Understanding the Role of Shipping in Biological Invasions of Coastal Marine Ecosystems

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1 Understanding the Role of Shipping in Biological Invasions of Coastal Marine Ecosystems Greg Ruiz Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland USA

2 Common Terms for Non-Native Species Exotic Introduced Nonindigenous Alien Naturalized Adventive Translocation Immigrant Weed Neophyte Colonist Invader Newcomer Waif Import Casual / Transient

3 Invasions by European Green Crabs s s 1900

4 Overview Patterns of invasion for coastal marine ecosystems: Focus on invertebrates/algae in the U.S. Current state of knowledge about shipping and species transfer in U.S. Latitudinal pattern of invasions (non-native species richness) for western North America Comparative research in Panama

5 Non-native Invertebrates & Algae Reported in Coastal Waters of Continental U.S. Protozoa Other Bryozoa Cnidaria Urochordata Insecta Annelida Mollusca Crustacea NEMESIS Number of Species

6 Non-native Invertebrates & Algae Reported in Coastal Waters of Continental U.S. Protozoa Other Bryozoa Cnidaria Urochordata Insecta Annelida Mollusca Crustacea NEMESIS Number of Species

7 Number of Species Biocontrol Fisheries Vectors Ornamental Including Shipping Excluding Shipping Multiple Shipping Fofonoff et al. 2003

8 Rate of new Increasing coastal Discovery invasions Rate detected for each coast of North America Number of Invasions Coastal Invasions of the United States 100 West Coast Gulf Coast East Coast Time (years) since 1790 Ruiz et al 2000 (Ruiz et al. 2000)

9 Discovery Rate of Coastal Invasions by Vector Number of Invasions Fisheries Shipping Ruiz et al Time (years) since 1790

10 Trade by Ships Global Scale Ships carry >90% world trade > 85,000 ships in world fleet > 5.4 billion tonnes cargo / year Underpins global economic development Modern society is shipping dependant Continuing to increase

11 Vector(s) for coastal species introduced to North America by shipping (n=171) Dry Ballast Cargo Ballast Water Fouling Number of Species Fofonoff et al 2003

12 Current Magnitude & Behavior of Shipping to U.S.?

13 National Ballast Information Clearinghouse Mandated by U.S. Congress via the National Invasive Species Act of 1996 (P.L ) Cooperative effort of USCG and SERC USCG Regulatory Activities SERC Collection, analysis, interpretation of data on ballast water delivery and management practices of commercial ships

14 Spatial Distribution of Arrivals and BW Discharge Events in the U.S. ( ) Reported Arrivals / Year Foreign: 56,095 (70.8%) Domestic: 57,081 (60.8%*) Total Reported BW Discharge Foreign: 73,720,448 MT Domestic: 183,802,033 MT Miller et al. 2008

15 Last Ports of Call and Ballast Water Source Locations for arrivals to US ports of places ( ) Last Ports of Call Ballast Water Source Locations Miller et al. 2008

16 Average Concentrations of Organisms in Untreated BW Zooplankton Phtyoplankton Bacteria Viruses 1.00E E E E E+08 Concentration (# per liter) 1.00E+10

17 Mid-ocean Ballast Water Exchange (BWE) Empty/Refill 100% Flow-Through 300% Approach: Vector Management

18 Hull Fouling Important Historically

19 Hull Fouling Important Today: bigger ships travel farther, faster WSA = ~335M sq meters/yr from overseas vessels

20 Latitudinal Pattern of Invasion Literature Review of known NIS Dutch Harbor Kodiak Island AK Kachemak Bay Prince William Sound Sitka Ketchikan Puget Sound Coos Bay Humboldt Bay San Francisco Bay Long Beach San Diego NEMESIS Number of Species

21 Explanations (hypotheses) Biases in Data Differences in Susceptibility to Invasions Differences in Propagule Supply (Propagule Pressure)

22 Standardized Surveys: Sessile Invertebrate Community

23 Standardized Surveys 26 BAYS X 10 BLOCKS X 20 PLATES (n=5,200) Plate Retrieval On-Site Analysis Voucher Collection/ Preservation Synoptic Collection / Archive Taxonomic Identification / Verification Data Analysis

24 Latitudinal Pattern of Invasion: Sessile Invertebrates Non-Native Species Richness Ruiz et al., unpublished data 30 r 2 = Latitude (Degrees N)

25 Explanations (hypotheses) Biases in Data Differences in Susceptibility to Invasions Differences in Propagule Supply (Propagule Pressure)

26 Panama Canal Transits ( ) Number of Transits Year Data from Autoridad del Canal de Panama

27 Shipping traffic in Panama vs. major US ports ( ) Seattle New Orleans Chesapeake Bay New York Los Angeles / Long Beach Houston Panama Average Number of Arrivals / Year Ruiz et al, 2006

28 Non-native Barnacle Species by Region (Literature Survey) Alaska Washington Oregon California Mexico Panama Number of Species

29 Funding: US Department of Defense National Sea Grant Program Prince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council Smithsonian Institution SENACYT US Coast Guard US Fish and Wildlife Service

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31 Last Ports of Call and Ballast Water Source Locations for arrivals to US ports of places ( ) Last Ports of Call Ballast Water Source Locations Miller et al. 2008

32 Efficacy of BWE: Change in Dye Concentration ug/l Control Flow-Through Empty/Refll 25 0 T0 T1 T2 Summary: BWE causes ~90% reduction in original coastal water & zooplankton concentrations (n>20 shipboard experiments)