon as the new building construction is finished, the POM-02 will move to its permanent location at the Fok Ying Tung Remote Sensing Science Center The POM-02 being unpacked for testing at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (picture provided by Prof. Long Chiu, CUHK/ISEIS)

5 A Visit to the Rothera Station, Antarctica by Jonathan Shanklin, British Antarctic Survey Primarily I was down in the Antarctic to commission some new instrumentation that we had installed at our Rothera Station, which is located on Adelaide Island on the Antarctic Peninsula. My arrival at the station coincided with a spell of good weather, with scarcely a cloud in the sky. 5 The POM-01 sky radiometer at the Rothera Station, Antarctica These are exactly the conditions required to make observations of solar radiation, and one piece of equipment that I had to commission was a Kipp & Zonen POM-01 sky radiometer, which automatically tracks the Sun, taking observations of the solar intensity every five minutes through a series of filters. We had purchased this to replace the old Angstrom pyrheliometer, which had not been calibrated for decades. In addition it took dedication from the observer to produce results, as a single observation needed many adjustments and the readings could take half-an-hour to complete. As a consequence observations had been made relatively infrequently at Rothera, and indeed most of them were made during my occasional visits. Data from the instruments is used to compute atmospheric turbidity values, a critical variable when simulations of the climate are being run. It was just as well that I took the opportunity to start measurements on my arrival, as the next comparable spell of weather was shortly before my departure at the end of February. Passion for Precision

6 New and Improved PAR Quantum Sensor - PQS 1 We proudly present our latest development for light measurement in agronomy and horticulture; the PQS 1 PAR Quantum Sensor. An improved and user-friendly instrument for the measurement of Photosynthetically Active Radiation. PAR is that part of the light spectrum which plants use for growth processes and is an important parameter for horticultural and forestry applications. 6 PQS 1 features a much improved responsivity, providing an excellent match to the ideal PAR spectrum. This significantly increases the measurement accuracy over its predecessor the PAR Lite, and rivals the best competing instruments. An integrated base with leveling screws, bubble level and fixing holes makes it even easier to install and maintain. A screw-in mounting rod is available as an accessory. Moreover the instrument is fitted with our familiar yellow captive cable, available in lengths of 5 m or 15 m. Within greenhouses our PAR sensors have been used for many years to monitor lighting levels for crop yield optimization. Using the instrument s measurement of PAR, lighting levels are controlled in an efficient way. This optimizes crop growth and minimizes power consumption. For long term measurements with low power consumption requirements, up to eight PQS 1 sensors can be connected to our LOGBOX SD low power data logger. This solution provides many months of data storage without the need for an external power supply. Data is collected on a standard SD memory card and can easily be read by virtually any PC or laptop. For applications requiring a voltage or 4 to 20 ma output, we offer the AMPBOX amplifier. Each AMPBOX is adjusted to a standard output range in µmol/m² s allowing for even easier installation and sensor exchange. For more information please visit the PQS 1 product page at Combined with the METEON hand-held read-out unit and the optional 30 cm long mounting rod, PQS 1 is the ideal instrument for gathering real time PAR measurements at any location.

7 KIER invests in a Calibration Facility for its Pyranometer Network in Korea In August we met Mr. Chang-Yeol Yun of the Korea Institute of Energy Research at the head office of Kipp & Zonen. During his visit we took the opportunity to ask him a few questions. What brings you to our head office in Delft, the Netherlands? The Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) recently took delivery of a CFR calibration facility. Before, we always outsourced the calibration of our pyranometers, but with the growing number of measurement sites we have decided to start calibrating ourselves. Since I will be responsible for operating the calibration facility, I m here for education and training by the experts of Kipp & Zonen. KIER already has another CFR, purchased several years ago, for research purposes and a growing number of Kipp & Zonen sun trackers and solar radiation instruments. Can you tell us more about KIER? The Korea Institute of Energy Research is a leading green energy R&D establishment to realize the national development goal of Low Carbon, Green Growth. We study solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, small hydro-energy and geothermal energy. With our studies we contribute to national economic growth by developing industrial core energy technologies and deploying the outcomes. Over the last years the demand for high quality solar radiation data from the government has increased. Therefore we have expanded and improved our network of measurements points. We have 16 measuring sites and each of them is connected to the online observation networking system that is free to access for national businesses and government agencies. Each site includes Kipp & Zonen instruments ranging from a sun tracker set-up with CHP 1 pyrheliometer, CMP pyranometers and CGR pyrgeometer, to a POM sky radiometer. With the new calibration facility we can now do the calibration of the radiometers in-house. In the future KIER would like to expand the number of measurement points and the instrument range. What are your impressions of the 3 days training at the Kipp & Zonen head office? I really felt the years of experience at Kipp & Zonen. It is impressive to meet the product managers and talk to them one-on-one. They have taught me a lot and have been a great help. The passion for the measurement techniques is remarkable. Thank you so much for your kindness and making my stay in the Netherlands a wonderful experience. 7 Solar Energy Map What do you do at KIER? I m occupied with remote sensing and the Geographic Information System (GIS) of the New and Renewable Energy Research Division of KIER. We are creating a Renewable Energy Resource Map for Korea. This is a high-resolution map for the evaluation and use of renewable energy in Korea, and a contribution to the realization of Green-Growth and the goal of 11% renewable energy production in our country by The solar radiation data comes from models, satellites and ground-based measurements. KIER thanks B&P International Co. Ltd. of Seoul for their support and good service. They respect their expertise in meteorology and appreciate their expert advice. B&P International Co. Ltd. has been the exclusive Kipp & Zonen distributor in Korea for many years and can provide full installation, maintenance and support services for our products. Passion for Precision

8 Choosing the Right UV Radiometer The UV part of the solar spectrum covers the wavelength ranges 100 to 280 nm (UVC), 280 to 315 nm (UVB) and 315 to 400 nm (UVA). Almost all UVC from the sun, and approximately 90 % of UVB, is absorbed by the Earth s atmosphere. UVA radiation at the Earth s surface is normally 15 to 20 times greater than UVB. The World Meteorological Organisation and the World Health Organisation define the boundary between UVA and UVB as 315 nm. However, some other organisations, particularly in the USA, still use the older boundary definition of 320 nm. This makes a significant difference to the amount of UVB measured and must be taken into account when comparing data from different published information and from different UV sensors. Nowadays UV irradiance is always measured in W/m². information. The erythemal spectral response function is defined by ISO: 17166:1999 / CIE S 007/E The Global Solar UV Index can be calculated by multiplying the UVE radiation value in W/m² by 40 m²/w. For example, 0.25 W/m² of UVE represents a UV Index of 10. A UVB radiometer is not ideal for the measurement of UVE. The UVS-E-T and UVS-AE-T radiometers are specifically designed for this application. 8 UVA and UVB measurements are mainly used to monitor and investigate the effects of solar UV radiation on plants and animals. In materials testing important issues are the ageing effects of outdoor UV exposure that cause degradation, such as brittleness and discolouration. Measurements are also carried out under controlled conditions in environmental test chambers using artificial UV light sources. For these applications the UVS-A-T, UVS-B-T and UVS-AB-T are most suitable. The United Nations Practical Guide to the Global Solar UV Index can be found at: Response [arbitrary units] UVB UVA Visible Infrared Wavelength [nm] Solar radiation spectrum at sea level The amount of UVB and UVE radiation reaching the ground is strongly dependent upon altitude, the height of the sun in the sky, the amount of Ozone in the atmosphere and cloud cover. UVS radiometers are calibrated for a typical air-mass (solar zenith angle) and Ozone column concentration. Our unique UVIATOR software supplied with the UVS further improves the accuracy of the measurements by correcting for the amount of Ozone in the atmosphere and the solar elevation. UV measured with a similar response to the human skin is termed Erythemally Active UV irradiance (UVE). In the past this harmful UV was measured with a number of different response functions and several countries had their own UV Index scales. Measurement terms such as Minimum Erythemal Dose (MED) and exposures in MED/hr were often used but these are not well defined or standardised. To avoid this confusion, United Nations organisations combined to produce the Global Solar UV Index (UVI). This is now accepted world-wide as the basis for public health For many applications, such as meteorology and climatology, it is only necessary to monitor the Total UV irradiance with a moderate level of accuracy, using a relatively simple and low cost instrument. For this we have the CUV 5. Although the term Total UV is commonly used in meteorology, and by manufacturers, it is actually a misnomer because this type of instrument cannot match the ideal flat spectral response from 280 nm to 400 nm. For accurate measurement of combined UVA and UVB the UVS-AB-T with UVIATOR should be used. For the ultimate in spectral UV measurements there is the Brewer Mk III Spectrophotometer and this can be used as a calibration reference for network broadband UV radiometers such as the UVS Series

9 Consistent and Accurate PAR Data for the US National Ecological Observatory Network With our ever growing population and intensified land use, the biosphere, the living part of Earth, is changing. Humans depend on water, food, light, energy and air; disruptions to the biosphere affect all life on earth. As a result, changes in the way that the biosphere can provide us with our needs could alter the quality of human life in parts of the world affected. In order to help understand these changes, the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) was created to collect data across the United States on the impacts of climate change, land use change, and invasive species on the biosphere. NEON will be the first observatory network of its kind designed to detect and enable forecasting of ecological change at continental scales over multiple decades. The data NEON collects will be freely and openly available to all users. developed a calibration facility traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the PQS 1 PAR sensors, which is shown below. To gather ecological data in a strategic manner, NEON has partitioned the U.S.A. into 20 eco-climatic domains (see figure below), each of which represents different regions of vegetation, landforms, climate, and ecosystem performance. Division of the U.S. into domains ensures that NEON is able to systematically sample the whole country in a model objectively representing environmental variability. NEON plans on collecting data for the next 30 years, so this data needs to be of the highest accuracy and reliability and the collection frequencies need to remain constant. 9 NEON will also implement a Scientific Solar Monitoring Station from Kipp & Zonen in accordance with the guidelines of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) to measure direct, diffuse and global solar radiation with the highest accuracy. The station will include the SOLYS 2 sun tracker with CHP 1 Pyrheliometer, two CVF 3 ventilated CMP 22 Pyranometers and a ventilated CGR 4 Pyrgeometer. NEON is funded by the National Science Foundation and has passed the planning and development stages and is now entering the construction phase of measurement stations. Soon the data will begin to come in. Constructing the entire network will take approximately five years and it is expected to be in full operation by The PQS 1 PAR Quantum Sensor is just one of many in this network. NEON scientists will use more than 11,000 sensors of 44 different types to make dozens of different kinds of measurements, from soil moisture to water temperature, to wind speed. All to understand how the biosphere is changing in response to human activities. More information on NEON s calibration facility can be found at: NEON has selected the Kipp & Zonen PQS 1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Quantum Sensor for use in the network. Over 1,500 PQS 1 sensors will be installed over the next 5 years, deployed at various levels of the forest canopy to accurately measure the pattern of PAR availability and utilization. To ensure consistent and accurate data NEON has Passion for Precision

10 Four POM Sky Radiometers for the Italian Air Force By Marco Mariano of Eurelettronica Icas and Franco Bassetto of Vitrociset SpA With the increasing interest in climate change and global warming research, the effects of stratospheric aerosols are being studied with greater attention. Aerosols contribute to climate forcing through different mechanisms; on one hand, they interact with the incident solar radiation by reflecting it back to space or by absorbing it. On the other hand, they also act as condensation nuclei, modifying the properties of the clouds, which also affect precipitation efficiency. For studying the radiative forcing of aerosols, the sky-sun radiometry technique is the most accurate. Sky-sun radiometry is well established for measuring aerosol properties in the atmospheric column. It consists of measuring two variables at ground level; direct irradiance from the sun and diffuse radiance from the sky, in different spectral bands. The Meteorological Service of the Italian Air Force, along with tasks which are strictly related to their missions of aviation and weather forecasting, is also making special observations such as ozone and solar radiation. 10 In 2010 the Italian Air Force issued a tender with the objective to procure systems to measure atmospheric turbidity (aerosol optical depth in the atmosphere), to complement their existing measurement network. As a result, four POM-01 Sky Radiometers (manufactured by Prede Co. Ltd. in Tokyo and distributed by Kipp & Zonen) were delivered in 2011 to Vitrociset SpA., the contractor for the procurement and installation. The systems will be installed in the near future at the Air Force sites located in: Vigna di Valle (RESMA - Research Centre) by Lake Bracciano, north of Rome; Monte Cimone (CAMM - Air Force Mountain Observatory), in the Appenine Mountains, south-west of Bologna; Monte Paganella in the Dolomite Mountains; and Messina, Sicily. RESMA has been operating for a century with the task of studying and experimenting with meteorological instrumentation and of managing the data collected from special measurement networks; such as ozone, carbon dioxide, global solar radiation, sunshine duration and the chemical analysis of precipitation. POM-01 and POM-02 are used in the Asia-Pacific SKYNET network, in the European Skyrad Users Network (ESR) and for aerosol monitoring and satellite ground-truthing around the world CAMM is established on Mount Cimone, at 2165 m altitude and has the task of carrying out environmental observations, in particular the values of background concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Besides ordinary observations, special measurements are made of ozone, solar radiation, precipitation sampling and carbon dioxide. Vitrociset SpA. Contact: Franco Bassetto Kipp & Zonen is represented in Italy by Eurelettronica Icas Srl. Contact: Maria Rita Leccese

11 Kipp & Zonen in European UV Research Project Kipp & Zonen is a partner in the new European Joint Research Project Traceability for Surface Spectral Solar Ultraviolet Radiation. This project, EMRP ENV03, is a collaboration between National Metrology Institutes (NMI s), the research community in Europe and partners from industry. The aim of the project is to improve the reliability of spectral solar UV radiation measurements at the earth s surface by developing new techniques and instruments and by shortening the traceability chain to the fundamental SI unit. The target is to provide traceable solar UV measurements with an uncertainty of 1 % to 2 %; a factor of 5 improvement compared to the current situation. This is essential to quantify changes in solar UV radiation over decades that are expected to affect the global climate system. Kipp & Zonen is involved in this three year project because the Brewer spectrophotometer is the most commonly used instrument for spectral solar UV measurements world-wide. The National Metrological Institutes of the Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland (VSL, PTB and METAS) will develop new standard lamps for irradiance and wavelength calibrations. To test these new light sources, we will provide a Brewer MkIII spectrophotometer. Together with Aalto (NMI of Finland) and CMS-Schreder of Austria, we will develop an improved diffusor for the Brewer input optics to measure UV global radiation. The project started in August 2011 and will run until July Several meetings and technical workshops are scheduled that also invite the end-users of UV instruments. The latest developments will be presented at several conferences. The project officially ends with an inter-comparison of UV spectroradiometers of about 10 days in May/June 2014 at the World Radiation Center, Davos, Switzerland. This will provide access to the tools and techniques developed during the project in order to significantly decrease current uncertainties in measuring spectral solar UV radiation 11 Participants in the EMRP ENV03 kick-off meeting Passion for Precision

12 Passion for Precision Kipp & Zonen is the leading company in measuring solar radiation and atmospheric properties. Our passion for precision has led to the development of a large range of high quality instruments, from all weather radiometers to complete measurement systems. We promise our customers guaranteed performance and quality in: Meteorology, Climatology, Hydrology, Industry, Renewable Energy, Agriculture and Public Health. We hope you will join our passion for precision. HEAD OFFICE Kipp & Zonen B.V. Delftechpark 36, 2628 XH Delft P.O. Box 507, 2600 AM Delft The Netherlands T: +31 (0) F: +31 (0) info@kippzonen.com SALES OFFICES Kipp & Zonen France S.A.R.L. 88 Avenue de l Europe Emerainville France T: +33 (0) F: +33 (0) kipp.france@kippzonen.com Kipp & Zonen Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. 10 Ubi Crescent Lobby E #02-93 Ubi Techpark Singapore T: +65 (0) F: +65 (0) kipp.singapore@kippzonen.com Kipp & Zonen USA Inc. 125 Wilbur Place Bohemia NY United States of America T: +1 (0) F: +1 (0) kipp.usa@kippzonen.com SALES OFFICE GERMANY and SWITZERLAND R olf Gengenbach Messtechnik Gengenbach Messtechnik e.k. Heinrich-Otto-Straße 3 D Reichenbach / Fils T: +49 (0) F: +49 (0) info@rg-messtechnik.de