Annex 40 results of Switzerland

Transcription

1 IEA HPP Annex 40 «Heat pump concepts for NZEB s» Annex 40 results of Switzerland Swiss contributions to the different Annex 40 Tasks HSR-IET: Carsten Wemhöner, Reto Kluser, Raphael Schweizer, Roman Schwarz FHNW-IEB: Prof. Dr. Th. Afjei, Andreas Müller Helsinki,

2 Overview of Annex 40 contribution CH n Simulation study of system concepts (Task 2) n Summary results of residential buildings n Results for office buildings n AKTIVA integration of heat pump and unglazed collector (Task 3) n Measurements of unglazed collectors n Validation collector model with new data n System simulations n Field monitoring of MINERGIE-A building with e-mobility (Task 3/4) n Monitoring of multi-family houses n Monitoring of mixed residential and office use n DSM study of heat storage in the building structure (Task 4) n Simulation of different buildings and emission systems 2

3 Annex 40 Task 2 - Simulation study of system concepts n Investigated concepts and boundary conditions: n Photovoltaic Photovoltaic HP n Air-water or brine-water heat pump Solar thermal n Solar thermal District Heating n District heating CHP n Cogeneration with fuel oil, biogas and natural gas Oil/Gas n Space Heating/DHW with oil, biomass, biogas or domestic gas 3

4 Annex 40 Task 2 - Simulation study of system concepts n Investigated concepts and boundary conditions: n Photovoltaic Photovoltaic HP n Air-water or brine-water heat pump Solar thermal District Heating CHP Oil/Gas n n n n Solar thermal District heating Cogeneration with fuel oil, biogas and natural gas Space Heating/DHW with oil, biomass, biogas or domestic gas Q H,nd Q 3.6 V,rvd f Table 3: Weighting factors of MINERGIE-A MIN / η gen Q W,nd n Weighted delivered energy metric = 0 kwh/(m 2 *a) n Weighting factors of MINERGIE-A are used f n MINERGIE-weighted delivered energy must be compensated with on-site renewable generation MIN / η gen E + CV,in E 3.6 PV,out f MIN = 0 4

5 Annex 40 Task 2 - Simulation study of system concepts n Office buildings based on BFE report: n Balance boundary for office buildings: n Includes building technology and energy for cooling systems and devices SFH MFH Office A Office B Energy requirement area 164 m m2 960 m m 2 DHW 50 l/(person*d) 50 l/(person*d) 5 l/(person*d) 5 l/(person*d) Roof area 54.6 m2 196 m2 400 m m 2 Slope of roof South façade for PV m2 101 m m 2 Orientation south south south south Number of storey Number of person Table 1: General characteristics of SFH, MFH and the two types of office buildings Energy per m 2 Office A Office B Air conditioning 4.7 kwh/a kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) Electricity for Cooling 1.1 kwh/a kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) Electricity for lighting 16.3 kwh/a kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) Devices 12.9 kwh/a kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) Table 2: Energy requirements of the office buildings Office A 3 floors Office B 5 floors 5

6 Annex 40 Task 2 Results for residential buildings Summary results for residential buildings SFH n nzeb reached by most concepts to 55 kwh/m 2 /a n Heat pumps are most cost-effective solutions n A/W cheaper than B/W for low energy demand n Solar thermal tends to increase the cost n Biomass systems more expensive MFH n nzeb reached, but for higher specific heat demand, the façade area must be used n Heat pumps, district heating and cogeneration have the lowest cost n B/W heat pump get better than A/W with increasing energy demand n Biogas system have the highest specific cost 6

7 Annex 40 Task 2 - Simulation study of system concepts n Office buildings based on BFE report: Type A 3 Floors HQ Marché Restaurants, Kemptthal, Switzerland Type B 5 Floors 7

8 Annex 40 Task 2 - Energy balance of office building A (3 floors) n With a 3 floor office building nzeb can be reached only using the roof area for PV panels. n In most cases with higher specific heat demand, the façade area must be used to reach nzeb. n B/W heat pumps and cogeneration with biogas have the best performance according to the energy balance. 8

9 Annex 40 Task 2 - Energy balance of office building B (5 floors) n Limitation for the nzeb balance is between 3 and 4 floors. n For a 5 floor office building, nzeb only can be reached if the specific heat demand is low and PV is installed on the roof as well as on the façades. n B/W heat pumps and cogeneration with biogas have the best performance according to the energy balance. 9

10 Annex 40 Task 2 - Cost balance (annual costs) office building A n The cost balance for both office buildings are similar (office building A in the figure). n With a lower specific heat demand, district heating is most cost-effective. n B/W and A/W heat pumps get cheaper with increasing demands. n Cogeneration with biogas has the highest cost (similar to the results for residential buildings). 10

11 Annex 40 Task 2 - Interpretation of the results n For office buildings the roof area can be to small to reach nzeb. n For low specific heat demand and district heating, the low investment costs compensate the higher energy prices n For higher specific heat demand, the lower energy prices for electricity and the smaller PV-area required increase the cost-effectiveness of HP solutions. n Cogeneration profits of replacement PV-area due to electricity production which is weighted with factor 2. n Cogeneration and PV have a good load match: n Electricity production by cogeneration in winter and PV in summer. 11

12 Annex 40 Task 3 - Overview project AKTIVA n Multifunctional unglazed collector for heating and cooling n Optimisation of selective coating n Optimisation of inclination angle n Both for heating and cooling operation n Simulation of unglazed collectors with different selective coating n ε = 0.15, ε = 0.35, ε = 0.9 n Lab-measurements of unglazed collectors n Validation of collector model n System simulations n SPF and degree of coverage of system n Behaviour of system components Unglazed collectors at the laboratory in Muttenz, Switzerland 12

13 Power heating and cooling heating cooling Power per collector area [W/m2] T collector/ambient = 0 K T collector/ambient = 5 K Power Absorber (ε=15%) Power Absorber (ε=20-35%) Power Absorber (ε=95%) Institute of Energy in Buildings

14 Energy- heating and cooling 6000 T collector/ambient = 0 K T collector/ambient = 5 K heating cooling energy per collector area [Wh/m2] Energy Absorber (ε=15%) Energy Absorber (ε=20-35%) Energy Absorber (ε=95%) Institute of Energy in Buildings

15 Results cooling power per collector clear night sky cooling power per collector area [W/m2] Tcollector/ambient = 0 K Tcollector/ambient = 5 K Tcollector/ambient = 10 K ε=0.15 ε=0.35 ε=0.90 Institute of Energy in Buildings

16 Annex 40 Task 3 - Collector model n Collector model in Matlab-Simulink based on EN :2006, Paragraph 6 n Extended with mixed convection based on VDI-2010 Fe1: n Mixed convection: Nu mix = 3& Nu forced 3 ± Nu free 3 n Free convection: Nu free =0.56 ( Ra c cos (γ) ) ( Ra 0.33 Ra c 0.33 ) n Forced convection: Nu forced = Nu lam 2 + Nu turb 2 16

17 Annex 40 Task 3 - Validation of the model with new data (2015) (Collector 2) Validation of simulation data with measurements (Collector 1) (Collector 3) 17

18 Annex 40 Task 3 - System simulations operation mode space heating n Space heating with heat pump and absorber source Configuration with unglazed collector as heat source for the source storage and a heat pump for space heating 18

19 Annex 40 Task 3 - System simulations operation mode free cooling n Free cooling with absorber Operation with unglazed collector as heat sink for space cooling. 19

20 Annex 40 Task 3 Results on degree of coverage n Degree of coverage for multi-functional use Cooling Heating Coverage ratio [-] / / / /0.1 Inclination [ ] / Emissivity [-] Configuration with unglazed collector as heat source for the source storage and a heat pump for space heating. 20

21 Annex 40 Task 3 - System simulations SPF and degree of coverage n Seasonal performance factor for different combinations of inclination and emission and collector design SPF and degree of coverage of multi-functional collector for different combinations of inclination and emission in Zurich Meteoschweiz average year. 21

22 Annex 40 Task 3 and 4 Monitoring mixed office/residential use with e-mobility n nzeb with mixed residential and office use and e-mobility (Uster, canton ZH, Switzerland) Building data Location: Building use: Energy ref. area (office/ total): Uster, canton ZH, CH Office, 7 flats 366 / 1206 m 2 Walls (brick/concrete): 0.18 / 0.2 W/(m 2 K) Roof: 0.15 W/(m 2 K) Ground floor: 0.18 W/(m 2 K) Windows (total/glass/ frame): 0.97/0.7/1.3 W/(m 2 K) Triple glazing, g=

23 Annex 40 Task 3 and 4 Monitoring mixed office/residential use with e-mobility n nzeb with mixed residential and office use and e-mobility (Uster, canton ZH, Switzerland) Building data Location: Building use: Energy ref. area (office/ total): Uster, canton ZH, CH Office, 7 flats 366 / 1206 m 2 Walls (brick/concrete): 0.18 / 0.2 W/(m 2 K) Roof: 0.15 W/(m 2 K) Ground floor: 0.18 W/(m 2 K) Windows (total/glass/ frame): 0.97/0.7/1.3 W/(m 2 K) Triple glazing, g= m 2 PV (23.7kWp) 7.1 m2 PVT (electric 180Wp / thermal 430W) 800l Heating buffer storage 500l DHW preheating 1000l DHW reheating 23

24 Annex 40 Task 3 and 4 Monitoring mixed office/residential use with e-mobility n SPF System: n Optimization potential of the DHW circulation made up 40% electric energy reduction (reheating of distribution pipes for comfort reason) n Load match n Electric car to match midday PV peak but charging system of the electric car always applies maximum power of 22 kw. n 30% of self-consumption regarding the load match of the office use. n Further increase can be achieved by adaption of the heat pump operating times. n PV/T n PV/T collector reached an efficiency of the collector circuit of 30% and a solar fraction of 16% of the DHW production in the period of April-December (2014). n Increase of electrical efficiency from 9.5% to 10.8% by rejecting the heat from the PV-cells 24

25 Annex 40 Task 3 and 4 Monitoring mixed office/residential use with e-mobility n SPF System: n Optimization potential of the DHW circulation made up 40% electric energy reduction (reheating of distribution pipes for comfort reason) n Load match n Electric car to match midday PV peak but charging system of the electric car always applies maximum power of 22 kw. n 30% of self-consumption regarding the load match of the office use. n Further increase can be achieved by adaption of the heat pump operating times. n PV/T n PV/T collector reached an efficiency of the collector circuit of 30% and a solar fraction of 16% of the DHW production in the period of April-December (2014). n Increase of electrical efficiency from 9.5% to 10.8% by rejecting the heat from the PV-cells 25

26 Task 4 Demand side management in nzeb Building as a thermal storage for a improved load management Thermal capacity of the building is high if: heavy building construction massive floor, directly activated by the heating system (floor heating or TABS) parquet plaster Floor with TABS floating sceed concrete dtabs_1 Floor with floor heating parquet floating sceed impact sound insulation concrete plaster dfloor heating Institute of Energy in Buildings

27 Building as a thermal storage for a improved load management borehole heatexchanger brine/water- HP T VL T RL 4- zone building model Dynamic simulations : Calculation of the daily stored and shifted energy in the building construction Climate data: Zürich (CH) MATLAB/Simulink and Carnot heating curve Off- set heating curve ambient temperature θe logic for boosted heating Implemented buildings: New building (Q h < 55 kwh/m 2 a) Renovated building (Q h < 68 kwh/m 2 a) MINERGIE-P (Q h < 15 kwh/m 2 a) Institute of Energy in Buildings

28 Reference building MINERGIE- P- eco - floor heating vs. thermo active buidling systems discomfort: 2.37 % θ i,mean hp = 22.6 C operating time HP = 390 h on/off cycle HP = 291 discomfort: 2.71 % θ i,mean hp = 22.6 C operating time HP = 384 h on/off cycle HP = 276 discomfort: 1.07 % θ i,mean hp = 22.4 C operating time HP = 354 h on/off cycle HP = 76 discomfort: 0.97% θ i,mean hp = 22.7 C operating time HP = 332 h on/off cycle HP = 75 SPF = SPF= 3.66 SPF = 3.74 SPF = kwh ME- P1 ME- P2 ME- P5 ME- P6 heat curve [30 C / 26 C] all time heat curve [30.5 C / 26.5 C] from 10:00-17:00 [29.5 C / 25.5 C] from 17:00-10:00 heat curve [30 C / 26 C] all time heat curve [30.5 C / 26.5 C] from 10:00-17:00 [29.5 C / 25.5 C] from 17:00-10:00 Heat demand building [kwh] Electrical energy HP [kwh] Institute of Energy in Buildings

29 Electricity demand A/W- HP and stored heat in floor of the building 150 electricity- demand A/W- HP 0.05 kwh/m 2 EBF energgy [kwh/m 2 EBF] stored heat in floor 0.08 kwh/m 2 EBF ambient temperature [ C] stored heat in floor NB4 [kwh] electr- demand NB4 [kwh] ambient temperature [ C] Institute of Energy in Buildings

30 Stored heat in the floor - renovated building - floor heating stored heat in the floor [kwh] kwh (0.9 kwh el ) 8 kwh (2.7 kwh el ) 6 kwh (1.8 kwh el ) 3 kwh (1.5 kwh el ) ambient temperature [ C] stored heat in floor SG3 [kwh] stored heat in floor SG4 [kwh] ambient temperature [ C] heat curve [35 C / 28 C] all time heat curve [35.5 C / 28.5 C] from 10:00-17:00 [36.5 C / 27.5 C] from 17:00-10:00 Institute of Energy in Buildings

31 Stored heat in the floor - MINERGIE- P- eco - building - floor heating stored heat in the floor [kwh] kwh (1.5 kwh el ) 9 kwh (2.2 kwh el ) ambient temperature [ C] 60 7 h 55 min h 25 min stored heat in floor ME- P3 [kwh] stored heat in floor ME- P4 [kwh] ambient temperature [ C] heat curve [30 C / 26 C] all time heat curve [30.5 C / 26.5 C] from 10:00-17:00 [29.5 C / 25.5 C] from 17:00-10:00 Institute of Energy in Buildings

32 Multi-family house with e-mobility PV-production / El. power consumption [kwh] controllable electric power consumption [kwh] (heat pump, dishwasher, E-car) not controllable electric power consumption [kwh] PV production [kwh] switchable load [kwh] Evaluation of switchable load PV production: kwh Total power consumption (0-24h) kwh Total power consumption (10-16h) kwh possible switchable load: kwh 15% enhanced self-consumption Institute of Energy in Buildings

33 Discussion 33