AOCRP-4 Kuala Lumpur 11 May 2014 Radiation Protection learned from Fukushima Daiich NPP Accident

Transcription

1 AOCRP-4 Kuala Lumpur 11 May 2014 Radiation Protection learned from Fukushima Daiich NPP Accident Toshiso KOSAKO AOARP president (The University of Tokyo)

2 Mourn for Victims We would like to express our mourn for victims of earthquake, tsunami and NPP accident. : around 20,000 death. We would like to express our appreciation for the world-wide support of Japan from all over the world.

3 Great East Japan Earthquake 14:16, March 11, 2011 Magnitude 9.0 More than twenty thousands Death and missing people More than forty hundreds of thousands Evacuees

4 Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Plant (BWR) Reactor ceiling Damaged part by hydrogen explosion Reactor container Fukushima-Daiichi No.1 BWR type reactor

5 Fukushima No.1 Nuclear Power Plant 2

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7 Fukushima-Dai-ichi NPP accident

8 3/11 14:00 3/11 20:00 3/12 2:00 3/12 8:00 3/12 14:00 3/12 20:00 3/13 2:00 3/13 8:00 3/13 14:00 3/13 20:00 3/14 2:00 3/14 8:00 3/14 14:00 3/14 20:00 3/15 2:00 3/15 8:00 3/15 14:00 3/15 20:00 3/16 2:00 3/16 8:00 3/16 14:00 3/16 20:00 3/17 2:00 3/17 8:00 3/17 14:00 3/17 20:00 3/18 2:00 3/18 8:00 3/18 14:00 Areal Dose (μ Sv/h) Release of Radioactivity from Fukushima No.1 NPP Areal dose around Fukushima 1 nuclear power plant (NISA, TEPCO) No1. No2 Cont- No3 White 放射能漏れ事故後には 放射性核種が環境 hydrogen n explosion Vessel Damage Smoke explosion 14 日未明 中へ放出される 2 号機炉水位低下 日未明 1 号機炉水位低下 炉停止 13 日未明 3 号機炉水位低下 No3.hydroge No4 R- Building Damage 保安院 MP2 保安院 MP4 東電正門 東電 MP1 東電 MP2 東電 MP4 東電 MP8 保安院 MP1 北側 東電 MP3 東電 MP5 東電 MP6 保安院正門 東電事務本館北 東電西門 保安院事務本館北 保安院西門 保安院体育館 11Mar No.1 vent No3 No.2 ventト vent 14Mar20:00- No.2 All fuel dry 16Mar 日時

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10 What happened in Fukushima? Extraordinary large external event Earthquake (Magnitude 9.0), Tsunami (20m) Station blackout > Core melt down EPZ (Emergency Preparation Zone) 2km radius > 5km > 10km > 20km : 1-2 days Off-Site Center (Substantial Center) Government + Local G. + NPP + Media The distance, around 5km Earthquake, Tsunami > damage Radiation plume, High radiation dose > can t use Move to Fukushima prefectural capital (100km)

11 What happened in Fukushima? Reactor Coolant supply, Emergency workers (Dose limit) Firemen, soldier etc. Environment Emergency monitoring, Huge number of data, Information sharing, Straggle between organization Inhabitants Delivery of information, Iodine pill application, Collection of corpses, Domestic animals and house pets Mass media and general public Bashing and sensational, > impact to the Cabinet, NISA, MEXT, NSC, Local Gov.

12 What happened in Fukushima? Early stage countermeasure Too much insist of 100mSv Food control Middle period countermeasure Too much insist of 20mSv Decontamination (>Cleanup) of environment Food control Long term countermeasure Risk communication, Children s problem, Compensation of the disasters Environment, forest, farmland reform Rebuilding of the safety department Joining of NISA, NSC and others Positioning of the Nuclear Power Plants in electric supply

13 A state of confusion after the accident Event Sheltering and Evacuation Termination of the Declaration of Emergency Food and Drink Control Reasons Future step is unclear, even a week later Engagement of the Government, awkward Role of the local Government, awkward Termination procedure is unclear Permitted level of food?, Reasonability? Flexibility? pollution level for planting soil pollution of seawater for marine products Influence on public health Accurate dose estimation of residents Uncertainty of low dose health effect to man 19 October ENELA

14 Details Dose Limitation for Emergency Workers Japanese regulation; 100 msv Submitted a question of limitation change from 100 to 250 msv to Radiation Protection Board for deliberation. (March 14). Approved in a shot time (2hours) by NRC. On March 26, Industrial Minister declared a new vale of 250 msv for emergency worker s dose limit.

15 Setting of Evacuation Area Details Application of 20 msv/year Planned evacuation area: Lower value among msv/y reference level at emergency exposure situation by ICRP Pub. 103 (2007 recommendation). On the other hand, same 20 ms/y was applied as a guide for use of school ground, which was an upper value of reference level of 1-20 msv/y in an existing exposure situation

16 Prediction of Radionuclide Diffusion at a Nuclear Emergency Details Worse Use of System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information(SPEEDI) The hard case to determine the source term of radionuclide release No use of SPEEDI result to use an emergency countermeasure for the dose reduction of refugee exposure Information opening to the public by foreign organizations Weather authorities or nuclear authorities, in Germany, UK, France, Austria etc. Deposition of I-131 (00:00, March 25, 2011)

17 Processing and Disposal of Wastes after the Disaster Details --Tentative guidance By Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC) June µsv/y, for recycle and reuse goods 1 msv/y, workers for collecting, transportation and storage. 1 msv/y, workers for waste processing Disposal facility, dose for surrounding residents after the facility closure 10 µsv/y on basic scenario 0.3 msv/y on variation scenario Basic concept Policy on the disaster waste treatment in Fukushima Prefecture, by Environment Ministry, June 23, 2011 Presupposition: Guarantee of the Safety of workers and surrounding residents for the operation of incineration plants and final disposal facilities If in case of no satisfaction of the guidance by NSC: After taking an appropriate temporal storage, the regulatory authority should immediately investigate a safety disposal measure

18 Control of Contaminated Foods and Drinks Details Intervention Level on the Intake Limitation of Foods and Drinks Pile of returned Spinach to Scrap (Tokyo Central Wholesale Market, March 23) + Thyroid Equivalent Dose by Radio-Iodine: 50 msv Specific iodine deposition to thyroid + Effective Dose by Radio-Cesium: 5 msv ICRP Pub. 40(1984) Committed Dose (msv/y) Effective Dose Equivalent Dose (Each Organ) Upper Dose Level Lower Dose Level 5 50

19 Food contamination Other material contamination

20 Radiation level judgment on the use of school buildings and grounds in Fukushima Prefecture Details -Application of 1-20 msv/year (Ministry of Education notification on April 19) Based on ICRP Publ.109 (exposure situation in the emergency) CRP Publ.109 (Emergency Exposure Situation) Application of Reference level (lower value of 20 msv/year) Changed to Publ.103 (Reference level on a Restoration, upper value of 20 in 1-20 msv/y) Regular ground use is possible below 3.8μSv/h. (Derived from 20mSv/y including occupancy factor)

21 Early stage clean- up (or decontamination)

22 Disaster prevention 19 October 2011 ENELA 19

23 Countermeasure 1 Sheltering h 2 Sheltering to concrete building 3 Evacuation 4 Application of stable iodine 5 Control of drinking water, milk and food 6 Restriction of entry

24 Monitoring support in case of Emergency Evacuation >50mSv Sheltering >10mSv Monitoring car Survey meters Image of countermeasure area

25 Range of priority area for nuclear disaster Old : Guideline for Nuclear Disaster EPZ : Emergency Planning Zone NPP: 8 10 km Reprocessing P. : 500 m PAZ New : Guideline for Nuclear Disaster CM PAZ : Precautionary Action Zone NPP : about 5 km UPZ : Urgent Protective action Planning Zone NPP : about 30 km Reprocessing P. : about 5 km UPZ About 5 km About 30 km Sea PPA : Plume Protection Planning Area About 50 km NPP : about 50 km (reference value)

26 Construction of SPEEDI System 放射線の透過力 Copyright Nuclear Safety Technology Center All Rights Reserved.

27 Radioactivity release

28 Conceptual figure of exposure by radiation plume Wind direction Radioactive materials Radiation cloud (radiation plume) 放射線の透過力 Radiation Inhalation Nuclear facilities External exposure Deposition Internal exposure Concentration, dose rate, Monitoring

29 Released radioactivity Fukushima Dai-ichi reactor accident Atmospheric release Iodine x Bq (500 PBq) Cesium x Bq (10 PBq) Ocean release Iodine x Bq (11 PBq) Cesium x Bq (3.6 PBq) TEPCO Chernobyl reactor accident Iodine x Bq (1300 PBq) Cesium x Bq (89 PBq)

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31 Radioactive waste

32 Radioactive waste after Fukushima Dai-ich Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear power plant and its site Debris, damaged fuel, structural materials,,, Environment Fallout (dry & wet deposition) Decontamination (Clean up) Soil, Organic substance,,,, Radioactive waste Temporal storage > Intermediate storage > Final disposal

33 From March12, 05:00 to May 1, 00:00 Decontamination special area F1- NPP F2- NPP Land contamination (Cs-137)

34 School cleanup By S.Tanaka

35 School swimming pool cleanup By S.Tanaka

36 Farmer s house cleanup By S.Tanaka

37 Decontamination technology 1. Soil Heat treatment, Classification, Chemical treatment 2. Sewage sludge Elution 3. Park, road and buildings Cutting ablation, Washing(nano-bubble, ozone), High pressure washing (280Mpa), Grinding ablation, 4. Rubble Triturating washing, Separation by dry ice 5. Plants and cowpat Compost (50, >100 ) 6. Water Collection (Zeolite), Absorption & flocculation (ferrocyanide) 7. Forest and wood Solidified ablation (cement), Washing, Thinning

38 Soil demonstration plant for Cesium cleanup, in Hirono-cho, Fukushima Shimizu Corp (Zaikei News Paper)

39 Radioactive waste from environmental cleanup I. Temporal storage II. Intermediate storage Ministry of Environment 1 Site proposed: 12 candidates in Fukushima Prefecture 2 Volume: 28 M m 3 3 Schedule: start in 2015 III. Final disposal Ministry of Environment 1 Site proposed: 1 candidate in Kagoshima Prefecture 2 Schedule: within 2042

40 Decontamination Temporal storage Decontamination Intermediate Storage Final Disposal

41 Radioactive waste from environmental cleanup Final disposal (on 3 Sep. 2012) Disignated waste > 8,000 Bq/kg 9 Local prefecture Fukushima ; 31,993 tons Tochigi ; 4,445 >>> * Ibaraki ; 1,709 Chiba ; 1,018 Tokyo ; 982 Niigata ; 798 Gunma ; 724 Miyagi ; 591 Iwate : Total 42,575 tons * Final disposal site propose By Ministry of Environment on 3 Sept Tochigi Pref. Yaita-city, Shiota By TBS news

42 The Issues of Rad-Waste (Decontamination) + Decontamination (Cleanup) program + Decontamination technology development (Radioactive waste disposal site) + Intermediate storage + Final disposal site + Stakeholder involvement (Rad-Waste dose guideline) + Balance with Normal Rad-Waste + Balance with NORM waste + Cost, volume, NIMBY, etc.

43 Radiological guideline Decontamination (Cleanup) + 1mSv/y > 0.23μSv/h + 20mSv/y, 50mSv/y Radioactive waste + 1mSv/y > 8,000 Bq/kg Cs ,000 Bq/kg Cs-137,

44 Three years past Rehabilitation stage after accident

45 On-site Issue #1(hardware) Stability of damaged reactor core cooling Melted core fuel handling (Technology development, Remote handling, including robot tech.) Stabilization of radioactivity Gaseous waste, solid waste, liquid waste Radioactive wastes Melted core, intermediate storage, processing, final disposal

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49 On-site Issue #2(software) Radiation workers (100mSv, 50, 20mSv/y) Safeguard and Security Regulatory arrangement (Tunami, Earth-q,,,) Progress schedule (2, 5, 10, 20years) Funds (around Billion USD) Government and political positioning

50 Dose limit 20mSv/y(50mSv/y), >100mSv(Emergency)30 wks Abut 3,000 workers/day

51 Surrounding Area (1) Emission of radioactivity to the environment > Contaminated water flow to the sea > Technical, fund, discharge, fisherman, rumor (2) Environmental contamination > Cleanup program > int. >final repository (3) Food contamination > Crop, rice, meet, vegetables, fish (4) Rehabilitation of inhabitant living conditions > Revision of the lockout area > Cleanup program, program for return

52 Impermeable Wall by Frozen Ground Soil Mountain Reactor building Turbine building Under G-water 400m 3 /day Go outside Contaminated water Frozen ground soil

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54 Chernobyl & Fukushima

55 Expansion of the evacuation area Returning program started

56 Risk perception and political direction (1) Risk communication (2) Anti-nuclear movement (3) Election (4) Energy policy, (Wind, solar, e-savings, life style,,,) (5) Mass media and public opinion (Hate of nuclear, anti-nuclear,,,,) (6) Technology and human resource

57 Mr. Taro YAMAMOTO Former Prime ministers M.Hosokawa and J.Koizumi

58 LDP Democratic Democratic LDP Lower House Election Aug. 30, 2009 Dec 16, 2012

59 Japanese nuclear power plants

60 NPP re-operation *Re-Start of stopped nuclear power plants 52 nuclear reactor stop *Application for re-start (PWR type reactors) Shikoku E.Co. Ikata-3 Kyushyu E.Co. Sendai-1,2, Genkai-3,4 Hikkaido E.Co. Tomari-1,2,3 Kansai E.Co. Ohi-3,4, Takahama-3,4

61 Sendai 1. 2 nuclear reactors (Kyushu Electric Co.)

62 JAEA Revision # Trigger: MONJU(LMFBR) reactor (Geological active fault, fund, management) J-PARK accelerator trouble (release of rad-gas) Funding (1 B-USD) # Direction Concentrate to MONJYU reactor & Nuclear safety Transition: Fusion research, Accelerator etc.

63 Fukushima MONJU (LMFBR reactor) J-PARK Geological disposal Fusion reactor ITER

64 Old organization Nuclear regulatory authority

65 Number of Undergraduate/Graduate Schools Numbers of Engineers(Thousand) Human resources: nuclear engineers from undergraduate and graduate school of universities Number of Undergraduate & Graduate Schools Number of Nuclear Engineers in Industry Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology

66 Inhabitants health Accident triggered death (suicide, acceleration of disease, immune deficiency etc.) Fukushima 1,664, Miyagi 879, Iwate 434, Ibaraki 41 Ref. Direct death by earthquake and tsunami 1,607 Refugees, about 130,000 ( ) PTSD of 60 % for refugees (by Wseda Univ.) Collapse of the community Damage of living hood: Agriculture, Fishery etc. Early stage impact by I-131 to child thyroid

67 Japan health Physics Society, JHPS Q&A Web site for general peoples operated by young scientist in JHPS Special symposium on Fukushima-1 NPP accident for the deep analysis Documents on Responses of and recommendations from JHPS Vol. 1 (2012) Documents on Responses of and recommendations from JHPS Vol. 2 (2014) Discussions in JHPS annual meetings

68 Thank you very much for your attention.