UCS Mi-STAR Science 7 Semester 1 Midterm Exam Review Guide

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1 Name Date Hour UCS Mi-STAR Science 7 Semester 1 Midterm Exam Review Guide Question How does cold air compare to warm air? Cold air weighs more than hot air. When a 9-centimeter balloon is filled with cold air it weighs 1 gram. When the same size balloon is filled with hot air it weighs 0.5 grams. When molecules are cooled they move closer together and when they are heated up they move farther apart. Because of this, more molecules can fit into a balloon when the air going in is cold than when the air going in is warm. 1. Highlight the claim in the reading above. 2. Underline the evidence in the reading above. 3. Circle the reasoning in the reading above. 4. Fill in the chart below Measurement Definition Tools SI unit Mass Solid: Volume Irregular solid: Liquid: Length 5. What is a meniscus? 6. When measuring the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder, what part of the meniscus do you read?

2 7. What is the volume of the liquid inside the graduated cylinder? 8. What is the volume of the man in the picture below? Final volume = Starting Volume = Volume of person = 9. What is the mass shown on the triple beam balance below? Mass = Use the ruler and line below to answer the questions. 10. What is the length of the line in centimeters? cm 11. What is the length of the line in millimeters? mm

3 Directions: In the circles below, draw a model that shows the spacing, speed, and motion of particles in each state of matter. Use circles to represent particles and arrows to show the speed and direction (motion) of the particles. Solid 12. Use evidence from your model to explain why solids do not take the shape of their container Liquid 13. Use evidence from your model to explain why liquids take the shape of their container Gas 14. Use evidence from your model to explain why gases expand to take the shape of their container

4 15. When energy is added to a solid it will turn into a: This process is called: The particles will move: The spaces between particles will: The motion of the particles can be described as: 16. When energy is added to a liquid it will turn into a: This process is called: The particles will move: The spaces between particles will: The motion of the particles can be described as: 17. When energy is removed from a gas it will turn into a: This process is called: The particles will move: The spaces between particles will: The motion of the particles can be described as: 18. When energy is removed from a liquid it will turn into a: This process is called: The particles will move: The spaces between particles will: The motion of the particles can be described as:

5 Directions: Review the diagram of the Water Cycle below then answer the following questions. 19. List all the reservoirs that you see in the diagram above. 20. List all the processes that are taking place in the diagram above, the drivers, and a description of each one. Process Description : : : : :

6 21. How are evaporation and melting similar? 22. How are condensation and freezing similar? 23. What causes precipitation? 24. Draw a model to show the following processes Transpiration Infiltration Runoff Evaporation 25. How does the total amount of water change over time in the global water cycle? 26. What is the difference between criteria and constraints? 27. What is a system? 28. What is a subsystem? 29. What is a system model? 30. What are system boundaries?

7 The Water Cycle TOP: Water is the only common substance that can exist naturally as a gas, liquid or solid at the relatively small range of temperatures and pressures found on the Earth s surface. Sometimes, all three states are even present in the same time and place, such as this wintertime eruption of a geyser in Yellowstone National Park. Water covers as much as 75 percent of the Earth s surface. Geologic evidence suggests that large amounts of water have likely flowed on Earth for the past 3.8 billion years most of its existence. Water is a vital substance that sets the Earth apart from the other planets in our solar system. In particular, it appears to be a necessary ingredient for the development and nourishment of life. Substances can be found in one of three states: gas, liquid or solid. The state depends on the kind of substance, the temperature and the pressure at which it is found. Water is the only known substance that can naturally exist in all three states within a relatively small range of temperatures and pressures. For this reason, it is easier for water to change state. On Earth there are about 1.39 billion cubic kilometers (331 million cubic miles) of water. About 96.5 percent of it is constituted by global oceans. As for the rest, approximately 1.7 percent is stored in the polar ice caps, glaciers and permanent snow. Another 1.7 percent is stored in groundwater, lakes, rivers, streams and soil. Only percent of the water on Earth exists as water vapor in the atmosphere. Water Vapor Has A Major Influence on The Planet Despite its small amount, this water vapor has a huge influence on the planet. Water vapor is a major driver of the Earth s climate, since it travels and transports heat around the globe. This heat is obtained when water switches from liquid or solid to vapor; the heat is released when water condenses from vapor back to liquid or solid, creating cloud droplets. This results in freshwater, which is important for agriculture and for drinking. Freshwater accumulates in lakes, rivers, groundwater and is frozen as snow and ice. The water cycle, also called hydrologic cycle, describes the movement of water as it travels. This gigantic system, powered by energy from the sun, is a continuous exchange of moisture between the oceans, the atmosphere and the land. When water changes from a liquid to a gas, the process is called evaporation. Studies have revealed that evaporation from oceans, seas and other bodies of water provides nearly 90 percent of the moisture in our atmosphere. Most of the remaining 10 percent is released by plants, through a process called transpiration. Plants take in water through their roots, then release it through small pores on the underside of their leaves. This is a significant process; for example, a cornfield 1 acre in size can generate as much as 4,000 gallons of water every day.

8 Water Vapor Travels In An Ongoing Cycle It is also possible for water to change directly from solid to gas, a process known as sublimation. Evaporation, transpiration and sublimation account for almost all the natural water vapor in the atmosphere. After the water enters the lower atmosphere, rising air currents carry it up where the air is cooler. In the cool air, water vapor is more likely to condense from a gas to a liquid to form. This results in rain, snow, sleet, freezing rain or hail. As a result, the condensed water falls back from the atmosphere to the Earth s surface. Once on the surface, water can take various paths. Some of it evaporates, returning to the atmosphere; some seeps into the ground as soil moisture or groundwater, or runs off into rivers and streams. Almost all of the water eventually flows into the oceans or other bodies of water, where the cycle continues. At different stages of the cycle, some of the water is intercepted by humans or other life forms for drinking, washing, irrigating and a large variety of other uses. Ocean Warming Has Caused Over- Replenishing Water continually evaporates, condenses and falls back to the surface on a global basis; in a year, it is as if the entire amount of water in the air were removed and replenished nearly 40 times. Overall, the same amount that evaporates then falls back to the earth. However, more water tends to fall over continents, whereas more tends to evaporate over the oceans. In the case of the oceans, the continual evaporation would eventually leave the oceans empty if they were not being replenished. Ocean water is returned largely through runoff from the land areas. Over the past 100 years, oceans have in fact been over-replenished, leading to a rise in sea level around the globe by approximately 17 centimeters (6.7 inches). One reason is that the warming of the oceans has caused water to expand and increase in volume. On top of this, more water has been entering the ocean due to melting ice sheets and glaciers. Throughout the hydrologic cycle, water can take an immense variety of routes that leads it repeatedly through the three phases. Water that once fell 100 years ago as rain on your great-grandparents farmhouse in Iowa might now be falling as snow on your driveway in California. 31. Which section of the article BEST highlights the idea that the water we have on Earth today is the same water that has always been part of the hydrologic cycle? A. Introduction [paragraphs 1-3] B. "Water Vapor Has A Major Influence On The Planet" C. "Water Vapor Travels In An Ongoing Cycle" D. "Ocean Warming Has Caused Over-Replenishing"

9 32. Which answer choice accurately describes how warmer ocean temperatures have affected the water cycle? A. Warmer ocean temperatures cause water to evaporate at a more rapid rate, possibly causing oceans to eventually become empty. B. Warmer ocean temperatures cause more solid water that was stored as ice to become liquid, leading to a rise in sea levels. C. Warmer ocean temperatures lead to more evaporation over land, eventually causing heavier rain to fall over oceans and fill them too quickly. D. Warmer ocean temperatures lead to more solid water stored as snow and ice at the polar ice caps, leading to a drop in sea levels 33. What is the MOST likely reason why the author included the information about plant transpiration in the section "Water Vapor Has A Major Influence on The Planet"? A. to show that plants play a significant role in Earth's water cycle B. to show that plants generate the majority of Earth's water C. to explain that corn is a valuable crop because it creates water D. to explain that more farmland should be created because it produces water