EXECUTIVE ABSTRACT million population million population million population. KR Puram RR Nagar

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1 EXECUTIVE ABSTRACT 1. THE STUDY & BASIS 1.1 Population Growth: Bangalore is one of the fastest growing cities in India. Bangalore s population has grown from 0.2 million in 1901 to nearly one million in 1951 and 7 million in million population million population million population Estimated million population 1.2 The basic objectives of the study are: Critically assess the - Current status of basic amenities & urban services in Bangalore UA supply and demand - Financial capability of the ULBs and implementing agencies in Bangalore, - Appraising the benefits accrued from projects implemented under Mega City Scheme Propose an IDIP for the Bangalore for a 25 year design period 1.3 The study area for IDIP comprises 9 ULBs: One City Corporation: Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BMP) Seven CMCs: Bommanahalli Byatarayanapura KR Puram RR Nagar Dasarahalli Mahadevapura Yelahanka One TMC: Kengeri 1.4 Study Process: The current study aims at bringing about an Infrastructure Development Strategy to match the developmental needs of the city and its environs. Population C Financial Capability A - Consultation Process & Need Assessment with ULBs B - Review of on-going projects, documents & reports on infrastructure projects C - Forecasting & balancing: Demand & supply D - Preparation of Infrastructure Development Strategy & Investment Programme (IDIP) A D Needs & Norms B 1.5 The key stakeholders involved are: Staff (official & elected representatives) of 9 ULBs Senior executives / officials of line & departmental agencies like BWSSB, BMTC, KSCB, KCDC, KSRTC, ZAK, LDA, DDUTTL, DAM, KSTDC, APMC, KRDC, Police etc. UD Department, DMA & Funding Agencies Nodal officers of KUIDFC Senior citizens / knowledgeable persons or professionals NGOs / CBOs

2 IDIP Bangalore: prepared by STEM for KUIDFC 1.6 Rapid appraisal techniques, group meetings, published & unpublished reports and reconnaissance visits were used to generate data and information for the study. Interactions with the groups were held primarily through stakeholder consultation workshops for obtaining inputs during various stages of the study. 2. ULB PROFILE 2.1 While the ULBs surrounding BMP share about 60 per cent of Greater Bangalore s area (560 sqkm BMP + 8 ULBs), their share of total population is only about 22 per cent. The five-fold highdensity levels of BMP (19016 persons/sqkm) compared to surrounding ULBs (3600 persons/sqkm) is indicative of the concentration of population and activity in BMP. Almost all the ULBs have shown a significant population growth (many have more than doubled in size) in the last decade. 2.2 There are about 12.2 lakh households in Greater Bangalore (2001), with an average household size of 4.5 persons, with the house ownership levels at 43 per cent. Of the total occupied census houses of 14.6 lakh, 81 per cent are used for residential purposes and 15 per cent for commercial activities. A large quantum of vacant sites i.e. 45 per cent (vacant land properties to total properties) in surrounding ULBs compared to 10 per cent in BMP indicate the scope for future development. 2.3 Bangalore has got 492 slums, out of which BMP area has 378 slums, 219 slums have been declared. There are 114 slums in the ULBs. In all, there are 3.15 lakh slum households with a population of lakh. The total population and households living in slums of BMP and ULBs amounts to 20 and 25 per cent of the total population respectively. Among the ULBs nearly, 16 per cent of the households are below poverty line. 2.4 A comparison of landuses proposed under the CDP of Bangalore (1995) and the recently prepared RCDP in 2005 indicate scope for residential development and transportation facilities to reach the proposed levels (2011). While commercial activities & industrial activity have already saturated, public & semi-public uses, parks and open spaces are among the most underdeveloped among the landuses. 2.5 Some of the major and recent developments in Bangalore that has a bearing on the city s infrastructure are, five satellite townships proposed at Sathanur; Nandagudi; Bidadi; Kasaba and Solur in the BMR Region, Satellite Towns Ring Road and Intermediate Ring promoted by BMRDA providing connectivity to the satellite towns in BMR, Peripheral Ring Road, Elevated Multi-lane Road Project on Hosur Road, Link Road and Bangalore International Airport Project. 3. MEGA CITY SCHEME: A REVIEW 3.1 The KUIDFC is the nodal agency for implementing the Mega City Scheme for Bangalore City, in Karnataka. The scheme has been under implementation in Bangalore since A total of 60 projects costing about Rs.1500 crore were proposed to be taken up under the scheme such as water supply, city roads, grade separators, pedestrian subways, bus terminals / depots, lake restoration, park / slum improvements, crematoria, etc. An assessment of the implementation status, indicates only 60 per cent of the projects were implemented in the last 10 years and the various agencies have spent 35 per cent of the total budgeted expenditure. It is understood that 41 per cent of the funds are yet to be spent. 3.2 The key issues identified in the scheme are - projects proposed have not emerged from a specific sectoral infrastructure policy, absence of an integrated focus on infrastructure development, specific benefits emerging from the projects have not been clearly defined, Absence Page - ii

3 Executive Abstract of a concept Master Plan prior to implementation of projects and focus on projects that were of service nature as against remunerative projects outlined in the guidelines. 3.3 Overall benefits - The flyovers constructed at various intersections to relieve congestion have partially succeeded in the objectives, as inadequate road width at both ends of flyovers has transferred the traffic congestion to the subsequent intersections. The subways constructed have provided the intended services to the pedestrians, but lack of regulation has resulted in problem of hawkers using up the subway space more than the pedestrians, hence affecting the usage. Increasing traffic growth rate has far exceeded the deign population for ring roads, making them congested. Remodelling of the KG Bus stand though has improved the circulation pattern, consequently increased the number of buses entering into the bus stand and increased the congestion. Water supply projects taken up in a limited way have facilitated a system for equitable distribution of water at a micro level. While the overall benefit of lake restoration process is achieved once, there is systematic procedure for its periodic maintenance & management at the local level. Consequently, after a few years of neglect, a similar amount has to be spent once again on its restoration. Another benefit of lake restoration process is protecting the land for rampant unauthorised developments. While majority of the park improvements has resulted in creation of lung spaces (expected benefit) in the city, a system for their continuous management needs to be effected. Improvements in slums have increased the access for the community to infrastructure, its quality to ensure that the infrastructure lasts its design period needs focus. 3.4 GoI has withdrawn funding to various cities under Mega City Scheme from onwards. The projects pending clearance and funding upto 2005 will be drawing funds from the newly constituted Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission introduced in in 60 cities of India. The project aims to cover physical infrastructure projects like Transport, environment, slums improvement, housing for EWS, education projects at a cost of Rs.1,26,786 crore over the next 5 years. 4. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 4.1 Three stakeholder consultations were organised as part of the study. Besides presenting the status of infrastructure & services, development needs & issues were identified and infrastructure development strategy finalised. The subsequent consultations were focussed on the projects that were proposed to be implemented, their phasing & prioritisation. 5. DEVELOPMENT TRENDS, ISSUES & STRATEGY 5.1 The BDA has prepared a Revised CDP for 2015, covering 1306 sqkm, comprising BMP (CC), 387 villages, 7 CMCs and a TMC. The proposed urbanisable area by 2015 is 786 sqkm area (60 per cent) and the rest allocated towards green belt and agricultural spaces. 5.2 The Vision 2015 map defines the framework and general directions to spatially delineate areas where development is to be focused and promoted. It emphasises that the existing urban pattern must be strengthened through urban renewal, and development must be continued through selective extension of already developed areas. This framework is expected to avoid new developments in distant outskirts that are not serviced by infrastructure and transportation. The Structure Plan envisions that development will be spatially organised as follows: In five Concentric Belts comprising (i) Core Area, (ii) Peri-Central Area, (iii) Recent Extensions, (iv) New Layouts, and (v) Green Belt & Agricultural Areas; Linearly along major radial roads; and In high-density areas, mixed-use centres are proposed within the city. Page -iii

4 IDIP Bangalore: prepared by STEM for KUIDFC 3.3 Future Urban Growth of Bangalore is in the Urban Fringe and its Rural Environs. Developments in BMP are almost fully developed with least vacant land for large-scale growth horizontally. Thus, developments are basically to be restricted to Urban Redevelopment Programme (URP) & Urban Improvement Programme (UIP). 3.4 Population Projections for 2031 (based on CDP Projections): Between 2001 and 2031, the population in Bangalore is likely to double, with 1 million population expected to be added every 5 years. It is expected that the population in the ULBs will overtake BMP by 2031, i.e. BMP s share will be less than 50 per cent of the total population. The rural areas and other centres will become a part of the ULBs. 3.5 Infrastructure Development strategies for Greater Bangalore should have two pronged approach: a) Augmentation & strengthening of Infrastructure for the current Bangalore which has a population of around 6 million b) Plan, create & develop infrastructure facilities for the Future Bangalore, which is likely to have an addition population of 6 million. The sector strategy for various infrastructure under IDIP is based on the following development framework: a. Renovation and strengthening of existing infrastructure, services and facilities for effectively supporting the existing population & activities and in the process reducing accumulated service delivery deficits. b. Provision of infrastructure and services for future growth at pre-defined standards for both the future urbanisable area (outside Greater Bangalore area) as well as existing developed area (BMP). c. It is widely agreed that the future of Bangalore lies in the planned development of Bangalore s fringe, such development will be consciously done through the concept of Infrastructure Directed Development (IDD). Under this concept, service delivery levels will be increased to pre-defined standards towards particular direction that provides for maximising the economic development of the city as a whole in a sustainable manner using the advantages of the natural resources already available. d. The infrastructure development strategy would primarily focus on increasing service delivery levels to the needs of current population through rehabilitation and upgradation. The infrastructure created in BMP will serve as connectivity for the infrastructure to be developed outside BMP. e. The growth rate of population in areas outside BMP is much faster than in BMP and the future Bangalore is expected to be created here. The current infrastructure levels in this area is much lower than the standards befitting a metropolitan city and its provision mode should primarily be through creation of new infrastructure and extension of infrastructure already created in BMP. f. The infrastructure to be developed shall be of regional scale to support the needs of the greater Bangalore. 3.6 The vision for infrastructure development and investment for various infrastructure between is formulated based on the development framework and is as follows. The individual infrastructure strategies are discussed in detail in the respective chapters. Page - iv

5 Executive Abstract WATER SUPPLY SEWERAGE SYSTEM STORM WATER DRAINAGE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION LAKE IMPROVEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION & SLUM UPGRADATION DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETS FIRE & EMERGENCY SERVICES Manage the city s and region s water resources to ensure supply of adequate quantity and quality of water for the community through conservation and reuse, and regulating the depletion of source supplies. Ensure 100 per cent collection and treatment of sewage Ensure 100 per cent prevention of sewage entry into SWD, with optimal utilisation of the natural drainage systems available to minimise flooding & erosion. Reduce solid waste generation and segregation at source, maximising recycling and reuse and 100 per cent treatment & scientific disposal of generated wastes at optimal costs to the community. Create and maintain a balanced transport systems with adequate choices for public & private transport. Reduction in the percentage of trips that can be made vehicles and provide opportunity and facilities to divert personalised modes to other modes. Complete conservation and restoration of lakes in a self-sustaining manner with the assistance of the local community. Improve the green cover and protect all natural spaces (33 per cent of the CDP area as computed in the Draft RCDP). To make Bangalore a slum free city for better living with the participation of slum dwellers through in-situ development of slums (tenement schemes), providing amenities & services; shelter at affordable cost & avenues for economic upgradation equivalent to that of the city and unbiased, effective & prompt service delivery. Creation of Wealth through marketing. Provides emergency & rescue services within 3 minutes. 6. WATER SUPPLY 6.1 BWSSB is the main agency to supply water in BMP, CMCs and TMC, i.e. Greater Bangalore. The main sources of water for Bangalore are Arkavathy and Cauvery rivers and they contribute 90 per cent of total water production. Cauvery Stage IV Phase II is being implemented to augment water supply capacity to 1495 MLD by 2010 from 882 MLD in An additional 600 cusecs of Cauvery water allotted to Bangalore under GoK share will be utilised. Beyond this project, there is no further substantial source of surface water available for Bangalore. 6.2 The quality of the raw water is deteriorating due to point and non-point sources of pollution in the catchment of the Cauvery. The treatment plants of Cauvery I&II Stage and TG Halli require rehabilitation/replacement and upgradation including water quality testing labs. 6.3 The water is pumped through 52 OHTs and 47 GLRs spread over 306 sqkm with storage capacity of 790 ML. The distribution network is as follows: Transmission Main 448 km Feeder/Trunk Mains 604 km Distribution lines 4017 km Transmission 9% Feeder/trunk main and distribution 91% Approximately 0.85 km of distribution lines/km of road length 6.4 Around 14 per cent (>500 km) of the water supply network is more than 45 years old requiring immediate replacement in phased manner. The age of 16 per cent of the distribution lines, 21 per cent of the feeder/trunk main lines and 10 per cent of the scour lines is unknown. Assuming that they would be over 45 years, they require replacement at the earliest in a phased manner. Nearly 93 per cent of the pipelines are made of cast iron, 6 per cent PVC and the rest DI, HDPE, MS, PSC & RCC. More than 92 per cent joint types are lead joints with hemp yarn. Nearly 10 per cent of the valves were introduced before 1960 and 19 per cent are of unknown age. The network in bad Page -v

6 IDIP Bangalore: prepared by STEM for KUIDFC condition has to be replaced and in the newly urbanised area the network and associated facilities has to expand. 6.5 Cauvery Stage IV (Phase II) project under implementation is proposed to cover sqkm in Bangalore. For the present population of around 7 million for Bangalore Metropolitan Area, the water supply system exists in about 306 sqkm and partially in 7 CMCs and 1 TMC. The water supply overall coverage by area in different ULBs is as follows: Water Supply Coverage by Area & Volume BMP 100 %; CMCs and TMC 20% Fully Covered 294 sqkm (52%), Partly Covered 12 sqkm (3%), Not Covered 254 sqkm (45%) Per capita average water supply at household level 73 lpcd (49.2 lakh population covered by BWSSB) 6.6 It is understood that there are around 4 lakh water connections in Bangalore (2005), about 7200 public fountains (stand posts) to serve urban poor and slums. AusAid report, 2002, however, documents public fountains. There is no clear assessment of unauthorised connections. In , domestic consumption is around 52 per cent (includes public fountains 17 per cent). Nondomestic consumption is 8 per cent, others contribute 1 per cent and the rest (39 per cent) is Unaccounted-For-Water (UFW) as on figures of BWSSB. Production Domestic Coverage (%) ULB UFW (%) (MLD) consumption (%) Area Population BMP (344MLD) 75 CMCs and TMC Dependence on ground water for domestic consumption is prevalent among 95 per cent of the rural population and per cent in urban areas (2 lakh bore wells), particularly in CMCs and TMC areas. In BMP, groundwater usage is mainly for augmenting supplies at household level. It is considered that the water supply is supplemented by (private/public) bore wells, which at present amounts to 200 MLD (ground water extraction) and 80 per cent of it emerges as sewage flowing into sewers or storm water drains. The ground water levels in 46 per cent of the observation wells monitored in Bangalore district show a decrease during post monsoon (November 2004) and reducing consistently over the last 10 years. It is also observed that the ground water level has gone down to over 200 m in 2 CMCs and is reducing at an alarming rate in the others. Nearly half the 918 samples collected from 735 locations are found unsuitable for domestic purposes. The ground water recharge (due to entry of sewage into SWD and lakes) and quality is interconnected. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the ground water recharge including its quality to assess its fitness for drinking in different regions. The GoK has passed the Karnataka Groundwater (Regulation for Protection of Sources of Drinking Water) Bill, 1999 in the Legislative Council and yet to be passed by the Legislative Assembly. 6.8 Around 50 per cent of the BWWSB expenditure is spent towards power consumption. The breakdown of energy consumption is shown below. Cauvery System 75% Arkavathy System 10% Water Distribution System 10% Sewerage System 5% TERI and AusAid have conducted energy audits and given recommendations to reduce the power consumption and increase the water pumped. The TERI recommendations have been completed and yielded results (savings of Rs. 10 crore annually from pumps of CWSS Stages I & II), whereas 1 This area includes satellite towns around Bangalore Page - vi

7 Executive Abstract the AusAid recommendations are yet to be implemented. The distribution system also contains over 100 pumps to pump the water from the transmission reservoirs to the OHTs and GLRs spread throughout the city. There is a lot of scope for reducing the power utilisation along sewage pumping stations and treatment plants. 6.9 Recent survey by BWSSB indicates private tankers together supply water to 3.2 per cent households in all zones of BMP at varying rates ranging from Rs.20 to Rs.50 per kl depending on the region and period of the year. The BWSSB production cost is about Rs.1.37 per kl. The design aspects of all disciplines civil, mechanical and electrical are carried out in-house by BWSSB engineers. The senior staff is retiring and proficiencies are gradually decreasing over the years. This calls for in-house capacity building especially for junior staff, on a continuous basis. AusAid project teams have thoroughly studied the capacity building requirements and proposed upgradation measures for the engineers in the years to come The quality of raw water is deteriorating every year. The water has to be protected from the sources of pollution. The recycled water has to treated to the required levels on a consistent basis. Labs have to strengthened to test the required parameters so as to provide safe potable water The UFW is increasing year by year for the city as a whole. Pilot studies conducted and implemented by NEERI, Thames Water, L&T and AusAid have yielded results. Under Cauvery Stage IV Phase II project (JBIC funded), Rs.236 crore has been earmarked reducing UFW from 36 per cent 2 to 16 per cent by Approximate calculation of saving 1 MLD water increases the revenue by an average amount of Rs.75 lakh per annum without any extra power consumption. It is advisable to control the UFW to a level of 15 to 20 per cent which amounts to saving of ~250 MLD of precious potable water and increases revenue for BWSSB The revenue and expenditure is more than Rs.300 crore every year. The revenue expenditure per KL of water is Rs ( ). The main income of revenue receipts is through water revenue (~90 per cent). The capital expenditure on water supply is nearly 6 times that of sewerage. AusAid Report, 2002, estimates a capital requirement of Rs crore for water supply upto 2025, including augmentation of resource, rehabilitation/replacement and network extension. The operating cost required by 2025 is estimated at Rs.1800 crore. The life cycle costs for the BWSSB water system show that the average annual cost is estimated to be Rs.491 crore, for the water system over the next 100 years. It has been assumed the annual O&M expenditures for the existing components will remain fixed at Rs.316 crore over this period. The projected average tariff analysis of AusAid indicates that the tariff has to be doubled in decade BWSSB has taken many initiatives in the sector, and pioneered in cross-subsidisation of tariff for benefit of the urban poor. Some of the successful approaches involve initiatives under PSP for certain activities with a view to improving efficiency and increasing revenues. Some of the other major initiatives involve the use of GIS & SCADA for planning, spot billing, kiosks and other IT enabled systems for improvement of the service delivery The main issues and problem in the water supply in Bangalore are presented below. Key Issues Problems Some areas get more water for long duration and others get Uneven distribution less water for short duration Intermittent supply Polluted water enters the system In discriminate drawal Groundwater Water quality sub-standard 2 Current level is 39 per cent as on Page -vii

8 IDIP Bangalore: prepared by STEM for KUIDFC Key Issues Problems Raw water deterioration due to pesticides and chemical Water quality issues (in pollutants from industries and sewage from upstream distribution network & raw water) Cross connections/back syphonage in distribution resulting in water borne diseases Excess pumping of water Over flows at sumps at pumping stations Rehabilitation/replacement of assets Non-availability of water to meet Increased UFW national standards of 150 lpcd Non-availability of distribution system in CMCs/TMC and new added BMP wards Arkavathy source is gradually reducing. Non-availability of water from Cauvery (after utilisation of 600 Inadequacy of resource for cusecs) augmenting future growth No water available from adjoining river sources (e.g., Hemavathy, Netravathi, etc.) Changed landuse pattern Supplies reducing and becoming erratic Erratic growth (in and around Additional slums Bangalore) Un-authorised connections Increase in UFW Absence of strategic planning Non-uniform and irregular supply (odd-hour supply) (for water supply) Odd-hour supply Increased UFW Unscheduled maintenance due to failures Non-adherence of best practices High production Inefficient production (hence high tariff) Each of the issues provides an opportunity and potential for development. Revised CDP provides with a planning district-wise assessment of needs, besides outlining planning recommendations and urban management measures The projections of the domestic requirement and water availability have been used to project requirements of Bangalore by 2031 as per CPHEEO standards of 150 lpcd. It is seen that the UFW has to brought down in order to meet the demand of Bangalore. Parameters lpcd* (MLD) Treated water (Potential) (MLD) UFW (in %) UFW (MLD) Water Available at User End (MLD) Gap (MLD) Supply lpcd (net) * CPHEEO Standards The water supply needs by 2031 is proposed to be met with a combination of strategies by integrating surface water sources with groundwater, tertiary treated water and rain water harvesting. About 550 MLD is proposed to be met from the above-said additional sources. It is proposed to pilot these strategies at the city level as well as layout level through dual water supply systems, though detailed research is required prior to its implementation At present, there is no water policy to provide water to the citizens in terms of water consumption of different categories, ground water legislation, tariffs to different sector of society, monitoring & surveillance, extent of utilisation of IT, RWH, etc. Hence a water policy should be formulated based on issues for effective and efficient management of all water sources. The strategy for development & management of water supply systems for meeting the goals set for 2031 are as follows: Page - viii

9 Executive Abstract Freshwater source identification Reduce UFW, Rainwater harvesting, use recycled water, recharge aquifers Energy Audit at regular intervals Improve monitoring mechanism & surveillance Replacement & rehabilitation The projects proposed are aimed to meet the deficiencies for the current population and provide sufficient water to the future residents of Bangalore. Bangalore City is located at a high elevation on a ridgeline separating the Cauvery and South Pennar river basins. Main water supply to Bangalore is from Cauvery River, but the intake point is at Shiva Anicut, a remote location about 100 km from the city. Under Cauvery Water Supply Scheme (CWSSs) Stages I, II, III & IV-Phase I, 810 MLD of water is pumped to the city. Under CWSS Stage IV-Phase 2, a further quantity of 500 MLD of water is proposed to be drawn from Cauvery source. After completion of this scheme, the allocation of water from Cauvery River will be exhausted. Investigation of other sources is yet to be taken up and every scheme from other sources in future requires considerable period for completion and the city is likely to face water source scarcity in 10 to 15 years time. It is also seen that there is a high percentage of unaccounted for water (UFW) to the tune of 40 per cent in the city distribution network. Therefore, it is necessary to take up measures to conserve water to the maximum extent. In this direction several works to conserve water and reduce the percentage of UFW within the city are to be taken up. Both short and long term measures are proposed The total fund requirement for water supply proposals in addition, to all projects currently under implementation amounts to Rs crore 3. For every project, a PFR/DPR is necessary before implementing the project. The proposals to be given priority are the reduction of UFW, rehabilitation/replacement of the assets of water supply, etc., which will increase the revenues and delay future augmentation sources. The proposals above also include Cauvery Stage V proposed by AusAid, but this scheme will not be commissioned before The project proposals, fund requirements, phasing and priorities are presented towards the end of this summary and detailed write-up on the basis, need, benefits are presented in the report. 7. SEWERAGE SYSTEM 7.1 BWSSB is the main agency for planning, implementing, and maintaining the sewerage system in the BMP area. Its scope has increased now to the surrounding CMCs and TMC areas. Sewerage system has been provided in Bangalore since Till, 1974 sewage treatment was non-existent, after which treatment systems were introduced, the latest being 2 Plants UASB + EAP between 2003 & 2005 under Cauvery Stage IV (Phase I). The sewage treatment facilities for 328 MLD are proposed to be taken up under Cauvery Stage IV (Phase II). 7.2 As on 2005, 225 sqkm area (40 per cent of total area) is covered by sewerage system, the entire of BMP. The 4 Major (V Valley, K&C Valley, Hebbal) and 3 Minor (Kethamaranahalli & Arkavathy, Tavarekere, Kathriguppe) valleys cover 158 sqkm and 52 sqkm of Bangalore s area respectively. While major valleys form drainage zones for BMP, the minor valleys cover the surrounding ULBs. In the ULBs surrounding BMP, only pockets of sewerage system exist, however major areas are yet to be sewered and connected to the system. 7.3 The BWSSB has laid around 3265 km sewer lines in Bangalore, bulk of which is in BMP. Most the pipelines convey sewage by gravity (99.9 per cent) and with 3 km of pumping pipelines for low 3 Includes the present Cauvery Stage IV Phase II Page -ix

10 IDIP Bangalore: prepared by STEM for KUIDFC lying areas. Nearly 60 per cent of the sewers laid are more than 25 years old. The age is a fifth of sewers is unknown. The material used for pipe is GSW (93.6 per cent), RCC (5.9 per cent) and the remaining are PSC / CI / RCC. AusAid Report, 2002 indicate the absence of recorded data related to minor sewers (location, diameter, level, condition, length). The condition of Majors is such that it requires rehabilitation & remodelling. 7.4 Sewage treatment plants (started with K&C treatment plant) were first constructed under CWSS Stage I and are in operation since 1974 with a total capacity of 283 MLD. Secondary treatment was introduced in the 1980s in both the V-Valley and K&C Valley. The Hebbal treatment plant was introduced in the 1990s with activated sludge process. Under CWSS Stage IV Phase I, 7 new STPs and 5 ISPSs were proposed and these are completed and awaiting commissioning. Treatment plant Capacity available (MLD) Current treatment (MLD) Currently under operation V-Valley K&C Valley Hebbal Madivala 4 4 Kempambudhi 1 1 Sub-total Project completed and yet to be commissioned Cauvery Stage IV Phase I (7 Nos.) Expansion of K&C valley 55 - Yelahanka 10 6 Sub-total Secondary treatment plants capable of treating 721 MLD sewage are currently available. The reasons for the plants operated at three-fourths capacity are conveyance system is yet to be completed, non-functioning of the conveyance system. Now under the Cauvery Stage IV Phase II, which is to be implemented by 2012, it is proposed to construct 9 STPs with a total capacity of 328 MLD. The V-Valley, which receives flow of upto, 400 MLD may be to be upgraded further. 7.6 About 70 MLD tertiary treatment capacity is currently available in two plants. At present, the plants are treating 66 MLD to tertiary quality, of which only 4 MLD is being recycled by industries. Apart from BWSSB Tertiary Treatment Plants, the plants at Golf Club and Cubbon Park use treated water for gardening, growing grass, and other non-potable purposes. There are two small STPs located at Madivala (4 MLD) and Kempambudhi (1 MLD). These are currently working and rejuvenating the lakes as well. 7.7 Around 32 parameters are being tested. The norms for these parameters are being met for the treated water. But more parameters have to tested to improve the quality of recycled water. 7.8 There are many power intensive pumps and motors being used at the treatment plants. The efficiency of the pumps is yet to be studied including the ISPSs. The treatment plants require continuous power so that anaerobic conditions do not develop, which will disturb the treatment process. Hence, an energy audit study is required to use the power efficiently in the STPs every year as stipulated in the CPHEEO Manual, The institutional arrangement and finances are same as the water sector. The initiatives are presented in the water supply sector, which also include IT systems in the wastewater sector. The capital cost required for rehabilitation and network extension in the next 25 years is estimated at Rs.3000 crore (AusAid Report). Around Rs.38 crore is required annually for maintenance & repairs in the sewerage system. Page - x

11 Executive Abstract 7.10 The following are the key issues and problems of the sewerage system in Bangalore. Key Issues Sewage entering drains and lakes In-sufficient capacity of sewers (Trunk & Mains) (primary and secondary) Increased sewage flows in rainy season (due to mixing of storm water) Damaged sewers Silting up of sewers Direct connection of sewers from slums & low level areas to (primary and secondary drains) storm water drains Silt, grease and floating debris (Plastics, papers, etc) into open drains and into treatment plants Problems Pollution of lakes Mosquito Growth Health problems Nuisance to Public Environmental and Bio-diversity problems Over-flows from man holes Public Nuisance STPs capacity increases Sewage let out without treatment to down stream Pollutes rivers (Arkavathi & Cauvery) Sewage flows on to roads and into low-lying areas Public nuisance Mosquito problem Sewage flow from man-holes Complete stoppage of sewage and back-up Flooding in slums and low areas Back flows during rainy season when SWD are full Problem in primary and secondary treatment O&M problems Accessibility problems for manholes Encroachments on sewer lines and manholes Sewage overflows - residential, slums, low-lying areas Sewer cleaning & desilting difficult Nuisance and mosquito growth Lack of public awareness Blocking of sewers (due to lack of maintenance) 7.11 There is no separate policy on wastewater. A separate policy on wastewater has to be formulated which will be based on the issues, problems and development potential for Bangalore City. This should include treatment of the entire sewage generated, use of recycled water, surveillance, replacement/rehabilitation of pipe network, etc The projections for sewage generation is worked out assuming that Cauvery Stage IV Phase II will be implemented by 2012, thus ensuring available treatment capacity of 1118 MLD. Component Sewage Generated (MLD) Secondary Treatment Capacity Available (MLD) Gap in treatment capacity (MLD) The projects proposed sewage treatment would primarily focus on upgradation of the existing STPs and extension of the system to ensure 100 per cent treatment. Further, use of recycled water to augment the existing supply as a strategy, besides rehabilitating the existing system so that pollution levels are reduced. Also extension of network, remodelling, expansion and upgradation of GIS (includes water supply also), restoration of digester domes & DG sets to make the STPs power independent, refurbishment of V-Valley plant to increase plant capacity are also proposed. Further, a drive for zero discharge of sewage into storm water drains is required so as to make best use of runoff water. This is coupled with converting 50 per cent of the existing STPs to tertiary plants so as to provide water to lakes though out the year so as to improve the environment. The Page -xi

12 IDIP Bangalore: prepared by STEM for KUIDFC fund requirements for project proposals is estimated at Rs.6225 crore. The project proposals, fund requirements, phasing and priorities are presented towards the end of this summary and detailed write-up on the basis, need, benefits are presented in the report. 8. STORMWATER DRAINAGE 8.1 Situated at 890 m above MSL, Bangalore and its conurbation area has been distinctly divided into major & minor valleys that discharge rainwater in this region by gravity into different river basins. The favourable terrain of Bangalore is very unique with its anti-clinorium structure, a centripetal pattern towards the peripheral and transitional areas away from the centre of the city. The terrain slopes gently towards the south; the region is drained by rivers Vrishabhavathi and Swarnamukhi, tributaries of Arkavathy, which in turn encompass seven major and minor valleys. The physiography and relief favour accelerated runoff of water for quick draining as well as for storing, is one of the greatest advantages of the city. The weathered geologic zone indicates a good potential for groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting. 8.2 The drainage system network in BMP & surrounding ULBs consists of primary, secondary and roadside / tertiary drains. Most of this rainwater is discharged to the lakes around the city, which further cascades discharging into the main rivers. There were 117 lakes in the conurbation area used to impound large quantities of storm water some years ago. However, there are only 81 live lakes now. 8.3 Presently the individual ULBs are planning, implementing and maintaining the SWD in their respective areas. The organisation set-up is more organised in BMP with a separate SWD wing; contrasted with a simplified set-up in CMCs and TMC where the engineers perform these duties. The ULBs are indirectly supported by agencies like BDA, FD, LDA, KSPCB, etc. a characteristic feature of managing SWD and turning storm water as a resource is the lack co-ordination among the agencies. 8.4 BMP mainly consists of major and minor drainage systems covering 216 sqkm of the area (explained in detail in sewerage section). These drains are the main conveyors of the rainwater away from the city. Roadside drains convey the rainwater from the road to the primary and secondary drains. In the CMCs and TMC 16 per cent SWDs are in bad condition. ULB Total area Total drain Primary drains Secondary drains % covered (sqkm) length (km) % % Covered % % Covered drains BMP CMCs and TMC * *Drainage length of Bommanahalli not available ULB Total Roadside Drain length to Drain length per drain length (km) road length sqkm BMP CMCs and TMC BMP has identified 32 low-lying areas and CMCs & TMC 17.5 sqkm that gets flooded during rains. 8.6 BMP has initiated the rehabilitation of the major valleys at the cost of Rs.400 crore by Rehabilitation of the road drains including improvement of cross drainage works has been taken up apart from measures to deal with flooding during rains. Approximately 81 km of main sewers is laid in drains. At least 20 km of these sewers are in need of replacement. 8.7 The main issues and problems in SWD system are: Page - xii

13 Executive Abstract Key Issues Problems Inadequate capacity & silting up Frequent back flows and flooding Lakes are being polluted Poor storm water quality Unsanitary conditions Growth of mosquitoes Inadequate cross drainage works Blocking and flooding (of roads and low lying areas) Encroachment of drains (construction Carrying capacity reduction of buildings, roads, sewers, etc) Maintenance (desilting) problem Public nuisance Entry of sewage Growth of mosquitoes Pollution of lakes (affecting bio-diversity) Under sized primary / secondary drains Blockage of flows and stagnation during heavy down pour Secondary drains join primary drains without proper drop Back-up of water & flooding up-stream Blockages and flooding Solid waste / garbage dumping into Reduced carrying capacity drains Pollution of lakes Mild slopes of drains Carrying capacity reduced and back-up of storm water takes place Other utility lines laid inside drains Flow obstruction and back-up leading to local flooding Hampered improvement works of drains (due to urbanisation) Choking / clogging of drains and flooding of roads Lack of public awareness Blockages, flooding, etc. 8.8 The strategy for SWD drains are zero discharge of sewage into SWD, remodelling SQD in CMCs & TMC around BMP, catchment management plans so as to avoid flooding, valley protection & preservation, creation of primary & secondary drains in future urbanisable areas, warning system for floods, planning for SWD improvements in tandem with other infrastructure development. 8.9 To act on all the issues posed, the following are proposed for implementation by 2030 at an estimated cost of Rs.875 crore. The awareness programmes for SWD are proposed along with those for water supply & sewerage systems. With the nature of disaster poor quality SWDs cause (as is evident from 2005 rains) the proposals require top priority. The project proposals, fund requirements, phasing and priorities are presented towards the end of this summary and detailed write-up on the basis, need, benefits are presented in the report. 9. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 9.1 The management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) is an obligatory responsibility of the local bodies. Municipal Solid Waste is one of the four major pollutants in a city and a critical cause for the deleterious health effects on its residents. The functional elements of SWM considered under IDIP are source segregation and primary collection, preliminary storage, transportation, processing & treatment and disposal. 9.2 MSW generation (municipal waste, biomedical waste and construction wastes) in Bangalore is 3400 tpd. The share of ULBs surrounding BMP in the total generation is around 19 per cent. The per capita generation of municipal solid waste (excluding non-hazardous industrial waste) for Bangalore is 0.55 kg in 2005 (0.6 kg in BMP and 0.42 kg in surrounding ULBs). 9.3 The total quantum of waste generated has increased by three times during the last 5 years. Waste from household s accounts for 50 per cent of the total waste while hotels & eateries account for 25 per cent of the total waste. The organic waste comprises 75 per cent of the total waste. One Page -xiii

14 IDIP Bangalore: prepared by STEM for KUIDFC of the characteristic features of SWM in the ULBs is the absence of regular research to determine density, particle size, moisture content, composition and generation levels. Around 70 per cent of the wastes are collected in Bangalore daily. Collection levels in BMP are around 72 per cent and ULBs 67 per cent. 9.4 While ULBs are primarily responsible for service delivery, agencies like KSPCB and KMPMC provide regulatory support. KCDC and private sector agencies (through public-private partnerships) are involved in the processing and disposal of waste. Swachha Bangalore Programme and Nirmala Nagar Programme are the major initiatives for SWM (planned keeping in mind compliance to the provisions of MSW Rules, 2000) in Bangalore. 9.5 The total staff strength managing SWM in BMP is around and ULBs surrounding BMP is 700, amounting to 3 staff per 1000 population. Unlike BMP, which has a hierarchy of staff, the structure in the ULBs surrounding BMP is simpler. The contract staff, primarily the drivers, cleaners and PKs, for the purpose of primary collection and transportation, supports the staff. Nearly 726 trucks & tractor-trailers make 1 to 3 trips daily for transport of wastes in Bangalore. 9.6 The characteristic feature of SWM Practices in Bangalore is the absence of segregation at household level. Door to door collection is followed in BMP, whereas community bin system is still prevalent in ULBs. Collection from bulk generators & commercial establishments is yet to be institutionalised in Bangalore. Street cleaning is taken up on main roads on a daily basis, whereas in residential areas once or twice a week. Desilting of roadside drains is currently taken up on an ad hoc basis and yet to be implemented on a regular basis. Efforts are on to put a system for secondary storage in Bangalore. Trucks & tractor-trailers are the commonly used vehicles for transportation of wastes in BMP and ULBs respectively. Composting is the only processing method followed and limited to less a fourth of the total waste collected in BMP. Disposal followed include open dumping in low lying areas, quarries, road sides by ULBs & BMP and controlled tipping practised to some extent by BMP. Terra Firma Sunrays and local RWA NGO are involved in the treatment of wastes in a small way. Bio-medical waste from health care institutions are treated & disposed exclusively by privatised agencies (Mardi, Ramky), but still to achieve 100 per cent compliance. 9.7 Bangalore spends annually around 7 per cent of the total expenditure on SWM. On an average, BMP and the ULBs surrounding it annually spends Rs. 97 and Rs.42 respectively, on every person for SWM. More than 85 per cent of the cost is spent on collection and transport of wastes only. 9.8 The issues in the current system of SWM a. Absence of segregation of wastes at source in both BMP and ULB areas b. Mixing of meat & poultry wastes into the regular waste stream c. Demolition and construction waste (debris) is not being effectively managed d. Transportation of wastes not scientific or cost-effective e. Absence of transfer stations f. Limited capacity and location of the composting plants available within Bangalore g. Absence of scientific treatment and disposal of wastes h. Limited technology choices for SWM i. Limited rate of the upgradation of the SWM system j. Solid wastes entering into storm water drains k. Public negligence towards solid waste 9.9 The per capita daily solid waste generation in Bangalore is expected to gradually increase from 0.55 kg and reach 0.94 kg by The projected daily waste generation by 2030 is tpd (3 times increase between 2005 & 2030). Around 47per cent of the wastes are expected to be generated from the ULBs surrounding BMP and 44 Per cent from BMP. In terms of composition of Page - xiv

15 Executive Abstract wastes, it is expected that around 6700 tpd of wastes will go in for biological processing, 3850 tpd disposed off at landfill sites and the rest recycled With an objective of reducing solid waste generation, segregation at source, maximise recycling and reuse and 100 per cent treatment & scientific disposal of generated waste at optimal costs to the community, the development strategy of SWM is twinned around the following key factors: a. Formulation of a waste management hierarchy that emphasises the highest and best use of waste in the following priority: Waste prevention or source reduction to decrease generation, Recycling system to facilitate optimal reuse of material, Treatment of waste to derive benefits that would be lost by just landfilling and Scientific disposal of waste b. Formulation of awareness programmes at the community & household level and incentives for source reduction and segregation require primary focus. c. Efforts to be directed towards maximising the amount of waste that can be returned to productive uses. Linking recycling programmes to target periodic reduction in the landfill volumes needs to be favoured. d. To reduce the cost of transport (from collection to disposal through smaller vehicles as is done today) and facilitate recycling & segregation of waste, setting up of transfer stations serve as most-cost effective options e. Upgradation of vehicles that facilitate compaction and related reduction in number of trips and transportation costs. Disuse of vehicles that have surpassed their life period so as reduce the maintenance costs. Mechanisation of street sweeping on important roads that require frequent cleaning. f. Technologies that offer more productive use of waste and reduce the requirement of landfills require promotion, particularly when land is not available and very costly to procure. g. Creation of favourable policies and environment, besides regulatory measures that facilitate recycling & reuse, manufacture of reusable material, reduction in waste generation, besides cost sharing by community for annual recurring costs for SWM. h. Utilising the benefits of GPS & GIS systems and communication systems for increased real time monitoring 9.11 Based on discussions held with the related stakeholders, situational analysis and the proposals received from the stakeholders, the proposals are identified for SWM in the ULBs. The proposals outlined will focus on the needs and achieve service delivery levels beyond the existing plans & programmes. Under this project, nearly Rs.1725 to Rs.1920 crore worth of investment is required for setting up the SWM infrastructure. All the above mentioned proposals except those for primary collection are assumed to be common to all ULBs and have been proposed, keeping in mind the regional perspective and future urbanisable area. The share of capital costs is worked out for Option 1 (using composting as the disposal mode). The costs for other options has been accordingly worked out. Near half of the investment is expected to be spent on treatment & disposal activities alone Around Rs.300 per person per year needs to be spent annually towards complete treatment & disposal of all the wastes generated in 2006 (as against Rs. 84 spent in currently in 2005). The total annual cost to be incurred is estimated at Rs.518 per person per year (by 2031). The costs towards primary collection will be around 27 per cent, whereas treatment & disposal will constitute 73 per cent of the total recurring cost Based on the current developments in BMP, the expected revenue from SWM cess would be to the extent of Rs.25 to Rs.30 crore annually. Page -xv