FICAT Version 1.3 User s Guide

Transcription

1 1 FICAT Version 1.3 User s Guide July 13, 2012 This document is intended to assist the user of the Forest Industry Carbon Assessment Tool (FICAT) in applying the tool (also sometimes called a model in this guide). The details on how the model works are contained in the documentation report. Much of the following material is from the opening screens that the user sees when using the model. Additional text is included, however, to guide the user in addressing a number of questions that may arise when applying the model to specific situations.

2 2 Table of Contents Starting to use FICAT...5 Saving and opening FICAT files... 6 User Tips...6 Element 1 - Land-Based Carbon...7 Introduction... 7 The calculation framework... 7 Getting Started... 8 Data entry... 9 Results Common situations requiring additional explanation Element 2 - Carbon in Products Introduction Calculation framework Getting Started Data entry Results Common situations requiring additional explanation Element 3: Emissions Manufacturing Introduction Calculation Framework Getting started Combustion Sources Imports/Exports of Greenhouse Gases Common situations requiring additional explanation... 24

3 3 Element 4: Emissions Wood Production Introduction Calculation Framework Getting started Data entry Element 5: Emissions Other Raw Materials/Fuels Introduction Calculation Framework Data entry Results Common situations requiring additional explanation Element 6: Emissions Purchased Electricity/Steam/Heat Introduction Calculation Framework Getting Started Data entry Results Common situations requiring additional explanation Element 7: Emissions Transportation Introduction Calculation Framework Getting Started Data entry Results Common situations requiring additional explanation... 36

4 4 Element 8: Emissions Product Use Introduction Calculation Framework Getting Started Data entry Results Element 9: Emissions End-of-Life Introduction Calculation Framework Getting Started Data entry Results Common situations requiring additional explanation Element 10: Emissions Avoided Introduction Avoided emissions associated with recycling Avoided emissions associated with burning used products Avoided emissions associated with exports of electricity and steam Additional avoided emissions Common situations requiring additional explanation Summary... 44

5 5 Starting to use FICAT Once in the program, you will find yourself at the Welcome screen. To start the program, click on File at the top left of the screen, choose New, and give your project a name. If you were previously working on a project, you can Open the file. If starting a new project, an project information screen will appear and you will need to identify the name of the person you want to have shown as the author of the report and you will need to enter a general description of the project. Include any information that will be useful to a third party in understanding the study. This material is included in the pdf report generated by FICAT. At the bottom of the Project Information screen you will need to select a method for estimating carbon stored in products-in-use (See Element 2 below for more information) and the boundary conditions for the study. Click next at the bottom of the Project Information screen to advance to the screen where you select the global warming potentials to be used in the study. After clicking save, you will then be able to move into the ten elements of the assessment. You can change your selections in the Project Information screen at any time by selecting File/Project Information at the top-left of the screen. After you have filled out the Project Information screen, to begin entering data, click on 1. Land Based Carbon on the left-hand menu. [Note: The screens in FICAT are easier to use if you maximize the screen. If some of the text appears to run off of the screen or under other features on the screen, try reducing your screen resolution.] The Program has fourteen levels, shown below. The middle ten represent the ten elements of the assessment and are described in introduction/information window as you enter each element. It is highly recommended that you use the model by addressing the elements in order 1 through 10. This is because several of the higher-number elements require data from earlier elements. Welcome 1. Land Based Carbon 2. Carbon in Products 3. Emissions - Manufacturing 4. Emissions Wood Production 5. Emissions Other Raw Material/Fuels 6. Emissions Electricity, Steam and Heat 7. Emissions-Transportation 8. Emissions - Product Use 9. Emissions - End-of-Life 10. Emissions - Avoided Summary Uncertainty Benchmarking The thirteen levels of the FICAT Model

6 6 When you begin each element, you will find a help screen, explaining how to use that section of the FICAT. To advance beyond the help window, click on Next at the bottom of the screen. You can return to the help window by clicking on Help/Information at the top-right of the subsequent windows. To save information you have entered, you must click on File-Save or File-Save As at the top-left of the screen. The FICAT files have an.fps extension. The files can be opened by others having the FICAT software. Each element has a text box for the user to use in describing the calculations in each element. The text box is accessed by clicking on Notes in the upper right-hand corner of the data entry windows in each element. The text entered in these boxes appears verbatim in the report generated by FICAT. The user must use these notes boxes. It is not possible to generate a report in FICAT unless there is something in all of the notes boxes. If you forget to enter text in these fields, you will be reminded when you reach the Summary page of FICAT. Saving and opening FICAT files When you start a new project, you are essentially creating a new database. Version 1.3 of FICAT stores only one project in each database, meaning that only one project is loaded in FICAT at a time. The project name you enter in the project information window is not automatically the same as the name of the.fps file you save after creating your project. It is possible to use the same name for both, however, and doing so may help avoid confusion. The new/open/save/save-as commands at the top-left of the screen work as in most Windows-based programs. User Tips When entering a value in a cell, FICAT often responds better to hitting the tab key than it does to hitting the enter key. It is easier to use FICAT in the full screen mode, which you activate via the maximize icon at the upper-right of the FICAT screen. The column width in many of the windows can be adjusted by dragging the edge of the column in the column header. When you change data in FICAT, the calculations sometimes fail to update automatically. To force updating, click on a different FICAT tab (on the left of the FICAT screen) and then return to the screen on which you were working.

7 7 Element 1 - Land-Based Carbon Introduction This element of FICAT will help you estimate the effects of your project on forest ecosystem carbon and other land-based carbon stocks. Where companies rely extensively on the default parameter values in FICAT, the estimates will be subject to considerable uncertainty and will be useful primarily for screening projects to identify potentially important forest carbon-related effects. The calculations are based on IPCC default tables for Tier 1 estimates (the least accurate allowed by IPCC) and may be inappropriate for many circumstances. The model is designed to allow the user to modify many of the defaults in the model and the user is encouraged to do so wherever more appropriate values are available. At the end of this section is guidance on how to address several common situations you may encounter where the Land-based carbon input screens do not seem appropriate for your circumstances. The calculation framework FICAT assists in calculating the carbon stocks on the land based on what are called pre-project and post-project conditions. The carbon impact is calculated as the difference between these two conditions. Normally, the pre-project and post-project conditions are idealized, steady-state representations. For instance, if the project involves establishing a new plantation forest, the postproject condition might be the long-term average biomass stocks across the entire plantation, a condition reasonably represented by the average carbon stocks over a rotation. The pre-project condition exists at a point in the past that may vary from one study to the next. In some cases, the time selected for the pre-project condition may be based on the user s knowledge of the areas providing wood and the specific objectives of the study. In other cases, the look-back period may be dictated. Some standards, for instance, require that the study consider any land use change that has occurred in the past twenty years that is attributable to the facility or entity being studied. FICAT converts the stock change estimates into annual emissions or sequestration rates by dividing the stock change by the expected project life. The project life is the time over which it is reasonable to spread the impacts associated with the difference between the pre- and post-project conditions. For instance, if a newly established plantation is expected to remain a plantation for at least 50 years due to the investment required, it might be reasonable to spread the carbon related impacts of plantation establishment over 50 years. Alternatively, it might be reasonable to spread the uptake only across as many years as it took for the plantations to become fully established since this option is closest to what the atmosphere would see. Another option would be to use a 100-year period to be consistent with the time frame used to characterize the carbon in products. In some cases, carbon footprint standards may dictate the period to use. It is common, for instance, for carbon footprint standards to require that this impact be spread over twenty years. It is also possible to use a project life of one year, representing the actual year-to-year changes in carbon stocks.

8 8 FICAT addresses carbon stocks in above and below ground biomass, litter and soil carbon. The forest carbon calculations in FICAT are built around the default tables and calculation methods in IPCC s 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. In most cases, IPCC s Tier 1 methods and data have been used because IPCC s higher tier methods require data that may not be readily available to FICAT users. Nonetheless, FICAT users are encouraged to override the FICAT defaults whenever better data are available. (See below for more information on how to override FICAT defaults.) Getting Started To use the tool, the user must divide the affected land into areas and give each area a unique name. The areas should be defined so as to reflect unique sets of before-after conditions. In other words, the land in each named area undergoes the same transition, starting from the same pre-project condition and ending in the same post-project condition. For completeness, it is recommended that you also include forest areas that you own but are not affected by the project. This will be the case, for instance, for sustainably managed forests which are managed for wood production and are the same in the preproject and post-project conditions. In addition, you should include lands that you do not own if they experience carbon-related impacts as a result of the project. The following example illustrates how a land based can be divided into areas. Consider a project that affects 10,000 hectares. Before the project, the land area may have consisted of 6,000 hectares of annual cropland and 4,000 hectares of natural forest. The 6,000 hectares of annual cropland may be situated on two different types of soils, with 1,000 being on sandy soil and 5,000 being on clay soil. The natural forest may consist to two distinct regions a 1,500 hectare region dominated by younger trees as a result of a natural disturbance (e.g. fire) and a 2,500 hectare region dominated by older trees. In the post-project condition, the 5,000 hectares of former cropland on clay soil has been converted to pine plantations while the remaining 5,000 hectares of cropland and natural forest has been converted to eucalyptus plantations. In this example the unique areas, and the names assigned to them, are as follows. Name Hectares Pre-project condition Post-project condition Area 1 5,000 Annual cropland on clay soil Pine plantations on clay soil Area 2 1,000 Annual cropland on sandy soil Eucalyptus plantations on sandy soil Area 3 2,500 Older natural forest Eucalyptus plantations Area 4 1,500 Younger natural forest Eucalyptus plantations

9 9 In general, the conditions that the user needs to consider in dividing the land into areas are the following. The general climatic conditions Whether the land is in forest, cropland, grassland or settlements The type of vegetation growing (e.g. forest type, crop type) The soil type (e.g. clay, sandy, organic) Before deciding how to divide the land into areas, the user may find it helpful to start a practice project and enter several dummy areas to better understand the parameters that must be specified to characterize an individual area. Land that is directly affected by the project should be included whether you own the land or not. For instance, if the project will require local land owners to begin using previously unmanaged forest for wood production, attempts should be made to describe the pre-project and post-project conditions of these forests. Data entry Before beginning, click on Notes (top-right menu) and enter enough information, in sentence form, to help a reader understand the general scope of what is included in the calculations in this part of the model and any special circumstances that need to be clarified. You will not be able to generate output from FICAT unless the note field contains text. After opening or starting a project, the first time you click on a tab for one of the elements at the left of the screen, you will be taken to the introduction screen for that element. After clicking next at the bottom of the screen, you will be taken to a data entry screen. Thereafter, when you click on the tab at the left, you will be taken directly to the data entry screen. To return to the material in the introduction screen for each element of FICAT, click on Help/Introduction in the upper-right of the screen. The data entry screen is completed area-by-area. To start a new area, click on Area/New at the upperleft (above Land Use Area in bold type). This will open a data entry window with multiple tabs. For each separate area, all tabs must be completed. In some places, you will need to enter text or a numeric value. In other places you will select from choices presented to you in drop-down lists, taken from IPCC s 2006 guidelines. Where the lists do not include exact matches for your project, select the option that best matches your project s expected carbon impact. At the bottom of many screens is Help text providing explanations for many of the parameters. When you click on a parameter, the explanation (where available) will appear in this Help window. On the right hand side is a running summary of the information you have entered. On the General Information tab, you will enter the name you have given the area for which you are entering information, its size in hectares and the project life. Drop-down lists are then used to indicate

10 10 what general type of land cover is involved and to describe the general region and climate. Choose the best possible matches for your situation. Unless a data entry window or drop down screen is deactivated, you must enter/select a value. When you have finished, click next at the bottom of the screen. In most cases, this will take you to the Land Use Information screen where you will continue entering data. (The exception is if you choose Settlement for land use, in which case you skip the Land Use Information screen.) On the Land Use Information screen, choose the best possible matches for your situation. Unless a data entry window or drop down screen is deactivated, you must enter/select a value. On the Biomass range line, select a value from the drop down menu that is appropriate given the value shown to the immediate right. [Note: The pre- and post-project general soil types must match i.e. both must be mineral soils or both must be organic soils.] When you are finished with this screen, again click next. This will bring you to the Pools and Parameters screen. This screen shows the carbon-related parameter values associated with your selections based on IPCC default values. The left-hand column names the parameter and, where available, shows the average and range for that parameter from IPCC. The Default value column shows the IPCC default value. If you do not want to use the IPCC default value, you can change the values in the enter new value column. The values in the enter new value column are those that are used in the calculations. To begin, these are the IPCC defaults but they can be changed by entering a different number directly in the cell. It is recommended that you also enter a short description of the basis for value for your selection (e.g you might explain that the above-ground biomass value is from a growth and yield model or you might simply explain that you used the IPCC default). This information is not used in the calculations but may be helpful later on in documenting what you have done. The bottom line of the pools and parameters page shows the total land based carbon in tonnes per hectare except when the user has selected drained or undrained organic soils (e.g. peat and muck) from the drop down menu on the land use information screen. For organic soils, the total shown on the pools and parameters page does not include soil carbon because IPCC does not characterize organic soils in terms of carbon stocks per hectare but in terms of an emission rate per hectare for drained organic soils. (FICAT uses the simplifying assumption that the emission factor is zero for undrained organic soils.) When the user selects organic soils, FICAT uses the appropriate emission factor in subsequent calculations even though the total shown on the pools and parameters page does not include soil carbon for organic soils. After all of the values in the enter new value column are those that you want to use in the calculations for the specified area, click Save. This will save the data, perform the calculations and take you to a Summary screen. On the summary screen you will see, for each area that has been entered into the project file, the general description of the area in the pre-project and post-project conditions and, further down the screen, the results of the calculations in terms of carbon and CO 2 emissions per year in

11 11 the pre-project and post-project conditions. You will note that, after you first create and save an area, the model assigns the same values to the pre-project and post-project condition. To modify one of these, double click on the appropriate line in this summary screen. This will take you back to the data entry screens for the pre- or post-project condition you selected. To add a new area, click on Area/New at the top of the Summary screen. This will return you to a blank data entry module. An area can be deleted by clicking on Area/Delete. Results After you have saved the values in the pools and parameters screen, you are taken to a summary table. The top of the table summarizes the individual pre- and post-project land areas. To edit any of these, double click on the row of interest. At the bottom of the screen are the results of the analysis by area. The first column is the area name assigned by the user. The second column is the annualized flux of carbon to the atmosphere (equal to pre-project carbon stocks per hectare minus post-project carbon stocks per hectare per year). A negative flux is a net removal of carbon from the atmosphere. The third column is the same value converted into units of CO 2. The right-hand column is the total CO 2 emissions per year over the area in question. These are shown for the individual areas as well as the overall total. Common situations requiring additional explanation Wood is obtained from a long-established forest where sustainable forest management practices help ensure that long-term average carbon stocks are stable or it can be demonstrated that there is no change in carbon stocks attributable to the products entered in the model. In many cases, companies are obtaining wood from land that has been in sustainably managed forest for many years. In these cases, there may be no interest in looking at a pre-project condition that predates the establishment of the managed forest. Instead, in the absence of contrary information, it may be reasonable to assume that the company s use of the forest is having little impact on long-term average forest ecosystem carbon stocks. This is easily handled in FICAT by using exactly the same pre-project and post-project conditions, implying that the forest will regrow into the same type of forest as existed before harvesting. This can also be done by entering no data at all in this element. This should be documented in the Notes. A forest supplies wood to multiple operations, only some of which are of interest. Many managed forests supply wood to multiple operations or multiple companies. In these cases, it will usually be impossible to specify an area of land where the effects of forest management are due only to the company using FICAT. One way to handle this situation in FICAT is to start with the total area of land supplying wood to the operation being modeled, but

12 12 for purposes of FICAT, input a fraction of this area reflecting the fraction of the wood that goes to the user s operation from this land. In other words, if the operation draws wood from 1000 hectares but only 20% of the wood from this land goes to the operation being modeled, enter 200 hectares in FICAT. The model user has forest carbon data that could be used in the calculations but it is not in the same format as shown in the pools and parameters window of the model. To use the model, the user enters information on the general information and land use information windows. This then populates the rows of the pools and parameters window. It is on the pools and parameters window that the default values selected from IPCC guidance can be changed. Where companies have forest carbon data that can be used in FICAT, this is encouraged because the default forest carbon information in the model is known to have a very high uncertainty associated with it. In some cases, however, the user s information may not fit the parameters shown in the pools and parameters window. For instance, a company may have a study that describes only the total forest ecosystem carbon, but not the individual components shown on the pools and parameters window. In this case, the user can use trialand-error to vary the different changeable parameter values until the bottom line total is equal to the desired value. Tricking FICAT into generating the correct value for total land use carbon will not cause problems because the parameters in the pools and parameters window are not used elsewhere in the model. The user has forest carbon data in terms of tons of carbon added or lost per year per hectare. FICAT is normally used to characterize the long-term impact of the project activity. The user, however, be interested on the annual carbon accumulation during the period of transition between the stead state pre-project and post-project conditions (for instance, over the period when plantations are being established). The user can enter values in the Pools and Parameters tab that reflect actual year-to-year stock changes or are derived from an estimate of what the average annual change in carbon stocks per hectare are over the project period. When estimating year-to-year changes in carbon stocks, it is important to (a) include annual stock losses as well as gains and (b) limit the sum of annual changes over time to the total net gain seen over the long term. FICAT drop down window does not include the parameter value I need. The land-based carbon calculations in FICAT are based on IPCC s 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The IPCC does not provide parameter values for many situations that a company may encounter. For example, IPCC does not provide a default value for above ground forest biomass in temperate, natural forests in Africa. In such cases, the user will have to select the parameter values that are expected to yield the most accurate estimates.

13 13 Element 2 - Carbon in Products Introduction In this element of FICAT, you enter data needed to characterize the fate of carbon in forest products (intermediate and final) as they are used and at the end-of-life. The data you enter here is also used in a number of other places in the model it is best to complete this element before moving to elements 3 through 10. At the end of this section, we provide guidance on how you can address several common situations you may encounter where the carbon-in-product input screens do not seem appropriate for your circumstances. In order to provide transparency regarding the internal consistency of the carbon accounting, FICAT asks that the user estimate what fraction of the wood used to manufacture products entered in the carbon in products element (not including recovered fiber) come from land areas entered in the land-based carbon element of FICAT. To enter this value, click on product/wood percentage in the upper left of the data entry window. In case where no data was entered "land-based carbon" element because was assumed that carbon stocks were stable, the user should enter "100%". Ideally, this number should always be as closed as possible to 100%. Calculation framework The approach used to model the fate of carbon in products is based on concepts embedded in IPCC reporting guidelines. The specific approach, however, is different from IPCC guidelines because some of the calculation methods that are suited to national-level accounting are not appropriate for companies or other entities. The significance of carbon in products is determined by using published time-in-use information from IPCC or other sources. This information, in the form of first order mathematical relationships, is used to estimate the amount of carbon that will still be in use after 100 years. This 100-year carbon, for purposes of FICAT, is considered to be a removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere (i.e. a negative emission). Two methods are available in FICAT for estimating carbon storage in products in use. The 100-year end point first order method estimates the amount of carbon remaining products 100 years after they are manufactured. The 100-year weighted average first order method, estimates the weighted average carbon that is stored in products in use over a 100 year period following the product s manufacture. The calculation of these is explained in the FICAT documentation. The user selects from between these two methods in the Project Information drop down menu found by clicking on File/Project Information at the upper-left of the screen. After use, a certain fraction of used material will often be sent to landfills. Studies have shown that because modern landfills contain very little oxygen, some of the carbon in forest products is essentially

14 14 non-degradable. In particular, lignin is non-degradable under anaerobic conditions and may remain in landfills for very long periods. FICAT uses current data on the ultimate fate of carbon in landfills for different types of forest products to identify that fraction of carbon that can be considered, for all intents and purposes, permanently stored in landfills. This carbon is considered a removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere (i.e. a negative emission). The methane emissions associated with forest products decaying in landfills are calculated in Element 9 of FICAT. For biomass materials that are sold specifically as energy products, the model assumes that there is no storage of carbon. Getting Started Before beginning, click on Notes on the top menu and enter enough information, in sentence form, to help a reader understand the general scope of what is included in the calculations in this part of the model and any special circumstances that need to be clarified. You cannot generate FICAT output without having text in the Notes field. To use this element of FICAT you will need to separate the products manufactured by the entity of interest into categories, using common industry terminology selected via drop down windows. You may need to divide a single product type into two groups with different descriptions if, for instance, they are shipped to two different markets with very different end-of-life methods for disposed products. In addition, you will need to identify intermediate products in the value chain and enter them separately. For instance, purchased market pulp should be entered as a product even if it is used to make another product. In the case of market pulp, and other intermediate products, the half-life in use should be shown as 0.01 years and the amounts sent to end-of-life should be set to zero. In addition to the amounts of different types of products manufactured, you will need general information on the waste management practices in markets where the final products are used and disposed. Finally, you will need to know the fraction of manufacturing waste that is landfilled and the type of landfill that is most likely used (via a selection in a drop down window). Data entry To begin data entry, click on the Next button below and then click Product and New in the menu at the top of the screen. You must complete all entry fields. The window to the right tells you what information you have entered for the product you are working on. After entering the amount of product, and giving this amount a descriptor, you indicate the category via selections in a drop down window labeled Select Type. The categories cover most pulp, paper, paperboard and wood products in commerce but if you cannot find a category that matches your need, select the category that is closest in terms of the product s composition (e.g. bleached pulp vs unbleached pulp or coated vs uncoated, etc) and how is used. If the same product goes to multiple

15 15 markets, it may be necessary to subdivide the amounts to reflect the specific use patterns or end-of-life management methods used in different markets. On the other hand, if all of the product is used in the say way and is likely to be managed similarly at end of life, it can be combined into a single product description. Default values are included for the biomass carbon fraction for different products and their half-life during use. (Half-life is the time over which one-half of the original material has been removed from use. The half-life is used in a first order equation to model the amount remaining in use over time.) You may change the default values for both the biomass carbon fraction and the half-life in use. For instance, a more accurate biomass carbon fraction can be calculated as follows: Biomass carbon content = 0.5 X [Product amount (tonnes/yr)-papermaking additives for that products (tonnes/yr)]/[product amount (tonnes/yr)] You move to the next screen by clicking on next at the bottom of the screen. On the next screen, you must provide information on how the used product will be managed at the endof-life. This screen will be absent if you selected Cradle-to-Gate for system boundaries. For Cradle-to- Grave studies, however, you will need to know the fraction of used product that is burned for energy, recycled and landfilled. The sum of these fractions should not exceed 1 but may be less than one if some used product is managed by methods other than these three (e.g. used in compost or used as an intermediate product). For instance, if market pulp is part of the value chain, it will be entered as a product, but the fractions of market pulp burned for energy, recycled and landfilled will be zero. These parameter values will not be zero, however, for the final products made from market pulp. For biomass materials that are sold specifically as energy products, FICAT assumes that all of the material is burned for energy. For material going to landfill, you will need to select the type of landfill. This determines the fraction of disposed product that decomposes under anaerobic conditions. (More information is contained in the Emissions: End-of-Life element of this model). In developed countries, the large majority of landfills are managed anaerobic. If the used product is not primarily going to one type of landfill, you will need to divide the product into two groups, providing different descriptions for each group and doing the data entry separately for each. The carbon permanently sequestered is the non-degradable fraction under anaerobic conditions, based on current science. These values can be changed the user. Uncollected methane oxidized is your assumption about the fraction of methane in the landfill that is oxidized as it moves through the landfill cover. The normal default, used by IPCC and others, is 10%. Many modern landfills are equipped with capping systems designed to collect and burn methane. You will need to enter a value for the fraction of methane generated from you product that is collected and burned. This may be available from national government sources in the markets where your products

16 16 are used. Alternatively, you can estimate this fraction by multiplying 0.75 by the fraction of waste placed in landfills with methane capture systems, the 0.75, representing IPCC s default assumption that methane capture and burning systems destroy 75% of the methane generated in these landfills. For instance, if 36% of landfills have such systems, about 27% (=0.75*36%) of generated methane is destroyed in systems with methane capture and burning systems. The third screen (tab) in this element deals with solid waste from the facilities that manufacture the product. This is a small contributor to the total carbon profile so FICAT uses default generation rate values (based on a percentage of production) to estimate the amount of waste generated, but these defaults can be changed by the user. Note that the wood product waste factor is large because it includes sawdust, chips and other materials that may be wastes, but are more often co-products or byproducts (frequently used as fuel or raw materials by other facilities). Normally, only a small fraction of the residuals from wood products plants is waste and the value entered in this field should be only waste material. Co-products and by-products should be entered as separate products in the Carbon in products element. Biomass carbon content is assumed to be 50%, but this also can be changed by the user. The user must enter the fraction landfilled and the type of landfill. When you click save, you are taken to a summary screen for Element 2 where you see the results in terms of the amounts of carbon stored in products in use, products in landfills and manufacturing waste landfill sites. To enter a new product, click on Product/New at the top of the page. To change the values for an existing row, double click on the row. To delete a product that has already been entered, click on Product/Delete Selected. Results As the information for each product is saved, the information is shown on an Element 2 summary table. Some of the summary information for the products is shown on the top half of the screen while the results of the calculations, in units of CO 2 equivalents per year, are shown on the bottom of the screen. If the study is using Cradle-to-Grave boundaries, the first column of the results at the bottom of the screen identifies the type of product. The second column shows the net carbon storage (in CO 2 eq./yr) in products-in-use over a 100-year period (a positive number is a net removal from the atmosphere). The third column is the carbon storage in products in landfills (in CO 2 eq./yr), calculated over a period of time long enough to let all degradable carbon decompose to CO 2 and CH 4. The fourth column is the carbon in mill wastes that is stored in landfills (in CO 2 eq./yr). The right-hand column is the total of the three columns to its left. A grand total is shown at the bottom of the screen. If the study is using Cradle-to-Gate boundaries, the summary at the bottom is divided into two parts. The first shows the carbon in sold products. This will be useful in extending the assessment downstream. The second shows the carbon permanently stored in manufacturing wastes in landfills, in CO 2 equivalents.

17 17 Common situations requiring additional explanation One type of product is shipped to many different places that have dissimilar end-of-life practices. Because the end of life is very important to the profile, the product, as it is entered in the carbon in products area of the model, should be divided into several pieces, each one reflecting a different end-of-life profile. For instance, if the mill produces free sheet, it might divide the production into free sheet shipped to North America and free sheet shipped to China. Market pulp is made into many different products Market pulp is an intermediate product and should be selected from the drop down list of products in FICAT. The half life in use for market pulp should be very short (e.g years) and the amounts of market pulp going to end-of-life (burning for energy, recycling, landfill) should be shown as zero. The products made from the market pulp, however, will have non-zero values for half-life in use and end-of-life management. Much of the material considered waste in the manufacturing waste generation rate is sometimes valuable by-product material (e.g. sawdust from lumber mills). There are many situations in the forest products sector, especially in wood products manufacturing, where a material is generated that has no useful purpose at the facility but can serve as a useful raw material at a different facility i.e. they are by-products or co-products. In most cases, these co-products and by-products should be entered as separate products by the user since they are not waste materials. The extent to which the downstream emissions associated with by-products and co-products are included in FICAT should be noted in the notes field (button at the top of the page). Care should be taken not to double count upstream emissions associated with these co-products and by-products. One common example of a by-product is the sale of sawdust by a lumber mill to be used as fuel elsewhere (i.e. a biomass energy product). To handle this in FICAT, the waste generation rate of the sawmill can be adjusted so that it no longer includes this by-product material. A new product can then be created in FICAT a biomass energy product - and the appropriate information entered. Because it is assumed that the only downstream emissions related to biomass energy products are transport-related emissions and the CH 4 and N 2 O associated with combustion. These situations require very little additional work in FICAT. In cases where by-products are used a raw materials for other forest products, however, the situation may be more complicated. In most cases, these can be considered intermediate products. An example would be sawdust or chips from a lumber mill used to produce market pulp. The user should create a new product in FICAT (e.g. chips) but the half-life in use will be

18 18 very short and end-of-life management parameters will all be zero. The products made from the chips will be entered separately as products in FICAT. There are many products for which there are no default data in FICAT There are many products that can be produced from forests. FICAT includes default parameter values for those produced in the largest amounts globally. To use the model on products not listed (e.g. furniture), the user will either have to find the information required by the model, or will have to select a product type in the model that is similar to the one of interest with respect to the of the downstream emissions expected in manufacturing, transport and end-of-life. Perhaps the best source of additional data is life cycle inventories done on the product of interest. My products are shipped to foreign countries and I do not know how products are managed at end-of-life in those countries. Information is often available from the national government authorities. The greenhouse gas inventories submitted under the UNFCCC can be good sources of information on the disposal practices for waste. Unfortunately, information is seldom available for individual types of material. It may be necessary to assume that your used product is managed in the same way as municipal solid wastes. IPCC has published default values for landfilling of solid waste for many of the regions of the world. These are shown in the table below. It must be noted, however, that an examination of the IPCC values suggests that some of the factors are based on municipal solid waste before used paper is recovered for recycling or otherwise removed from the waste stream. In these cases, using these numbers will yield high estimates of paper going to landfill. Other sources suggest that North America, approximately 40% of used paper (before recovery for recycling) is landfilled whereas in the EU-15, a more reasonable estimate is probably 30%. 1 These same sources suggest that about one-half of used paper is recovered for recycling in the EU-15 and US but only 10% is burned for energy in the US whereas in the EU-15, the fraction burned for energy is likely closer to 20%. Fraction of Discards Sent to Landfills (IPCC 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories) Eastern Asia 0.55 South-Central Asia Waste Management Options and Climate Change: Final Report, ED21158R4.1, July 2001 Table 13 suggests a value of 40% for 2000, but it is now likely lower due to the EU waste directive which greatly limits the landfilling of organic waste. The approximations above assume that the reduced landfilling in the EU-15 was accompanied by increased burning for energy.

19 19 South-East Asia 0.59 Africa 0.69 Eastern Europe 0.90 Northern Europe 0.47 Southern Europe 0.85 Western Europe 0.47 Caribbean 0.83 Central America 0.50 South America 0.54 North America 0.58 Oceania 0.85 In selecting the type of landfill, in developed countries it is reasonable to assume that most of the waste is sent to managed-anaerobic landfills. In the least developed countries, it is reasonable to assume that waste is sent to unmanaged shallow landfills. Again, national government authorities or publications may have information that allows the user to determine this. Likewise, the user may not know what fraction of methane is collected and burned in the countries where its products are sold. Recent national inventory reports suggest that 0.5 is a reasonable value to use in the EU-15 2 and the US while 0.25 may be more appropriate for Canada. Other developed countries are expected to fall within this range. In the developing and least developed countries, very little of the methane is collected and burned. I am producing fuel wood from the forest. It is burned for energy but this burning is not an endof-life management method. How do I show this in the tool. To allow the tool to properly perform the calculations, you should enter this wood as a Biomass Energy Product in FICAT. My mill produces several different products but the solid wastes are combined so I do not know what the waste generation rate is for each product. Waste generation rate is expressed as a fraction of the weight of the specific product being considered. If multiple products are produced, allocate total mill solid waste among the different products. You can use the same waste generation rate for each product or use different waste generate rates for different products as long as the resulting total amount of solid waste is equal to the total generated by the mill. The user is in a situation (for instance a given standard or protocol) where the consideration of carbon stored in products in use is not allowed. 2 Waste Management Options and Climate Change: Final Report, ED21158R4.1, July 2001

20 20 In this case, the user can choose any of the two methods for product storage but will have to set every product "half-life in use" to 0.01 (see below). My mill uses significant quantities of papermaking additives that contain carbon (e.g., starch, calcium carbonate) that might be significant to the end-of-life emissions associated with my products. How do I enter the data so that I correctly calculate these emissions? If the carbon contained in papermaking additives degrades in landfills it can affect end-of-life emissions. Three different situations can occur: 1) the carbon in the additive is degradable and of fossil source, 2) the carbon in the additive is degradable and is bio-based, and 3) the carbon in the additive non degradable. Situation 1: FICAT is not able to handle, but it is very unlikely to happen. In this case, the user can calculate the methane and carbon dioxide emissions outside FICAT (for instance by using the formulas in FICAT documentation), multiply these emissions by their respective global warming potentials and report them separately (for instance in the Notes of the "End-of-Life" element. Situation 2: An example of situation where the carbon in the additive is degradable and biobased is if corn or potato starch is used as a papermaking additive. In this case, FICAT can be tricked by changing the product biomass carbon content and the "Carbon that is permanently sequestered" values to reflect the overall characteristics of the fiber and additive. Situation 3: In some cases the additive can be non-degradable, for instance calcium carbonate. In these cases, the carbon in the additive can be ignored.

21 21 Element 3: Emissions Manufacturing Introduction This element of FICAT addresses greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuel combustion in manufacturing, and imports and exports of greenhouse gases by manufacturing facilities. Emissions from landfills attributable to the decomposition of mill wastes are calculated in the end-of-life section of the model. Other minor emissions from manufacturing facilities are not included. FICAT is intended to characterize the complete forest products value chain. Therefore, the user must attempt to include information on manufacturing operations in the value chain whether or not they are owned/controlled by the user. Calculation Framework FICAT relies on the framework of the WRI/WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol, associated calculation tools and IPCC emission factors. It is able to calculate emissions from fossil fuel use data or the user can enter emissions directly. Emissions can be calculated or entered by combustion unit or by facility. For fossil fuels, emissions estimates include CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O. For biomass fuels, emissions estimates include CH 4 and N 2 O. Biomass-derived CO 2 emissions are calculated and shown as added information but are not included in emissions totals. As regards imports and exports of greenhouse gases, the most common situations involve (a) exports of combustion gases to a nearby facility for use in making precipitated calcium carbonate and (b) imports of CO 2 for various purposes in the mill (e.g. neutralization). In the context of the value chain, these emissions/imports are small and usually can be ignored where doing so is consistent with the intended use of the model output. In any event, FICAT does not subtract exported emissions from the mill s total emissions. The entries are included as added information only. Getting started Before beginning, click on Notes on the top menu and enter enough information, in sentence form, to help a reader understand the general scope of what is included in the calculations in this part of the model and any special circumstances that need to be clarified. FICAT will not generate output unless the Notes fields are completed. To add a combustion source (boiler, facility, company), click on Source/New Combustion Source at the upper left of the screen. Combustion Sources To understand the profile of your value chain, you need to include combustion-related emissions associated with the following manufacturing activities.

22 22 Fuel consumption in primary (intermediate) manufacturing (e.g. the production of pulp, paper and paperboard, lumber, panels, etc.) Fuel consumption in secondary (final) manufacturing, sometimes called converting (the conversion of primary products into final products; e.g. boxes, cartons, newspapers, magazines, furniture, houses, etc.) You should include all of these. For instance, if you manufacture book paper from purchased pulp, in addition to emissions associated with fuels you burn, you must include the upstream combustionrelated emissions from pulp manufacturing and the downstream emissions from printing and book production. For sources where you have information on fuel use, FICAT can calculate the emissions for you. This is done by (a) selecting Source/New Combustion Source at the top of the page, (b) naming the new source in the source description column, (c) clicking on the button at the far right of the row to open the emissions calculator, and (d) then entering the types and amounts of fuel burned by that source. The emission factors in the emissions calculator can be changed by the user. If you want to enter the emissions directly rather than calculate them from fuel use, the emissions can be entered directly into the fourth column from the left, labeled Sum CO 2 eq. not including CO 2 from biomass. Emissions from each source must be classified as being direct or indirect. If you own or control the source, the emissions are direct emissions. Otherwise, they are indirect. You designate the type of emission by using the drop down menu in the second column, headed source emission type. A source can either be an individual boiler or an entire facility because the calculator allows the user to enter multiple fuels for each source. The emission factors used in the calculator are from IPCC s 2006 Guidelines. If you are lacking information on the combustion-related emissions from primary manufacturing, you can use the following defaults to estimate the emissions. The estimate can then be entered in the tool by creating a new source and entering the CO 2 emissions directly.