Introduction to Energy Topics

Transcription

1 Introduction to Energy Topics Energy Path 2018 Thomas Cleary, M.Engr.

2 Energy Units of Measurement The unit of energy: Joule (SI system). British Thermal Unit BTU (U.S. Customary system) 1British Thermal Unit (BTU) = J

3 Energy vs. Power Power is the rate at which energy produced or consumed. The unit of power is the watt 1w = 1J/s 746 w = 1 Horsepower (hp)

4 Energy what is it? Commonly: It is a fuel, which is a source of energy. Oil Natural Gas (Methane), Propane Coal Wood Nuclear Renewables (Solar, Wind, etc)

5 Energy Sources Two Broad Types: Conventional Renewable

6 Conventional Energy Sources The fuel is consumed when releasing its energy once and done Coal Oil Natural Gas Nuclear

7 Renewable Energy Sources The energy source is unlimited (more or less), or can be regenerated in a short time period. Hydro-Electric Wind Solar Geothermal Biomass & Bio-Fuels

8 Energy What is the Energy Mix In the United States?

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14 Generating electricity from impounded water (dams). Generating electricity from the energy in tides and waves.

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16 Dam Hydro-Electric Plant Impounded Water Turbine Penstock Electrical Energy Generator

17 Hydro-Electric Power No emissions Many remaining potential sites are not feasible Economical (e.g. Alaska wilderness). Geological Population Ecological Effects Local temperature, humidity. Marine life.

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19 Wind Power Generating electrical energy from the energy in moving air, the wind.

20 Residential Wind Turbine

21 Commercial Wind Turbine

22 Commercial Wind Farm

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24 Clean electricity. Wind Power Can be noisy (newer units are quieter) Large areas required. Bird kills (early on-due to poor site planning). No wind, no electricity. NIMBY syndrome (Not In My Back Yard)

25 Solar Energy is a broad term referring to various technologies that convert the energy in sunlight into another form of energy. Solar Electric Solar Thermal Solar Architectural

26 Solar Electric A technology utilizing the Photovoltaic Effect The principle of converting light energy directly into electric energy. The technology used in most residential and commercial applications to generate electricity.

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28 Residential Grid-Tied PV System Source:

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30 Solar Thermal The conversion of light energy from the sun into heat energy. The energy can be used for heating, cooling, electric generation, cooking. The heat energy is in a medium Air Water Antifreeze solution Other fluids with good heat transfer properties.

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32 Solar Power Clean energy. Supplemental systems. Require sunshine. Night time, no power. Winter in northern climates, less power.

33 Geothermal A heating (and cooling system) with a heat exchanger coil in the ground. Winter heating: coil is a heat source. Summer cooing: coil is a heat sink.

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36 Geothermal Installation costs are relatively high, but have been decreasing. Small lots may not have enough space. Annual operating costs are very low. Small amount of electricity to run compressor and fans. No emissions.

37 Bio-Mass: Renewable organic material, from which fuel is produced. Organic Containing carbon; Carbon based

38 Renewable energy from organic material. Plants and animals Wood Crops: corn, sugar cane. Garbage (mostly) Sewage sludge (with exceptions) Manure Algae

39 Bio -Mass Garbage Residential has a lot of organic material. Proper methods of incineration are required. Proper disposal of ash/other components are required. Sewage Sludge Residential, aka municipal Industrial sludge may contain hazardous waste products.

40 Liquid or gaseous fuels obtained from bio-mass: Methane Biodiesel Ethanol Methanol

41 Methane Chemical formula: CH 4 Primary constituent of Natural Gas. Also a by-product of decomposing : Garbage AKA Landfill gas Human & animal waste (manure) Agricultural wastes.

42 Biodiesel Liquid diesel fuel made from Vegetable oils Vegetable fats Vegetable grease Most biodiesel is made from waste cooking oil Local restaurants, Mickey D s, Burger King, etc. It can be used in diesel engine cars and trucks.

43 No magic bullet Each has pros and cons. Efficiency: energy out vs. energy in. Economics: energy out vs. cost. Tax credits, rebates, incentives.

44 Questions & Comments??!???!?!????!?