WASTE MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY IN SEMARANG

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1 Iteratioal Joural of Civil Egieerig ad Techology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_134 Available olie at ISSN Prit: ad ISSN Olie: IAEME Publicatio Scopus Idexed WASTE MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY IN SEMARANG Hastarii Dwi Atmati Departmet of Ecoomics Developmet Studies Faculty of Ecoomics ad Busiess, Dipoegoro Uiversity, Semarag-Idoesia Hadi Sasaa Departmet of Ecoomics Developmet Studies Faculty of Ecoomics ad Busiess, Dipoegoro Uiversity, Semarag-Idoesia Yuliai Setyaigsih Occupatioal Safety ad Health Departmet Faculty of Public Health,Dipoegoro Uiversity, Semarag- Idoesia ABSTRACT I this paper aim is to measure the efficiecy of waste maagemet i Semarag, Idoesia. Data Evelopmet Aalysis (DEA) was used i this study to measure the relative efficiecy betwee s as DMU (Decisio Makig Uit). The variable iputs used are trash bis, trash rickshaws, arm roll trucks ad cotaiers. The output of the variables used is the volume of waste produced i each. Aalytical study. This research was carried out i the rage of The total data is 176. DEA aalysis i this study uses two models, amely the CCR model assumig Costat Retur to Scale ad the iput-orieted BCC model with the assumptio of Retur to Scale Variables. The umber of DMUs that are efficiet i the iput-orieted BCC model is more tha the CCR model. Keywords: waste maagemet, efficiecy, DEA, BCC model, CCR model. Cite this Article: Hastarii Dwi Atmati, Hadi Sasaa ad Yuliai Setyaigsih, Waste Maagemet Efficiecy i Semarag. Iteratioal Joural of Civil Egieerig ad Techology, 10(04), 2019, pp INTRODUCTION Muicipal Solid Waste Maagemet (MSWM) is a priciple for maagig solid waste i urba areas. Maagemet of muicipal solid waste requires proper ifrastructure, maiteace, ad quality improvemet i every waste processig activity. Maagemet of muicipal solid waste \ editor@iaeme.com

2 Hastarii Dwi Atmati, Hadi Sasaa ad Yuliai Setyaigsih becomes more expesive ad complex due to sustaiable waste growth ad the complexity of urba problems (Sharholy, Ahmad, Mahmood, & Trivedi, 2008) [1]. Waste maagemet i Idoesia is regulated by Law No. 18 of 2008 cocerig Waste Maagemet. Operatioal egieerig activities for urba waste maagemet i waste maagemet systems i Idoesia must be itegrated, cosistig of ladfill activities to waste fial disposal (Natioal Stadards Agecy, 2013) [2]. Meawhile, i the Semarag City, as oe of the cities i Idoesia, waste maagemet is regulated i the Regioal Regulatio No. 6 of 2011 cocerig Waste Maagemet. I the regioal regulatio, it is stated that everyoe is obliged to reduce ad hadle waste i a evirometally soud maer. I fact, the resposibility for waste maagemet has bee bore by the govermet. The role of govermet is very importat i the provisio of solid waste ifrastructure, as a form of govermet service to the commuity (Calla & Thomas, 2013) [3]. Reality shows that iadequate equipmet capacity ad lack of equipmet maiteace are foud i may areas. Procuremet of goods by the govermet is costraied by complex systems. This is oe of the govermet's failures to create optimal coditios (Hyma, 2014) [4]. Accordig to (Faizah, 2008) [5], the govermet's role i maagig waste oly reaches 40.09% i urba areas ad 1.02% i rural areas. The icrease i the volume of urba solid waste is due to several iterrelated parameters, amely populatio growth (Yüksel, 2012) [6], ecoomic growth (Okumura, Tasaki, Moriguchi, & Jagprajak, 2016) [7], commuity ecoomic activity (Sjöström & Östblom, 2010) [8] ad cosumptio (Aderso, 2013) [9]. Icreased waste volume is ot balaced with waste maagemet. Waste maagemet i developig coutries is faced with complex problems such as icreasig solid waste geeratio, o-log-term waste maagemet rules, waste collectio ad ufavorable waste trasportatio, poor fial processig, low techology, ad lack of commuity awareess i maagig waste (Guerrero, Maas, & Hoglad, 2013) [10]. Waste maagemet is still doe covetioally, where waste is cocetrated i the ladfill. If the waste is oly cocetrated i the ladfill, it ca shorte the life of the ladfill ad have a impact o evirometal pollutio, both water, soil ad air, so that waste has the potetial to reduce the quality of atural resources, cause floodig ad social coflict, ad cause various diseases (Keim, 2008) [11]. Oe of the developig coutries is Idoesia, ad oe of the cities is Semarag City. Semarag City is the capital of Cetral Java Provice. Semarag city is the biggest waste producer i Cetral Java. Semarag City is betwee the lies ' ' South Latitude ad the lies of ' ' East Logitude (Cetral Bureau Statistics, 2014) [12]. The trigger for the amout of waste i Semarag City is the icrease i populatio, it was oted that i 2011 the populatio of Semarag City reached 1,544,358 ihabitats, i 2012 there were 1,559,198 ihabitats ad i 2013 there were 1,572,105 ihabitats editor@iaeme.com

3 Waste Maagemet Efficiecy i Semarag Figure 1. Source of Waste Geeratio i Semarag at 2013 Source: (Cetral Bureau Statistics, 2014) [12] Figure 1 shows that the biggest waste comes from residetial / household ad at least comes from the chael. Sources of waste geeratio i Semarag City come from settlemets (households), markets, commercial (shops, restaurats, hotels), public facilities, sweep roads, idustrial areas (No-Hazardous ad Toxic Materials) ad chaels. The waste ca be i the form of orgaic waste ad iorgaic waste. Iorgaic waste cosists of paper, glass, plastic, metal, cloth, rubber ad others. Orgaic waste as the biggest cotributor to waste geerated i Semarag City is 78.34%, while the remaiig 21.66% is o-orgaic waste (Cetral Bureau of Statistics, 2014) [12]. The details of the waste compositio are preseted i the followig Figure 2: Figure 2. Details of Waste Compositio i Semarag at 2013 Source: (Cetral Bureau Statistics, 2014) [12] Accordig to Figure 2, orgaic waste domiates the type of waste i the city of Semarag. Orgaic waste comes from household waste. Meawhile, the most iorgaic waste is plastic waste. Waste maagemet i Semarag City both from households, commerce ad social facilities is mostly disposed at Jatibarag Ladfill. Waste problems i Semarag City are eve more cocerig because Semarag City produces 800 to 1,000 m3 of waste every day. However, the average trasported to the Jatibarag Ladfill is oly 750 tos/day ad the waste maagemet capacity is oly 400 tos/day. This problem occurs because the availability of ifrastructure for waste maagemet is still isufficiet (Alfi, 2013) [13]. Waste maagemet i Semarag City is hadled by the Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy. Accordig to data from the Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy of Semarag City, i 2013 the umber of waste trasport fleets, amely armroll ad dump, was reduced due to damage. I editor@iaeme.com

4 Hastarii Dwi Atmati, Hadi Sasaa ad Yuliai Setyaigsih 2012, the umber of truck armrolls was 85 uits ad dump trucks were 21 uits. The decrease i the umber of fleets is also a costrait to the trasportatio of waste i the city of Semarag. The coditios that occur are the lack of the trasportatio of waste. That is ot accordig to the target of the Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy of Semarag City, so that waste accumulates ad disrupts the collectio schedule. I additio, the coditio of the truck, cotaiers ad may waste bis are also damaged. There are differeces i the umber of cotaiers ad of waste trasportatio i each. So that there is a imbalace i waste maagemet (The Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy, 2013) [14]. This coditio causes waste that has ot bee hadled because the volume of waste cotiues to icrease alog with the icrease i populatio. The waste that was ot hadled i Semarag City i 2014 was aroud m 3 or tos from 4, m 3 (Cetral Bureau Statistics, 2016) [15]. The area of Jatibarag Ladfill is 276,469.8 m 2 for waste lad, 46,018 m 2 for leachete pod ifrastructure, 46,018 m 2 for gree belt ad 46,018 m 2 for cover lad. Solid waste eterig the ladfill per day is 1,000 tos per day. The Jatibarag Ladfill bega operatio i The life spa of the Jatibarag Ladfill is oly 4 to 5 years (with the curret maagemet system) (The Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy, 2017) [16]. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD This study uses secodary data sourced from the Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy of Semarag City which icludes data o the volume of waste per day ad meas of hadlig waste cosistig of trash bis, trash rickshaws, cotaiers ad arm roll trucks owed by each i Semarag City for 11 years, The iput variables used are waste ifrastructure, amely trash bis, trash rickshaws, cotaiers ad truck arm roll, while the output variable is the volume of waste geeratio. The DMU of this research is all s i Semarag City. The s are Ngalia Sub- District, Mije, Guugpati, Bayumaik, Gajah Mugkur, South Semarag, Cadisari, Tembalag Sub- District, Peduruga, Geuk, Gayamsari, East Semarag, North Semarag, Cetral Semarag, West Semarag, Tugu. The aalytical tool used is Data Evelopmet Aalysis (DEA). DEA is a liear programmig methodology for measurig ad evaluatig the relative efficiecy of a series of Decisio Makig Uits (DMU). The efficiecy of the DMU assessed i the DEA is the ratio of total output to total iput [6]. The root of the DEA priciple is based o research coducted by Farrel i 1957 (Farrell, 1957) [17]. There are two models for measurig efficiecy usig the DEA, amely the CCR created by Chares, Cooper ad Rhodes i 1978 (Chares, Cooper, & Rhodes, 1978) [18] ad the BCC created by Baker, Chares ad Cooper i 1984 (Baker, Chares, & Cooper, 1984) [19]. The CCR model is assumed to be a costat retur to scale (CRS). If there is a additioal iput of x times, so it will produce a output that will icrease x times as well. The BCC model is assumed to be a variable retur to scale (VRS). If there is a additioal iput of x times, so it will produce output with a icrease or decrease compared to additioal iputs. The DEA formulatio with the CCR model is as follows: Mi subject to λ j X i,j θ. X i,j editor@iaeme.com

5 Waste Maagemet Efficiecy i Semarag where : X i, j Y r, j λ λ j Y r,j Y r,j 0 λ j 0 : scalar : umber of DMUs : iput (X) i used by DMU j : output (Y) r produced by DMU j : weight The DEA formulatio with the BCC model is as follows: Mi where : X i, j Y r, j λ subject to λ j X i,j θ. X i,j 0 λ j Y r,j Y r,j 0 λ j = 1 λ j 0 : scalar : umber of DMUs : iput (X) i used by DMU j : output (Y) r produced by DMU j : weight 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Muicipal solid waste i the Semarag City as a problem. The volume of the geeratio cotiues to icrease alog with the progress of Semarag City. Not all solid waste are trasported to the Jatibarag Ladfill. Based o DEA aalysis with Baxia Frotier Aalys 3 Professioal versio software, the value of waste maagemet efficiecy per i Semarag City with the assumptio of CCR ad iput orieted BCC are: editor@iaeme.com

6 Hastarii Dwi Atmati, Hadi Sasaa ad Yuliai Setyaigsih Table 1. Efficiecy Calculatio Results with CCR Model Number Achievemet of the Efficiecy Value of the CCR Model 1 Ngalia (2010) 2 Ngalia (2014) 3 Tugu (2014) 4 Tugu (2008) 5 Ngalia (2009) 6 Ngalia (2006) 7 Ngalia (2013) 8 West Semarag Average efficiecy achievemet with the CCR model Note: years i paretheses idicate the year of aalysis, for example, Mije the Mije i 2007 The results of the calculatio of efficiecy aalysis with the CCR model show i Table 1 show that durig the 11 years of aalysis there were 8 s (DMU) that are efficiet or as much as 4.5% ad 168 s (DMU) which are iefficiet or as much as 95.5%. No. Table 2. Efficiecy Calculatio Results with Iput Orieted BCC Model Achievemet of Efficiecy Value of Iput Orieted BCC Models No. Achievemet of Efficiecy Value of Iput Orieted BCC Models 1 Tugu (2004) 20 Tembalag 2 Tugu (2008) 21 Peduruga (2014) 3 Tugu (2014) 22 Peduruga (2011) 4 Tugu 23 Ngalia (2009) 5 Tugu (2006) 24 Ngalia (2012) 6 Tugu (2005) 25 Ngalia (2013) 7 Ngalia (2006) 26 West Semarag 8 Ngalia (2010) 27 West Semarag (2013) 9 Ngalia (2014) 28 Tugu (2011) editor@iaeme.com

7 Waste Maagemet Efficiecy i Semarag No. Achievemet of Efficiecy Value of Iput Orieted BCC Models Cotiued Tabel 2 No. Achievemet of Efficiecy Value of Iput Orieted BCC Models 10 West Semarag (2014) 29 Tugu (2010) 11 West Semarag (2012) 30 Tugu (2013) 12 Mije 31 Tugu (2012) 13 Mije (2013) 32 Tugu (2009) 14 Geuk (2004) 33 Geuk (2006) 15 Gajah Mugkur 34 Ngalia (2005) 16 Cetral Semarag Guugpati 35 (2004) (2014) 17 Cetral Semarag 36 Gayamsari (2009) 18 Gayamsari (2008) 37 East Semarag (2005) 19 North Semarag Bayumaik 38 (2009) (2012) 39 Bayumaik The average efficiecy achievemet of the iput orieted BCC model 99.88% Table 2 shows the efficiecy gais with the BCC iput orietatio model. The results show that durig the 11 years of aalysis, there were 39 s from 176 efficiet Sub- Districts or aroud 22.16% while the iefficiet oes were 77.84%. I accordace with these two models, the amout of iefficiet data is more tha the efficiet oe. This shows that the geeratio of solid waste cotiues to icrease every day alog with the icrease i populatio ad ecoomic activity of the populatio while the facilities for collectig garbage are relatively fixed. The BCC model shows that the efficiet is less tha the efficiet oe, so it shows that the role of the govermet as a provider of public goods icludig waste collectio ifrastructure lack still. This coditio is oe of the govermet's failures i creatig optimal coditios (Hyma, 2014) [4] editor@iaeme.com

8 Hastarii Dwi Atmati, Hadi Sasaa ad Yuliai Setyaigsih Figure 3. s/cities i Cetral Java that Become Refereces Iput Orieted BCC Model Source: ow estimatio, 2017 The five most s as refereces accordig to Figure 3 are West Semarag, Tugu (2008), Ngalia (2009), Tembalag, ad Cetral Semarag. s that are refereces are s that achieve relative efficiecy compared to other Sub- Districts that are iefficiet ad have good performace compared to other s. Iefficiet s are expected to refer to s that have bee efficiet. Based o the BCC model, the iput orietatio is that West Semarag is referred to by 131 other sub-s. West Semarag has relatively efficiet maagemet performace compared to others. 4. CONCLUSION Waste maagemet i the city of Semarag has ot bee efficiet. The coditio of waste ifrastructure i the city of Semarag has suffered may damage, ad trucks that operate are ot optimal i trasportig garbage to the ladfill. Ifrastructure facilities used should be rejuveated or reewed ad adapted to a wide rage of service areas.the iefficiecy of waste maagemet i Semarag City due to iefficiet iputs. This is due to the lack of rejuveatio of ifrastructure ad the low maiteace of existig ifrastructure. Ifrastructure facilities that have ot bee optimal cause there is still garbage that has ot bee hadled properly. REFERENCES [1] Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., Trivedi, R. C. Muicipal Solid Waste Maagemet i Idia Cities-A Review. Waste Maagemet, 28 (2), 2008, pp [2] Natioal Stadards Agecy. SNI , Procedures for Operatioal Maagemet of Urba Waste Maagemet. Jakarta: Natioal Stadards Agecy [3] Calla, S. J. ad Thomas, J. M. Evirometal Ecoomics Ad Maagemet: Theory, Policy, Ad Applicatios. Ohio: Nelso Educatio, Ltd [4] Hyma, D. N. Public Fiace: A Cotemporary Applicatio Of Theory To Policy. Ohio: Nelso Educatio, Ltd editor@iaeme.com

9 Waste Maagemet Efficiecy i Semarag [5] Faizah. Commuity Based Household Waste Maagemet (Case Study i Yogyakarta). (Thesis), Dipoegoro Uiversity, Semarag [6] Yuksel, H. Evaluatig the Success of Waste Collectio Programs of Muicipalities with Data Evelopmet Aalysis. Iteratioal Joural of Evirometal Protectio, 2 (5), 2012, pp [7] Okumura, S., Tasaki, T., Moriguchi, Y. ad Jagprajak, W. Ecoomic growth ad selectio of muicipal waste treatmet optios i Bagkok. Joural of Material Cycles ad Waste Maagemet, 2, 2016, pp [8] Sjöström, M. ad Östblom, G. Decouplig waste geeratio from ecoomic growth A CGE aalysis of the Swedish case. Ecological Ecoomics, 69 (7), 2010, pp [9] Aderso, D. A. Evirometal Ecoomics ad Natural Resource Maagemet. New York, USA: Routledge [10] Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G. ad Hoglad, W. Solid Waste Maagemet Challeges For Cities I Developig Coutries. Waste Maagemet, 33(1), 2013, pp [11] Keim, M. E. Buildig Huma Resiliece: The Role of Public Health Preparedess ad Respose As a Adaptatio to Climate Chage. America Joural of Prevetive Medicie, 35(5), 2008, pp [12] Cetral Bureau Statistics. Cetral Java i Figure Semarag: Cetral Bureau Statistics of Cetral Java ad Regioal Plaig ad Developmet Agecy Cetral Java [13] Alfi, M. 50 Tos of Trash i Semarag City are ot Trasported to Jatibarag Ladfill [Accessed: 5-Jauary-2017]. [14] The Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy. Masterpla of Semarag City Solid Waste. Semarag: The Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy of Semarag City [15] Cetral Bureau Statistics. Data ad Evirometal Iformatio of Cetral Java Semarag: Cetral Bureau Statistics of Cetral Java [16] The Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy. Jatibarag Ladfill. Semarag: The Hygiee ad Ladscapig Agecy of Semarag City [17] Farrell, M. J. The Measuremet Of Productive Efficiecy. Joural of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Geeral), 120(3), 1957, pp [18] Chares, A., Cooper, W. W. ad Rhodes, E. Measurig The Efficiecy Of Decisio Makig Uits. Europea Joural of Operatioal Research, 2(6), 1978, pp [19] Baker, R. D., Chares, A. ad Cooper, W. W. Some Models For Estimatig Techical Ad Scale Iefficiecies I Data Evelopmet Aalysis. Maagemet Sciece, 30(9), 1984, pp editor@iaeme.com