Recycling and Final Sinks Key Issues for Sustainable Waste and Resources Management

Transcription

1 Recycling and Final Sinks Key Issues for Sustainable Waste and Resources Management Paul H. Brunner Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management Vienna University of Technology CONTENT 1. Objectives of waste management 2. Anthropogenic metabolism and waste generation 3. Clean cycles 4. Final sinks 5. Conclusions Paul H. Brunner 2/28

2 1. GOALS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Precautionary principle: Waste of today s generation may not impose any economic or ecological burden on future generations Goals 1. Protection of men and the environment 2. Conservation of resources 3. After-care-free landfills Strategies to reach the goals: Prevention, recycling, disposal > no hierarchy! Paul H. Brunner 3/28 1. GOALS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT The role of waste management in resources management A N T H R O P O S P H E R E Recycling materials 2 Production Consumption Resources Emissions 1 Waste Treatment 3 Landfill material Ore Deposit E N V I R O N M E N T Paul H. Brunner 4/28

3 The key to waste management: understanding resource use Quelle: So lebt der Mensch Paul H. Brunner 5/28 Linear material flows [example Vienna] Water Air Off-gas Sewage Fossil fuels 2 Construction mat. & consumer goods Stock: 350 t/c Export goods 3 Solid wastes 3 Municipal solid wastes 0.3 Σ I ~ 200 t/c.y Σ O ~ 195 t/c.y Paul H. Brunner 6/28

4 The Hinterland the invisible part of the metabolism Paul H. Brunner 7/28 Bild Zunahme der Güterflüssen Paper products Plastic products Cars (10 6 VW) production index production index Paul H. Brunner 8/28

5 Growth of material flows in Vienna consumption in t/c.y activities: others residing transportation cleaning food year Source: Beschorner, St Paul H. Brunner 9/28 Large and growing materials stocks 45 stock in kg/c vacuum cleaner dishwasher iron drier laundry machine Source: Beschorner, St year Paul H. Brunner 10/28

6 Large and growing substance flows: Example of Lead [t/year] 1*10 9 1*10 7 1*10 5 global population global lead production factor *10 3 1* *10-1 per capita lead production 1*10-3 [g/c.y] years before 1980 Source: Settle & Patterson Paul H. Brunner 11/28 Man made material flows > geogenic flows Geogenic Anthropogenic Atmosphere Lithosphere Ocean 10, Anthroposphere fluxes 10 3 t/a reservoir 10 3 t Crust, sediment 1,000,000,000 Paul H. Brunner 12/28

7 Source: Klee & Graedel, 2004 Paul H. Brunner 13/28 The global sinks are limited air water. Source: Nieman/Novartis; Döberl soil Paul H. Brunner 14/28

8 Soils, sediments, and landfills as final sinks Geogenic Anthropogenic Atmosphere Lithosphere Ocean 10, Anthroposphere fluxes 10 3 t/a reservoir 10 3 t Crust, sediment 1,000,000,000 Paul H. Brunner 15/28 The urban soil as a sink measured in soil samples calculated by simple model 200 concentration in soil [mg/kg] Zinc copper lead Source: Koechel Zinc increase in 75 years: 30 mg/kg 110 mg/kg soil standards: observation value 150 mg/kg limiting value 300 mg/kg Distance from Vienna [km] Paul H. Brunner 16/28

9 Invisible flows to sinks Example zinc from urban surfaces Prehistoric: surface of men Modern: anthropogenic urban surface 2 g/c 6000 g/c flow to soil: 2 ug/m 2 flow to soil: 24 g/m 2 soil load < 1 : Paul H. Brunner 17/28 Linking sources to sinks Example zinc from urban surfaces street infrastructure; 0.28 train - break ; motor vehicle - break; Others Mobiles 1 Immobiles 1 water pipes; motor vehicle - tire; 1.63 [t/a] buildings - surface; total zinc flows: 4.5 t/year Zinc in sewage sludge 1 : 1.8 t/year Paul H. Brunner 18/28

10 MSW landfills are not final sinks! How many years exeed leachates from MSW landfills emission standards for waters? Belevi & Baccini (1989) Kruse (1994) Heyer et al. (1997) Krümpelbeck & Ehrig (2000) C org COD N ges TKN NH 4 -N decades to centuries Cl AOX heavy metals <10 Paul H. Brunner 19/28 Controlling MSW landfills accumulated substance turnover [%] 100% geochemical biochemical physical/chem time [a] Paul H. Brunner 20/28

11 Final storage landfills as final sinks The three barrier principle of landfilling envelope pretreated waste 1 control device 3 2 underground ground water Paul H. Brunner 21/28 4. CLEAN CYCLES Paper recycling cleaning cellulose Waste paper import 73 Waste paper 191 Production 454 Import 93 Export 368 MSW Consumption Industry Household 50? [kg/(c.yr)] 48 kg in 240 kg MSW -> > paper content 20% Export 13 Waste paper recycling 118 Data: Austrian Paper Industry, 1996 Paul H. Brunner 22/28

12 4. CLEAN CYCLES Plastic waste management quantity and quality Total import 2,600 kt/yr Raw material 1,100 Primary production Intermediate products 990 Plastic products Stock 17,000 kt + 1,000 kt/yr 250 Duro- and polymers Product manufacturing 600 Plastic products Consumption Einsatz Stock: 7, Wastes Collection, transporting, sorting Duro- and polymers 850 Plastic products Intermediate products Total export 1,600 kt/yr Regranulate Wastes 71 Recycling Energy recovery Wastes 590 Wastes Landfill St.: 9, Off gas Paul H. Brunner 23/28 4. CLEAN CYCLES Plastic wastes contain hazardous materials! Material Total consumption [kt/yr] % in packaging material [kt/yr] [%] Total stock Plastics 1, ,100 Softeners Ba/Cd- stabilizers <1 2.6 Pb-stabilizers <1 18 Fire retardants ~0 22 [kt] Paul H. Brunner 24/28

13 How to establish clean plastic cycles? 4. CLEAN CYCLES 100% plastic waste 0,15 Cadmium flows in t/yr mechanical separation 0,01 waste 0,14 water n.d. shredder, extruder n.d. n.d. steam waste water 0,14 93 % secondary plastics Source: R. Fehringer, 1996 Paul H. Brunner 25/28 4. CLEAN CYCLES Cadmium cycling by thermal processes import consumption stock + x recycling 85 % waste collection metalcondensat waste waste incineration oven air pollution control 100% 10% 5 % slag filter ash 15 % landfill Paul H. Brunner 26/28

14 [Mio.t] [Mio.t] Recycling from ore mining to urban mining example iron 4. CLEAN CYCLES Σ I import ~11 stock Δ+3,2 Σ E export ~7,8 0,8 11 Primary production 2 production 4 consumption ,3 2,7 1 Waste management 7 0,8 1,5 Pedo-/ Lithosphere 140* 0 4 disposal geogenic Iron stock anthropogenic Iron stock 344 [10 6 tons/year] Paul H. Brunner 27/28 CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Large and growing material flows: future: more waste, new waste composition Sustainability goals for waste management: protection of men and environment resource conservation no export in space and time (no after care ) Waste management strategies establish clean cycles ( urban mining ) direct hazardous materials to appropriate final sinks give signals to manufacturing: design for recycling use MFA for early recognition and priority setting Paul H. Brunner 28/28