Low Emission Zones in Europe

Transcription

1 Low Emission Zones in Europe Lucy Sadler Low Emission & Environment Zones in Europe Network S adler onsultants C Specialists in air quality policy

2 LEZs in Europe ~1800 in Europe ~1725 in 12 Italian regions Most affect HDVs IT all, DE all but 2-wheel Euro emission standard Most allow DPF retrofits Most have 2+ stages National frameworks Except IT & UK Areas range from London & NRW to small towns in the Po valley

3 Some of the different zones

4 Why LEZs? 1) To improve health, many places not meeting LVs 2) Often most effective urban local policy - transport often largest source - one of the few ways can affect majority of vehicle fleet - brings forward cleaner fleet, reducing particularly harmful emissions 3) Must be considered to apply for LV extension Key hurdles Cost to vehicle operators mitigate with retrofit, exemptions, lead-in time emissions standard set & vehicles affected can be a balance... Stakeholder acceptance (& residents if including cars) bring on board early, health imperative, consultation, information dissemination, clear & well planned LEZ Legal frameworks need to be provided

5 Steps towards an LEZ AQ assessment. Problem? Yes/No: largest sources vehicles; HDV, 2-stroke motorcycles, vans, cars industry, domestic, shipping, aircraft.. What policies are possible? regulatory speed limits, bus/cycle lanes, one way roads, urban planning, cleaner construction schemes, low emission planning strategies, LEZs.. financial carrots / sticks grants or cheap loans for changed behaviour, better/cheaper public transport, cleaner public vehicles, expensive parking, congestion charging, bus rebate for cleaner buses, cheaper insurance.. organisational better public transport, cycling & walking, smoother traffic, less parking. voluntary measures public information campaigns, eco driving courses, tele-working / telemeeting, car pooling.. What has sufficient (or quantifiable) impact? Assessment again

6 Feasibility study Implementing an LEZ AQ, economic, socio impacts; costs; identifying all required tasks; responsibilities; legal aspects; which emissions standard, area, vehicles to be affected; lead-in time required (operators & authority)... Consultation, information dissemination, stakeholder involvement ensure the public are brought on board & informed National framework / laws Implement any legal changes required, build national framework, ensure in line with EU laws Identification of vehicles Stickers, registration number database, retrofit certification, foreign vehicles Retrofits Certified, ensure market can provide Exemption policy & procedure, complimentary measures Implement other measures in air quality action plan (AQAP)...

7 Netherlands LEZs National framework developed together with transport operators, clearly communicated, national website Local schemes under national agreement until national law in place, together with extensive grants for retrofit Clearly laid out LEZ plan, together with comprehensive national & local AQAPs Framework requires complimentary measures, improving logistics Enforced with cameras, manual until cameras in place Heavy duty lorries only, vans & cars in preparation (not buses) Annually assessed Until 2010 Euro 1 & less banned; Euros 2 & 3 require filter Euro 4, 5, 6, EEV, gas, hydrogen, E85 allowed in After 2010 are: Euro 2 & less banned; Euro 3 require filter & must be <8 years old Euro 4, 5, 6, EEV, gas, hydrogen, E85 allowed in After 2013 Only Euro 4, 5, 6, EEV, gas, hydrogen, E85 allowed in

8 London s LEZ Extensive assessment & consultation Clearly & extensively communicated in different languages Enforced with cameras, building on congestion charge 1000( 500) penalty. Can pay 200( 100) per single entry Legal mechanism is a congestion charge, no grants Part of (comprehensive) AQAP Full DPFs now required, with limit to primary NO 2 increase Foreign vehicle registration scheme ~98% compliance rate Extensive monitoring of AQ, noise, socio-economic, planned into LEZ th Feb: Euro 3 (PM) HGVs > 12T & bus > 5T 1 st July: Euro 3(PM) HDVs >3.5T & bus From 1 st January 2012 Euro 3(PM) vans >1.2T & minibuses Euro 4(PM) HDVs >3.5T & bus >5 T

9 Milan s Ecopass Combined LEZ & Congestion Charge, with these two purposes More polluting vehicles charged for entry 7:30-19:30 Communicated to the public Legal mechanism: first as a trial In addition to LEZ controls in winter Monitoring reported, AQ & traffic Reduced traffic in 2008: Ecopass area: -14.4% Whole of Milan: -6.8% Free: Class 1: AFV; gas, electric, hybrid Class 2: Petrol: cars Euro 3+ Diesel: cars & GV Euro 4+ or with filter 2 /day: Class 3 Petrol Euro 1, 2 5 /day: Class 4 Petrol: cars Euro 0; GV Euro 1, 2; Diesel: cars Euro 3; GV Euro 3; buses Euro 4 & 5 10 /day: Class 4 Diesel: cars Euro 0; GV Euro 0-2; bus Euro 0-3 non-commercial resident & multiple entry discounts

10 Often (not always): Many Italian LEZs Little information dissemination Complicated rules & timings Very short notice for (re-)implementation No stickers to identify Enforced..? Extensive exemptions residents, public vehicles, businesses, deliverers, elderly, TV vehicles, tourists, school run, doctors visits... Often winter and rush hour only Weak emissions standards (Euro 1 or 2) Little assessment done / published Como Poor examples little impact on emissions discredited scheme increased stakeholder resistance - or ignoring!

11 Some best practice aspects Spreading information widely, work with stakeholders Good Enforcement Sufficient notice before scheme starts Complimentary measures Improved public transport, freight logistics; grants/cheap loans Diesel Particulate Retrofits Certifications requiring full DPFs & limit primary NO 2 increase National frameworks Minimise negative inequality impacts Appropriate assessment The simpler to convey the better Regions grouping to reduce competition (north Italy, Ruhr) New LEZs using similar standards to existing schemes if possible

12 LEZ environmental impacts AQ emissions Smaller, more harmful PM metrics PM 10 NOx AQ concentrations Smaller, more harmful PM metrics PM 2.5 NO 2 PM 10 Yet larger change Larger change Small change No measureable change noise Climate Change Black Carbon CO 2

13 LEZ air quality impacts NO2 concs PM10 an ave concs Black carbon concs ** PM2.5 concs PM10 daily exceedence NOx emissions PM10 emissions For recent LEZs, from published studies % average ** 2 assessments concentrations PM 10 daily exceedences emissions NO 2 /NOx Vary with scheme details emissions standard, vehicles affected existing vehicle fleet: age & type compliance / enforcement topography / meteorology % contribution from traffic / imported background

14 hat assessed depends on data avail. Monitoring availability positioning of sites, incl timeseries & pollutants - Plan In ability to account for weather & other policy measures Modelling Comparing sites affected & not affected by LEZ Comparing amount of change in sites inside & outside LEZ Removal of background contribution from appropriate site(s). activity data available pre & post (vehicle types, flows, speeds, accel, compliance, exemptions - Plan In) availability & quality of emissions factors for different pollutants use data in modelling & to improve implementation Combining monitoring & modelling both independently for sensitivity testing together, eg monitoring with source apportionment

15 3 technical issues on LEZ impacts NOx urban cycle-beating Euro 5 heavy duty vehicles with SCR show less impact than expected impact still positive hopefully Euro 6 testing cycle prevent for future... Increased primary NO 2 from diesel / some DPFs reduces potential impact on NO 2 no increase in NO 2 reported from LEZs - when impact, positive banning older Euro standards reduces NOx retrofitting light duty reduces primary NO 2 not all heavy duty retrofits increase NO 2 certification of retrofits can limit NO 2 increase Partial/full Diesel Particulate Filters full DPFs reduce all PM fractions by ~95+%; partial filters ~30-50% currently most retrofit DPF certifications allow both retrofit certifications can require full DPFs

16 Estimated impact of London LEZ pre-implementation NO 2 in 2010 without LEZ Reductions due to the LEZ Year Area exceeding 2010 NO 2 Limit Values % area % exposed pop % 5.9% % 4.6% % 17.1% % 8.1% 2400km 2 Year Area exceeding PM Limit Values % area % exposed pop % 4.9% % 12.6% % 21.4% % 11.3%

17 Christer Johansson Modelled impact of Stockholm LEZ (in 2000, post implementation) Emissions of PM 10 Emissions of NO x 3,0 250 Ton /year Ton /year 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0-40% -50% Vehicle category Illegal vehicles Motor exchange Exhaust aftertreatment % -20% Vehicle category Illegal vehicles Motor exchange Exhaust aftertreatment 0,5 Other legal vehicles 50 Other legal vehicles 0,0 No zone With zone 2000 Full Zone Illegal vehicles now <5% of vehicles 0 No zone With zone 2000 Full Zone Concentrations of PM 0.2 Zone 2000: % Full zone: % % W N E Kilometers S

18 Milan Ecopass monitoring started Annual average PM 10 concs No.days exceeding the PM 10 daily LV Ecopass (blue) Milan (reddish) Need cf with regional AQ trend in 2008 PM 10 emission factor for Roads Traffic composition Free (green) Charged (red)

19 Particle Number in Dresden Vehicle emissions at the monitoring site Re-suspension & abrasion at the monitoring site Other non-transport sources at the monitoring site Regional background Mass PM 10 in μg/m 3 Number PN x in 1/cm 3 Measurement station Vehicle emissions: 2-7% of the mass Particle size, Dresden-Nord 55-73% of the particulate number

20 LEZs are useful tools Conclusion often the most significant measure at a local level Examples of best practice are available to pick & choose for both new LEZs & LEZ monitoring different aspects work in different places Monitoring & assessment (pre & post) of LEZs needs care Should be planned into the LEZ implementation well thought out - not just AQ before & after! consider what metrics should be included PM 10, PM 2.5, NO 2, NO, black carbon, particulate number, LEZs have more impact on the more dangerous, smaller carbon PM can feed into improved implementation

21 Thank you for your attention! Lucy Sadler Low Emission & Environment Zones in Europe Network +49 (0)