Rise of Collaborative Mobility: Americas Perspective. Susan Shaheen, PhD Twitter: SusanShaheen1 LinkedIn: Susan Shaheen

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1 Rise of Collaborative Mobility: Americas Perspective Susan Shaheen, PhD Twitter: SusanShaheen1 LinkedIn: Susan Shaheen

2 Overview Latest industry benchmarks Shared mobility research overview One-way carsharing (car2go) College/university carsharing (Zipcar) P2P carsharing benchmarks: the Americas Peer-to-peer (p2p) carsharing Upcoming research Concluding thoughts UC 2015 UC Berkeley, 2017

3 Defining Shared Mobility Shared mobility the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or other low-speed travel mode is an innovative transportation strategy that enables users to have short-term access to a mode of transportation on an as-needed basis. Shaheen et al., 2016 UC Berkeley, UC

4 Shared Mobility Impacts Environmental Effects Can yield lower GHG emissions via decreased VMT, low-emission vehicles, carbon offset programs Can reduce vehicle ownership Social Effects Offers pay-as-you-go alternative to vehicle ownership Reasonable for college students and low-income households Can increases mobility of low-income residents, disabled, and college students Provides car use without bearing full ownership cost Transportation Network Effects Takes cars off the road via reduced VMT, forgone/delayed vehicle purchases or sale of vehicle Reduced parking demand Can complement/complete with alternative transportation modes, e.g., public transit, walking, biking, etc., and can help address first and last mile issue Shaheen, 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

5 North American Membership Growth Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

6 North American Vehicle Growth Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

7 European Carsharing Growth 2016 Data Collection Ongoing Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

8 Asian Carsharing Growth 2016 Data Collection Ongoing Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

9 Recent Study of One-Way Carsharing Martin et al., 2016 UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

10 Vehicle and GHG Impacts from Free- Floating One-Way Carsharing City Calgary, AB (n=1,498) San Diego, CA (n=824) Seattle, WA (n=2,887) Vancouver, BC (n=1,010) Washington, D.C. (n=1,127) Vehicles Sold Vehicles Suppressed (foregone purchases) Total Vehicles Removed per Carsharing Vehicle Range of Vehicles Removed per Carsharing Vehicle % Reduction in VMT by Car2go Hhd % Reductio n in GHGs by Car2go Hhd to 11-6% -4% to 7-7% -6% to 10-10% -10% to 9-16% -15% to 8-16% -18% Martin and Shaheen, 2016 UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

11 Recent Study of Zipcar s College/University Market: Fall 2016 n=~10,000 Stocker et al UC Berkeley, 2017

12 Recent Study of Zipcar s College/University Market: Fall % to -2.6% Reduction of GHG emissions -1% to -5% Reduction of VMT VMT reductions are greatest in urban landuse contexts Members of Southern and Canadian campuses have the greatest VMT reductions Stocker et al UC Berkeley, 2017

13 P2P Carsharing: Study Methodology Two focus groups in April 2013 Online survey in Spring 2014 n = 1,151 3 U.S. P2P carsharing operator Six stakeholder interviews between mid-2013 and early Shaheen et al., 2017 UC 2015 UC Berkeley, 2017

14 P2P Carsharing: The Americas (as of January 2017) Operator census collected between January and July 2017 The Americas (U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Brazil): 7 P2P Operators 2.9 million members 131,336 estimated vehicles Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015 UC Berkeley, 2017

15 P2P Carsharing User Survey: Demographics Age 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 55% US Population ( year ACS) Survey, N = % 17% 17% 17% 16% 8% 9% 8% 7% 10% 6% 5% 0% 2% 1% 1% 0% 2% 0% >85 Education Political Opinion 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% US Population ( year ACS) 52% Survey, N = % 21% 19% 13% 8% 8% 0% 1% 3% 11% 34% 0% 1% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% US Population (Pew Research) Survey, N = % 1% 18% 3% 39% 33% 22% 37% 15% 12% 0% 10% Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

16 P2P Carsharing User Survey: Usage Frequency Frequency of Usage of P2P Carsharing Never Less than once a month 1 to 2 uses per month 3 to 4 uses per month 5 to 10 uses per month 11 to 20 uses per month 21 to 30 uses per month 30 uses per month 3% 1% 0% 0% 6% 17% 29% N = % 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

17 P2P Carsharing User Survey: Trip Purpose For what trip purposes do you use P2P carsharing vehicles? 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 15% 10% Go to a restaurant / meal 26% 40% Shopping 29% 19% Long distance recreational overnight trips 39% 31% Long distance recreational day trips 12% 20% Visit friends at their home 16% 25% In-town social / recreational activities Complete Sample, N = uses per month, N = 91 11% 6% Commute to work 1% 2% Commute to school 39% 47% Run errands Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

18 P2P Carsharing User Survey: Reasons for Joining & Vehicle Impacts Please select the statement that best characterizes the circumstances under which you joined P2P carsharing 50% 40% 46% N = % 20% 10% 0% 20% I joined P2P carsharing to earn money by loaning my vehicle(s) I did not have an automobile and joined P2P carsharing to gain mobility. 5% 4% I did not have a A vehicle of mine vehicle but stopped working changes in lifestyle required a vehicle, and I joined P2P carsharing. 7% 6% To occasionally try out different vehicles that I would not otherwise have access to. 2% I needed an I joined P2P additional carsharing and automobile for got rid of at least greater flexibility one vehicle. 10% Other Have you gotten rid of vehicles since joining P2P carsharing? How important was P2P carsharing in facilitating a reduction in the number of vehicles within your household? 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 86% No, I have not gotten rid of any vehicles. 11% Yes I have, BUT NOT because of P2P carsharing N = % Yes, AND because of P2P carsharing 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 66% Very important 26% Somewhat important 9% N = 35 Not too important 0% Not important at all Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

19 P2P Carsharing User Survey: Avoided Vehicle Purchase Shaheen et al., 2017 UC Berkeley, UC Berkeley,

20 Recent Reports fhwahop16022/fhwahop16022.pdf /fhwahop16023/fhwahop16023.pdf report/ / UC Berkeley, 2017

21 Recent Book: Disrupting Mobility Available at: Mobility-Impacts-Innovative- Transportation/dp/ Meyer and Shaheen, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2017

22 Upcoming Research (cont d) North American and International Carsharing Market Outlooks (Fall 2017) Impacts Study of Lyft and Uber (Winter 2017) Study will assess the impacts of travel behavior, vehicle ownership, VMT, modal shift, and GHG emissions Bikesharing GHG Study (Fall 2017) UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

23 Upcoming Research (cont d) Mobility on Demand (MOD) Concept of Operations (forthcoming) Defines Mobility on Demand Reviews the state of the industry, key trends, ecosystem, and enablers Provides a framework for analyzing MOD and shared mobility based on varying types of urbanization Discusses policies, standards and performance measures impacting MOD UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

24 Upcoming Research: FTA Sandbox UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

25 Upcoming Research: MOD Sandbox Independent Evaluation U.S. Federal Transit Administration Mobility on Demand Sandbox ( ) $8 million funding for an array of mobility pilots with 11 partners (12 locations) Booz Allen Hamilton and TSRC leading the independent evaluation for all sites Measure project impacts and identify factors that may support or impede innovative transportation service models UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

26 Subscribe for Latest Updates Subscribe for the latest updates (Innovative Mobility Highlights, Carsharing Outlooks, Policy Briefs, Research Highlights and more!) at: (bottom of home page) UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

27 Final Thoughts Change is now very fast, although may feel incremental; is disruption now a constant? Ultimately, will people care less about driving and more about connecting with media in vehicles? Future something we are creating now. We have ability to forecast what is coming and create preferred outcomes. Need more emphasis on social engineering (e.g., machine learning) Need more data and research understanding (e.g., pilots) Shaheen, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

28 Acknowledgements Shared mobility operators, experts, and industry associations Federal Highway Administration Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jose State University California Department of Transportation American Planning Association Adam Cohen, Rachel Finson, Elliot Martin, Corwin Bell, Adam Stocker, Mark Jaffee, TSRC, UC Berkeley UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015

29 Susan Shaheen, Ph.D. Twitter: SusanShaheen1 LinkedIn: Susan Shaheen UC Berkeley, 2017 UC Berkeley, 2015