Wind Power R&D Seminar Deep Sea Offshore Wind. Amy Robertson. January 20, 2011

Transcription

1 Offshore Wind Power in the United States Wind Power R&D Seminar Deep Sea Offshore Wind Amy Robertson January 20, 2011 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

2 Outline U.S. government priorities US U.S. Offshore wind resource Roadmap for developing resource DOE s role Offshore wind projects in the U.S. NREL work in offshore wind International Collaborations Design concept loads analysis NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 2

3 White House & DOE Priorities White House Reduce carbon emissions 80% by 2050 Stimulate jobs and economic recovery through RE development Department of Energy Promote energy security through reliable, clean, and affordable energy Strengthening scientific discovery and economic competitiveness throughscience andtechnologyinnovation EERE Strengthen U.S. energy security, environmental quality, and economic vitality Wind & Water Power Program Optimize growth & momentum of wind and water power deployment NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Slide Credit: Chris Hart, DOE

4 Offshore Wind Potential = 4150 GW Great Lakes: 734 GW Pacific: 930 GW Atlantic: 1256 GW Hawaii: 637 GW GulfCoast: 594 GW Total gross resource potential does not consider exclusion zones or siting concerns NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

5 U.S. Offshore Wind Resource and Bathymetry GW by Depth (m) Region > 60 New England Mid Atlantic S. Atlantic Bight California Pacific Northw est Great Lakes Gulf of Mexico Haw aii Total , , Assumptions: 5 MW/km2 7 m/s and greater 0 50nm for shore NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

6 20% Wind Report: 54-GW Offshore Wind by 2030 city (GW W) Cu umulative Installe ed Capa Offshore Land-based d Actual 20% Scenario 54 GW of Offshore NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

7 NREL Releases Report on Offshore Wind in U.S. Detailed assessment of the Nation s offshore wind resources and wind industry Estimated 4000 GW offshore wind resource over 7.0 m/s Analyzes: Technology challenges Economics Permitting procedures Potential risks/benefits Report will be used to help guide the U.S. efforts in offshore wind NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 7

8 Offshore Wind Innovation and Demonstration (OSWInD) Initiative Scenarios 54 GW at 7 9 /kwh by 2030 (10 GW at 13 /kwh by 2020) Critical Reduce Reduce COE deployment Objectives timeline Program OSWInD Strategy NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Slide Credit: Chris Hart, DOE

9 OSWInD Initiative Structure $49.5 Million available funding for 2011 OSWInD Program Technology Market Barrier Advanced Technology Development Removal Demonstration Focus Computational Tools &Test Data Siting and Permitting Adv Tech Demo Projects (1+?) Innovative Turbines Complementary Infrastructure Activities Marine Systems Engineering Resource Planning NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Slide Credit: Chris Hart, DOE

10 Offshore Wind Market Status US: 2.4 GW proposed Europe: 2 GW installed, 40 GW proposed d China: 135 MW installed, 2 GW authorized Slide Credit: Chris Hart, DOE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

11 Cape Wind Location: Horseshoe Shoal in Nantucket Sound miles from shore Mean wind speeds of 8-9 m/s m deep Project Status: On October 6 th, 2010, U.S. Secretary of Interior Ken Salazar signed the first offshore wind farm lease in U.S. Waters for Cape Wind Construction not started, will take 2 years Technology: Monopile foundation 36MWGE 3.6 wind dturbines Capacity: 130 offshore wind turbines over 24 square miles 3.6 MW turbines x 130 = 468 MW power NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 11

12 Great Lakes - 20 MW Freshwater Project Phase 1 : Initial 20 MW Windfarm in Lake Erie GW by Depth (m) Region > 60 New England Mid Atlantic S. Atlantic Bight California Pacific Northw est Great Lakes Gulf of Mexico Haw aii Total 1, ,451.1 Grid interconnection and rights-of-way Marine infrastructure improvements NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Cleveland, Ohio, USA Slide Credit: Walt Musial, NREL

13 Cleveland 20-MW Offshore Wind Project Location: Site is 3.5 miles off downtown Cleveland Shallowest of the Great Lakes maximum depth in central basin is 24-m Potentially first freshwater project Surface ice floe is a unique design condition Ice research studies are planned Image from NASA Visible Earth Catalogue NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Slide Credit: Walt Musial, NREL

14 Wind/Wave Hybrid Technology - WindWaveFloat Principle Power is a U.S.-based technology developer focused on the deep-water offshore wind energy market. WindFloat is Principle Power s semi-submersible submersible floating wind turbine design. Full-scale prototype is expected to be deployed off the north coast of Portugal in mid-2011 WindWaveFloat modified version of WindFloat which adds wave power take-off (PTO) mechanisms Received DOE funding for planning, concept design, physical modeling & wave tank testing, and pilot-scale testing of the WindWaveFloat device in ocean waters. WindFloat Photograph: Principle Power NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 14

15 DeepCwind Project Maine, USA Deep Water >60 m New Technology Development Initiative for floating wind technology Funding ~$25M US Dollars 1/50th Scale Model Testing 1/3 scale open ocean testing Goal: Develop engineering tools to enable the design of optimized full-scale systems. NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

16 DeepCwind - Wind/ Wave 1/50th Scale Model Testing 1/50th Scale models will be tested at Marin facility 3 generic platforms Models are based upon NREL 5MW reference turbine Over 15 scaling parameters considered to maximize full scale and 1/3 scale relevance Model testing is scheduled for April Pitch control (inactive for now) NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Slide Credit: University of Maine

17 Testing of 1/3 Scale Turbine at Test Site Approximately 1/3rd Scale of a 5MW Commercial turbine with proven record of performance is planned ~100 kw. Floating platform designs will be selected from competitive industry solicitation it ti System will deployed off the coast of Maine near Monhegan island. Turbine will be deployed at times when desired scaled wind/ wave conditions are present. Example 100 kw turbine for 1/3 scale testing at UMaine Test Site deployment NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY Slide Credit: University of Maine

18 NREL Work in Offshore Wind Improving our simulation tool, FAST Modularizing code, improving ability to interface to other codes Improving wind/water loading formulations Adding functionality to model a variety of offshore wind turbine designs Validating code through test data Collaborating on a number of international i projects Performing design conceptual studies NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 18

19 FAST with AeroDyn and HydroDyn Structural-dynamic model for horizontal-axis turbines: Coupled to AeroDyn, HydroDyn, and controller for aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation Evaluated by Germanischer Lloyd WindEnergie Turbine Configurations HAWT 2 or 3-bladed Upwind or downwind Land-based or offshore Offshore monopiles or floating Rigid or flexible foundation NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 19

20 International Collaborations Project Name DeepCWind Risø OC4 ORECCA Nowitech HiPRWind DeepWind UpWind Description Floating offshore wind project in US U.S. includes scale model testing and 1/3 scale demonstration project Collaboration to share information on a variety of wind turbine related topics IEA Offshore Codes Comparison Collaboration, Continued jacket and semi (co leading project) EU development of offshore renewables roadmap Norwegian research group on deep offshore wind. Strong emphasis on supporting PhD and post doctoral research. 5 yr project to help development of deep water offshore wind. Will deploy a 1 MW demonstration ti turbine. Examination of vertical axis offshore WT Assessing requirements for design of very large turbines NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

21 Loads Analysis of Generic Platform Types Modeling of three generic platform configurations at full-scale (5 MW) Loads analysis with full-scale models Variety of normal load conditions Fault conditions Extreme conditions Fatigue TLP Compare results of loads analysis to previous loads analysis Compare loads on different platform types to land-based system Spar Semi NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

22 Loads Analysis DLC Winds Waves Controls / Events Type Load Model Speed Model Height Direction Factor 1) Power Production 1.1 NTM V in < V hub < V out NSS H s = E[H s V hub ] β = 0º Normal operation U NTM V in < V hub < V out NSS H s = E[H s V hub ] β = 0º Normal operation F ETM V in < V hub < V out NSS H s = E[H s V hub ] β = 0º Normal operation U ECD V hub = V r, V r ±2m/s NSS H s = E[H s V hub ] β = 0º Normal operation; ± wind dir'n. U EWS V in < V hub < V out NSS H s = E[H s V hub ] β = 0º Normal operation; ± ver. & hor. shr. U a NTM V in < V hub < V out ESS H s = 1.09 H s50 β = 0º Normal operation U ) Power Production Plus Occurrence of Fault 2.1 NTM V hub = V r, V out NSS H s = E[H s V hub ] β = 0º Pitch runaway Shutdown U EOG V hub = V r, V r ±2m/s, V out NSS H s = E[H s V hub ] β = 0º Loss of load Shutdown U ) Parked (Idling) 6.1a EWM V hub = 0.95 V 50 ESS H s = 1.09 H s50 β = 0º, ±30º Yaw = 0º, ±8º U a EWM V hub = 0.95 V 50 ESS H s = 1.09 H s50 β = 0º, ±30º Loss of grid -180º < Yaw < 180º U a EWM V hub = 0.95 V 1 ESS H s = 1.09 H s1 β = 0º, ±30º Yaw = 0º, ±20º U ) Parked (Idling) and Fault 7.1a EWM V hub = 0.95 V 1 ESS H s = 1.09 H s1 β = 0º, ±30º Seized blade; Yaw = 0º, ±8º U 1.10 NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 22

23 Concept Designs for Loads Analysis MIT/NREL TLP OC3 Hywind Spar ITI Energy Barge UMaine TLP UMaine Hywind Spar UMaine Semi-submersible NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 23

24 Summary of Properties: 6 Floating Systems MIT/NREL TLP UMaine TLP OC3-Hywind Spar Buoy 320 m Depth OC3-Hywind Spar Buoy 200 m Depth ITI Energy Barge UMaine Semi- Submersible Diameter or width length (m) to 9.4 (is tapered) 6.5 to 9.4 (is tapered) and 20 (diameters) Draft (m) Water displacement ( m 3 ) 12,180 2,767 8,029 8,029 6, Mass, including ballast (kg) 8,600, ,940 7,466,000 7,466,000 5,452,000 5,591,400 CM location of the platform below SWL (m) Roll inertia about CM( kg m 2 ) 571,600, ,780,000 4,229,000,000 4,229,000, ,900,000 3,062,000,000 Pitch inertia about CM ( kg m 2 ) 571,600, ,780,000 4,229,000,000 4,229,000, ,900,000 3,062,000,000 Yaw inertia about CM ( kg m 2 ) 361,400,000 98,850, ,200, ,200,000 1,454,000,000 3,673,000,000 Number of mooring lines 8(4 pairs) Depth to fairleads, anchors Radius to fairleads, anchors (m) Unstretched line length (m) Line diameter (m) Line mass density (kg/m) Line extensional stiffness (N) 1,500,000,000 7,720,000, ,200, ,200, ,000, ,600,000 NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 24

25 Sea-to-Land Ratios of Ultimate Loads (DLCs 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5) MIT/NREL TLP Umaine TLP OC3-Hywind UMaine Hywind ITI Energy Barge UMaine Semi 4.4 Ra atios of Sea to Land Blade-Root Low-Speed-Shaft Yaw-Bearing Tower-Base Bending Moment Bending Moment Bending Moment Bending Moment NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 25

26 Extreme Event Comparison Ultimate t Load Land-Based MIT/NREL TLP UMaine TLP System System System OC3-Hywind Spar Buoy System Umaine Hywind Spar Buoy System ITI Energy Barge System Blade-root bending moment DLC 1.4 DLC 1.4 DLC 1.4 DLC 1.3 DLC 1.3 DLC 1.1 Low-speed-shaft bending moment DLC 1.4 DLC DLC DLC 1.3 DLC 1.3 DLC 1.11 Yaw-bearing bending moment DLC 1.3 DLC 1.4 DLC 1.3 DLC 1.3 DLC 1.3 DLC 1.1 Tower-base bending moment DLC 1.3 DLC 1.1 DLC 1.1 DLC 1.3 DLC 1.1 DLC 1.1 NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 26

27 Summary of Ultimate Loads Land vs. Offshore Land-based system Many of the greatest loads on blades and shaft from gust of DLC1.4 Most other large loads driven by DLC 1.3 (extreme turbulence) at rated wind speed. Offshore systems Larger motion of offshore systems in general results in larger loads Increased loads caused by inertial forces on the system. These loads get greater as you move from the top of the turbine to the platform Yaw errors allow for more side-to-side excitation in the system NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 27

28 Summary of System Ultimate Loads ITI Energy Barge Affected more by the waves than the wind Since waves are same for DLCs, DLC 1.1 dominates large loads due to higher safety factor TLPs TLPs have much less motion than the barge, and therefore lower loads (especially pitch, roll), but more than land-based Greatest loads are in the same DLC as land-based, DLC 1.4 Umaine TLP much smaller and lighter than NREL/MIT TLP, but motions remain similar - TLP motion different than other concepts Slight decrease in Umaine TLP loads due to surge motion at time of gust NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 28

29 Summary of System Ultimate Loads, cont. Hywind Spar Buoy Spar system has greater motion than TLP in pitch and roll, but less in yaw (damping from tests) Load increases are somewhat compensated for by a control system that t limits it blade and tower loads Result is that some loads increase in spar system and some decrease compared to TLP DLC 1.3 was the force driver rather than 1.4 due to controller limiting load on blades UMaine Hywind very similar to OC3 Hywind NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 29

30 Sea-to-Land Ratios of Fatigue Loads m=8/3, MIT/NREL TLP m=8/3, Umaine TLP m=8/3, OC3-Hywind m=8/3, UMaine Hywind m=8/3, ITI Energy Barge 3 m=10/4, MIT/NREL TLP m=10/4, Umaine TLP m=10/4, OC3-Hywind m=10/4, UMaine Hywind m=10/4, ITI Energy Barge m=12/5, MIT/NREL TLP m=12/5, Umaine TLP m=12/5, OC3-Hywind m=12/5, UMaine Hywind m=12/5, ITI Energy Barge Land Rat tios of Sea to Blade-Root Bending Moment In-Plane Blade-Root Bending Moment Out-of-Plane Low-Speed-Shaft Bending Moment 0 o Low-Speed-Shaft Bending Moment 90 o Yaw-Bearing Bending Moment Side-to-Side Yaw-Bearing Bending Moment Fore-Aft Tower-Base Bending Moment Side-to-Side Tower-Base Bending Moment Fore-Aft NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 30

31 Summary of Fatigue Loads In general, fatigue load ratios show similar trends to those of the ultimate load ratios, and are produced by the same physics explained for the ultimate t loads. ITI Energy barge the greatest particularly for the blade and tower. The out-of-plane blade-root bending in spar less than land- based, due to controller UMaine TLP shows increased fatigue compared to NREL/MIT TLP, though ultimate loads decreased - looser mooring allowed for more motion Umaine TLP pitch motion decreases shown in decrease in fore/aft tower loading and out-of-plane blade loading TLP and spar systems similar, except for the tower base, which are greater in the Hywind systems. NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY 31

32 Thank You for Your Attention Amy Robertson Senior Engineer +1 (303) NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.