EXPERIMENT MODULE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION LABORATORY FLUID DYNAMIC (ALF)

Transcription

1 EXPERIMENT MODULE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION LABORATORY FLUID DYNAMIC CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2018

2 Contributor: Dr. Yogi Wibisono Budhi, Dr. Irwan Noezar, Dr. Ardiyan Harimawan, Darren Kurnia, Paul Victor, Dr. Pramujo Widiatmoko ALF 2018/PW 2

3 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT... 3 LIST OF FIGURES... 4 LIST OF TABLE... 5 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 6 CHAPTER II PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT Purpose Target... 8 CHAPTER III EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Equipment and measuring tools Material Experimental Tool Scheme... 9 CHAPTER IV WORK PROCEDURE Determination of Tap Water Density Determination of Tap Water Viscosity Start Up Procedure Shut Down Procedure BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A RAW DATA TABLE APPENDIX B CALCULATION PROCEDURE APPENDIX C LITERATURE SPESIFICATION APPENDIX D ALF 2018/PW 3

4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. Piping tool SOLTEQ Figure C.1. Moody Diagram ALF 2018/PW 4

5 LIST OF TABLE Table 3.1. Caption of figure Table A.1. Measurement of head loss measuring tool/fitting/pipe Table A.2. Measurement of tap water density Table A.3. Measurement of tap water viscosity Tabel C.1. Data Diameter of Pipe, Fitting, and Valve ALF 2018/PW 5

6 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Fluid is a kind of substance that can not resist form changes permanently. The shape changes in the fluid will form layers that flow over another layer and form new layers. In the process, the shear stress arises and the magnitude depends on the fluid viscosity as well as the fluid flow rate relative to the particular direction. This shear stress will disappear after the fluid reaches an equilibrium state. Based on its density properties, fluids can be divided into two types: compressible and incompressible fluids. The compressible fluid has a sensitive density changing in temperature and pressure (e.g. gas). In contrast, incompressible fluids are more stable against the influence of pressure and temperature (e.g. liquid). In a piping system for flowing the fluid, common components or equipment used include pipe / tube, valve, blower, pump. The pipe serves as place where the fluid flow, while the valve is useful for regulating fluid flow. Mechanical energy is required to move and adjust the fluid flow rate in the piping system. Tools that can include pump, blower, fan, and compressor. Based on the principle of action, the fluid transfer apparatus is divided into two, direct pressure to the fluid or by generating rotation using torque. The Bernoulli equation is used to analyze energy changes in the piping system. ( ) ( ) Keterangan: A : pump suction section B : pump discharge section ( ( ) ) The amount of work from the pump depends on capacity and head. Capacity is the mass flow rate per volume of fluid being flowed, while the head is the total difference of inlet and outlet ALF 2018/PW 6

7 pressure. The head is expressed in the height of the fluid column under adiabatic conditions. The efficiency of the pump is expressed as the ratio of output power to the input. In the operation of the pump, the cavitation phenomenon should be avoided. Cavitation is a phenomenon of partial change of fluid to vapor due to the suction pressure higher than fluid vapor pressure. The appearance of bubbles in the liquid stream due to the process can damage the pump. To avoid cavitation, the value (NPSH) R must be met. (NPSH) R represents the total fluid head at the center line of the pump, minus the vapor pressure (P). NPSH can be calculated using the following equation. ( ) (NPSH) A in the pump installation should be greater or equal to (NPSH) R for the desired capacity. Fluid flow rate can be measured with various types of measuring instruments, for example pitot tube, orificemeter, and venturimeter. These three tools use the Bernoulli principle to determine the fluid flow rate. ALF 2018/PW 7

8 CHAPTER II PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT 2.1. Purpose This practice is done with the aim to study the characteristics of the piping system, as well as the fluid that flows in it Target From this practicum praktikan expected: Determine the relationship of flow rate and head loss Determine the relationship of Reynold numbers with pipe friction coefficient Determine the K value of each fitting Calculate the required constants for calculating the fluid flow rate ALF 2018/PW 8

9 CHAPTER III EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 3.1. Equipment and measuring tools The tools and measuring tools used in this experiment are: a) A set of SOLTEQ b) Viscometer Ostwald c) Picnometer d) Stopwatch e) Meassuring cylinder 1 Liter f) Analytical balance g) Bucket, clean cloth, and tissue 3.2. Material Materials used in this experiment are: a) Aqua dm b) Tap water 3.3. Experimental Tool Scheme The arrangement of tools used in this experiment can be seen in Figure 3.1, and with the information shown in Table 3.1. ALF 2018/PW 9

10 B A C E F D G I J K L H R Q P O N M T S Figure 3.1. Piping tool SOLTEQ Table 3.1. Caption of figure 3.1 Kode Keterangan Kode Keterangan A 6 mm smooth bore pipe K In-line y strainer B Sudden contraction L 90 o elbow C 10 mm smooth bore pipe M 90 o bend D Sudden enlargement N 90 o T E 17 mm smooth bore pipe O Pitot static tube F 17 mm artificial roughened pipe P Venturimeter G 45 o elbow Q Orificemeter H 45 o Y R Outlet control valve I Gate valve S Water manometer J Globe valve T Digital manometer ALF 2018/PW 10

11 CHAPTER IV WORK PROCEDURE Following the procedures bellow which is the practical work module of Fluid Dynamic module Determination of Tap Water Density Start Pycnometer and acetone are prepared Pycnometer is washed, and dried Empty pycnometer is weighed; mass recorded Empty pycnometer mass Aqua dm is inserted into the pycnometer until it is fully loaded The pycnometer is closed tight until aqua dm overflows The outer wall of the pycnometer is dried with a clean tissue or dry cloth Repeated using tap water The aqua dm temperature in the pycnometer is measured The pycnometer contains aqua dm weighed; mass recorded Aqua dm Temperature pycnometer + fluid mass Pycnometer is emptied; rinsed with acetone; then dry it Tap water density is calculated Finish Tap water density ALF 2018/PW 11

12 4.2. Determination of Tap Water Viscosity Start Clean and dry the viscometer Put the aqua dm into the viscometer The liquid is inhaled from the upper end of reservoir B up to m The liquid is allowed to flow; the time from point m to n is recorded Time from m to n Repeat procedure to find time m to n tap water The viscosity of tap water is sought by comparing the viscosity of aqua dm Tap water viscosity Finish ALF 2018/PW 12

13 4.3. Start Up Procedure Start Tools set up Fill the water container with water until it reaches half or more of the container Open the whole valve; pump and manometer is connected to the power supply Power supply Is turned on Finish ALF 2018/PW 13

14 4.4. Shut Down Procedure Start All valve is opened Power supply Is turned off The content of the container tub is drained and dried Clean up the equipment Finish ALF 2018/PW 14

15 BIBLIOGRAPHY Geankoplis, C. J., 2003, Transport Process and Separation 4 th edition, USA: Prentice Hall (halaman ; ) SOLTEQ, Fluid Friction Measurements Apparatus Model : FM 100, Equipment for Engineering Education & Research, 2011 ALF 2018/PW 15

16 APPENDIX A RAW DATA TABLE Examples of observation tables used in the experiment are as follows:. EXAMPLE Table A.1. Measurement of head loss measuring tool/ fitting / pipe Flow Rate Variation to- Volume (ml) Time (s) Head Loss (mm H 2 O) Table A.2. Measurement of tap water density Empty pycnometer masses (g) Empty pycnometer mass + aqua dm (g) Empty pycnometer mass + tap water (g) Aqua dm temperature ( o C) ALF 2018/PW 16

17 Table A.3. Measurement of tap water viscosity Travel time aqua dm (s) Travel time tap water (s) Aqua dm Temperature ( o C) ALF 2018/PW 17

18 APPENDIX B CALCULATION PROCEDURE Calculations performed on this Fluid Dynamic module can be done with the following steps: 1. Density calculation of tap water The density of aqua dm is obtained from literature data of density relation to aqua dm temperature. Tap water density can be calculated by the following equation: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. Viscosity Calculation of tap water The viscosity of aqua dm was obtained from literature data of viscosity relation to aqua dm temperature. The viscosity of tap water can be calculated by the following equation : ( ) ( ) 3. Calculation of the flow rate relationship with head loss on the smooth pipe First calculate the fluid flow velocity in the pipe (u) and connect the head loss (Δh) using the linear regression plot to obtain the following equation: ( ) The relationship of flow rate with head loss can be known by calculating the value of k 4. Calculation of Reynolds number relationship to friction coefficient on crude pipe Calculate the Reynolds number on the coarse pipe flow with the following equation: Dengan = water tap density (kg/m 3 ), fluid flow rate inside pipe (m/s), d = pipe diameter (m), = tap water viscosity (kg/m.s) After that, connect the Reynolds number with the existing friction coefficient on the Moody diagram located in Appendix C. So we can obtain the equation of the relationship between Reynolds number with coarse linear friction coefficient linearly. ALF 2018/PW 18

19 5. Calculation of fitting and valve characteristics Calculate the value of hv (velocity head) first with the equation: With u = linear flow rate (m/s), and g = gravity acceleration constant = 9,8 m/s 2. After getting the value of hv, plot hv to h (head loss reading) in a linear order to get value of K (= h / hv) 6. Characteristics of measuring instruments Calculate the value of Q (tap water flow discharge (m 3 / s)) and connect the plot linearly to the root of the head loss ( Δh (m 1 / 2 )) to obtain k (= Q / Δh) ALF 2018/PW 19

20 APPENDIX C LITERATURE SPESIFICATION Figure C.1. Moody Diagram ALF 2018/PW 20

21 Table C.1. Data Diameter of Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Section Diameter (cm) 6 mm smooth bore pipe 0,6 Sudden contraction 0,25 0,1 10 mm smooth bore pipe 0,1 Sudden enlargement 0,1 0,25 17 mm smooth bore pipe 0,17 17 mm artificial roughened pipe 0,17 45 o elbow 2,5 45 o Y 2,5 Gate valve 2,5 Globe valve 2,5 In-line y strainer 2,5 90 o elbow 2,5 90 o bend 2,5 90 o T 2,5 Pitot static tube 2,5 Venturimeter 2,5 Orificemeter 2,5 ALF 2018/PW 21

22 APPENDIX D JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS CONTROL SHEET No Material Material Properties Repressive act 1 Water (H- Does not require special 2O) countermeasures Melting point 0 o C Boiling point 100 o C Stable to the reaction Viscosity 0,860 cp pada 26 o C Good solvent Accidents that may occur Short-circuiting electrical connections. Twisted due to waterlogging caused by leakage of hose connection. Repressive act Try to disconnect the electrical current on the appliance. If this is not possible, contact the authorities. Ensure that all hose connections are installed properly and correctly, so that no water leaks and floods. Clean in case of waterlogging. Safety equipment Practicum coat Safety Procedures Checking Tools Ensuring the connection of the hose to the appliance is properly connected and connected to the drain. Ensure that the electricity in the pump is properly connected, the cables and the outlet are kept away from the water source. Post Experiment Clean the waterlogging around the appliance. Disconnect electricity power from the pump. Scroll the power cord and manometer and place it in place. Determination of Density and Viscosity Make sure the Ostwald pycnometer and viscometer are put in a safe place. Avoid grasping both stalks of the Ostwald viscometer because the viscometer is very fragile. Experiment Be careful in the flow of water. Large water flow pressure can cause the loss of hose connection at sight gauge. Be careful when touching all three gauges because the connection is easily removed.. Assistant Advisor LabTK coordinator ALF 2018/PW 22