Nearly zero energy building requirements and green building Click to edit Master title style label in Estonia

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1 Nearly zero energy building requirements and green building Click to edit Master title style label in Estonia June 4, 2014 ICIS DA 2014 Tallinn Jarek Kurnitski Professor, Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, Aalto Ülikool Vice-president REHVA

2 Energy use in buildings Final energy use in Estonia TWh/a The share of buildings 50% (without industrial buildings) EU average about 40% Energy strategy ENMAK under preparation J. Kurnitski et al. / Energy and Buildings 75 (2014)

3 IPCC: Buildings show globally the highest economic carbon reduction potential Energy performance of buildings is globally the highest and cheapest sector for GHG reduction

4 EPBD recast Nearly zero energy buildings nzeb In the directive nearly zero-energy building means a building that has a very high energy performance (EP). The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources (RES) produced on-site or nearby. nzeb = very high EP + on-site or nearby RES Definition of a very high EP and significant extent of RES let for Member States (MS), however the cost-optimality principle has been set. EPBD Article By 31 Dec 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero energy buildings - After 31 Dec 2018, public authorities that occupy and own a new building shall ensure that the building is a nearly zero energy building Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

5 2013 EP min. requirements Comparison for detached houses (CLIMA 2013 data) Recalculation from primary energy to delivered energy needed, which can be compared in all countries Oil or gas boiler Electrical heating 150 m 2 detached house considered Degree-day correction (base 17 C) to Copenhagen, energy use for hot water heating 25 kwh/(m 2 a) The figure shows maximum allowed delivered energy without household electricity (i.e. delivered energy to heating, hot water and ventilation systems) in each country for fossil fuel or electrical heating Max delivered energy, kwh/(m 2 a) Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Finland Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

6 Apartment and office buildings with district heating Apartment building Office building Max delivered energy, kwh/(m 2 a) Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Finland Maximum allowed delivered energy for heating, hot water and ventilation systems in apartment buildings and for office buildings (lighting included) with district heating Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

7 Energy flows to be covered by nzeb definition for EP P calculation Primary energy indicator EP P EP P E = A P net = ( Edel, i f del, i ) ( Eexp, i fexp, i ) i A net i For thermal and electrical energy it applies: Delivered exported energy = energy use on site renewable Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

8 Situation with national energy frames Differences in energy frames: Primary energy not yet used in all countries Some countries (Germany, France) use reference building method, fixed values in other countries Both simulation (Estonia, Finland) and monthly methods (Germany, Denmark) used Inclusion of energy flows depends on country: Germany/residential heating energy only (space heating, DHW and heating of ventilation air) Germany/non-residential cooling and lighting also included (appliances not) Denmark appliances and in residential also lighting not included Sweden appliances and user s lighting not included (facility lighting incl.) Estonia, Finland, Norway appliances and lighting included (all inclusive) RES (on site renewable energy production) is not accounted in all countries Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

9 Region Zone 1-2 (Catania, Athens) Zone 3 (Budapest, Bratislava, Ljubjana) Zone 4 (Paris, Amsterda m Berlin, Brussels, Copenhag en, Dublin, London, Macon, Nancy, Prague, Warsaw) Country nzeb Energy performance Values Unit Metric Energy uses for: Building type EP calculation nzeb req. Cyprus 180 kwh/m 2 /y Primary heating, cooling, hot Residential No 25% 210 energy water, lighting Nonresidential No 25% Slovakia 54 Belgium BXL Belgium Walloon Belgium Flemish ,5*(V/S) kwh/m 2 /y kwh/m 2 /y Primary energy Primary energy 60 kwh/m 2 /y Primary energy France kwh/m 2 /y kwh/m 2 /y Energy use Primary energy Ireland 45 kwh/m 2 /y Energy load Heating, hot water, ventilation, cooling (non-res), lighting (non-res) heating, cooling (non-res), hot water, lighting (non-res) appliances heating, hot water, appliances Heating, cooling, hot water, ventilation, auxiliary systems heating, ventilation, cooling, hot water, lighting, auxiliary systems heating, ventilation, hot water, lighting Detached Apartment Offices Residential Offices, educational Residential and non-res. Residential Office and school Residential Office Office AC RES N.a. N.a. N.a. Yes Yes 50% 50% 50% N.a. 50% Yes Yes No No No - - >10 kwh/m 2 y >10 kwh/m 2 y Residential N.a Netherlands 0 [-] Energy heating, ventilation, Residential/ perform. cooling, hot water, non-residential coefficien lighting t (EPC) Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations Yes Yes - -

10 Region Country nzeb Energy performance RES Values Unit Metric Energy uses for: Building type EP calculation nzeb req. Zone 5 (Coopenh agen, Tallinn, Helsinki, Riga, Stockholm, Gdansk, Tovarene) Denmark Estonia kwh/m 2 /y Energy need kwh/m 2 /y Primary energy Latvia 95 kwh/m 2 /y Primary energy heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, lighting (non-res) heating, ventilation, cooling, hot water, lighting, auxiliary electricity, appliances heating, cooling, domestic hot water, ventilation, lighting Residential Non-residential Detached house Apartment Office Hotel Residential/ nonresidential Yes Yes 51-56% 51-56% Yes - Yes - Yes - Yes - N.a. - Lithuania <0,25 [-] Energy performance indicator C heating Residential/ not-residential N.a. 50% Data from CA EPBD Oct 2013 (Kurnitski et al. REHVA Journal 2/2014) Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

11 Towards nearly zero energy buildings Estonia Primary energy requirements for 9 building types (apply from Jan 9, 2013) nzeb Low energy Min.req. new Min.req. maj.ren. A B C (cost opt.) D (cost opt.) kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) Detached houses Apartment buildings Office buildings nzeb and low energy requirements officially given (not yet mandatory) Primary energy factors: Electricity 2.0 Fossil fuels 1.0 District heat 0.9 Renewable fuels 0.75 Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

12 Liginullenergiahooned Eestis Defineeritud ja nõuded toodud VV määruses nr 68 ( , jõustub ) Energiatõhususe miinimumnõuded Liginullenergiahoonete ehitamine ei ole kohustuslik, kuid selleks, et nimetada hoonet liginullenergiahooneks tuleb täita VV määruse nr 68 nõue energiatõhususarvu piirväärtus Energiatõhususarvude piirväärtused ehitatavatele ja oluliselt rekonstrueeritavatele hoonetele Hoone kasutusotstarve Liginullenergia- Madalenergia- Miinimum- Oluline hoone hoone nõue rekonstrueerimine A B C D kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) kwh/(m 2 a) Väikeelamutes Korterelamutes Büroohoonetes, raamatukogudes ja teadushoonetes Ärihoonetes Avalikes hoonetes Kaubandushoonetes ja terminalides Haridushoonetes Koolieelsetes lasteasutustes Tervishoiuhoonetes

13 nzeb def needs detailed system boundaries System boundaries (SB) for energy need, energy use and delivered and exported energy calculation. The last one may be interpreted as the building site boundary. Demand reduction measures can be distinguished from RE solutions in the energy use SB, not in the delivered/exported energy SB Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

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15 nzeb requirements up today National nzeb applications show remarkably high variation between 20 and 200 kwh/m²y primary energy in ten countries: caused partly due to different energy uses included and partly due to different level of ambition in the definitions exclusion of the energy flows leads to situation where calculated energy use could represent only a small fraction of measured energy use in real buildings Requirements only for residential and non-residential show that majority of countries cannot tackle the eight building types specified in EPBD recast Annex nzeb primary energy values showed a reduction by factor of 1.6 in Estonia and by about 2 in Denmark compared to current EP minimum requirements of office buildings Member States need more guidance in order to set consistent and comparable nzeb values with equal ambition levels Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations

16 Energy performance certificate a starting point for sustainable buildings Other important aspects: Indoor climate class/label Location of the building/transport Other possible building labelling categories Estonian study: Quantification of environmental and economic impacts for building sustainability assessment Tallinn University of Technology 16

17 Some basis of sustainability assessment schemes Independent assessment of building quality/sustainability Mix of environmental, economic & social indicators Main consideration is given to CO 2 emissions, enrgy use & indoor climate Benefits: Lower operational & management costs Efficient energy & water use Healthy & safe buildings Higher rental price Image

18 Purpose of a new study To determine suitable solution for Estonia Overtake an existing or create own scheme? Determine important categories considering: Local context Using scientific approach Comparison with the most established schemes Justification of expert group opinion Is a reference scheme a possibility?

19 Methods Identification of the importantce of 5 main categories 1 representative indicator from each Min-max scale (what can be done with available design solutions/options) Effect Monetary: /(m 2 a) Environmental: CO 2 /(m 2 a) & kwh/(m 2 a) Inputs from other studies Indoor climate, (materials)

20 Input data used 3830 m 2 office in Tallinn Employee wage: 1678 /month 10 & 15 m 2 /person Ventilation classes of EN From other studies: Productivity= f(vent; t) Sick-leave= f(vent) Energy: Decrees #68 & #63 nzeb study results CO 2 emissions (el., district heat etc.) Energy prices, CO 2 quota price

21 Performance data Ventilation productivity 1 Ventilation sick-leave 2 Temperature productivity 3 1 O. Seppänen, W.J. Fisk, Q.H. Lei. Ventilation and performance in office work. Indoor Air 16 (2006) W.J. Fisk, et al. Economizer System Cost Effectiveness: Accounting for the Influence of Ventilation Rate on Sick Leave. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, O. Seppänen, W.J. Fisk, Q.H. Lei. Effect of Temperature on Task Performance in Office Environment. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2006.

22 Min-max range (available design options) Indoor climate: EN 15251: III class, t c =25 C & I class t c =23 C Energy: Reference building (D class) & nzeb (A class) Water: #63 (DHW 40%) & -40% water use Materials: Steel, (concrete) & timber Transport: 35% & 70% of public transport users, 8 & 12 km

23 The impact of indoor climate quality on energy use

24 Impact on CO 2 emissions (relative values to the baseline)

25 Absolute CO 2 emissions Calculated as an average value of min-max scale: Energy: D & A class Materials: concrete Location: Off.#1, 8 km, 70% & Off.#2, 12 km, 35% Water: Reference & -40% Depend on energy sources

26 Monetary effect From CO 2 quota

27 Results Productivity is the most dominating: Based on monetary effect 89 & 70%! (baseline III & II class) For 50% share, the baseline ventilation flow rate needs to be 1,7-1,8 l/(s m 2 ), which is in between II and I class Energy and Location are two other important categories E. Seinre, J. Kurnitski, H. Voll. Quantification of environmental and economic impacts for main categories of building labeling schemes. Energy and Buildings, 70 (2014)

28 Conclusions Results show totally different category share in comparison with LEED & BREEAM Local context is obviously important Implementation of international schemes is likely not an option for sustainability assessment Next step: to complement energy performance certificate with indoor climate label