TREATMENT OF WASTE FROM PULP INDUSTRY

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1 TREATMENT OF WASTE FROM PULP INDUSTRY

2 PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY Use wood ad raw material to produce paper, pulp, board and other cellulose based products. Baggase, hemp, straw are also used Composition of the pollutants in the effluent depends on the raw material used.

3 EFFLUENTS Waste water- 60 m³/ tonne of paper produced Contain solids and dissolved matter. Potentially very polluting COD as high as 11000mg/l

4 SOURCE Water used in wood handling/ debarking Chip digestor and liquid evaporator concentrate white waters from pulp screening, thickening and cleaning EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS Solids, BOD, colour Concentrated BOD, can contain reduced sulphur Suspended solids, can have significant BOD Bleach plant washer filtrates Paper machine water flows BOD, color, chlorinated organic compounds Solids, often precipitated for reuse Fiber and liquor spills Solids, BOD, color

5 EFFLUENT TREATMENT SCEHME

6 SCREENING Screens- to remove course, bulky and fibrous components from effluents Grid chambers and settling tanks are used Efficiency of screening depends on the spacing between screen bars - fine screening, spacing < 10mm -mediun screening, spacing 10-40mm - coarse screening, spacing > 40mm

7 SEDIMENTATION Using gravity to remove suspended solids from water Removal of suspended particles by sedimentation depends on size and specific gravity of the particles. Sedimentation tanks are used Settled sludge is removed High efficiency is achieved in the subsequent treatment processes.

8 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT Degrade pollutants dissolved in effluents by the action of microorganisms. Pollutants are used as nutrients Microorganisms use these pollutants to live and reproduce.

9 ANAEROBIC TENCHNOLOGY Effluents originating from recycle paper mills Effluents from mechanical pulping (peroxide bleached), semi-chemical pulping, sulphite and kraft evaporator concentrates Bacterial hydrolysis of input materials to break down insoluble organic polymers

10 4 stages: 1. Hydrolysis 2. Acidogenesis( acidogenic bacteria) 3. Acetogenesis( acetogenic bacteria) 4. Methanogenesis (methanogens)

11 STAGES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

12 AEROBIC DIGESTION Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifiers and other microbes Oxygen is supplied to the effluent in the form of air by special aeration equipment Complete biological treatment of paper mill effluents

13 TERTIARY TREATMENT To remove specific waste water constituents that cannot be removed by secondary treatment Nitrogen, phosphorous, additional suspended solids, refractory organics or dissolved solids It involves- ozone treatment, membrane filtration techniques.

14 OZONATION Ozone has the ability to remove solids from waste water by oxidation A foam develops when waster water is ozonated This foam traps a significant amount of solids and nutrient material such as phosphates and nitrates

15 ADVANTAGES Eliminates odors Removes color, phenolics and cyanides Reduces turbidity and surfactants Increases dissolved oxygen No significant toxic side products

16 DISADVANTAGES High captial cost High electronic consumption Highly corroscive

17 MEMBRANE FILTRATION Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Reverse osmosis

18 USE OF ENZYMES For Lignin degradation ligninase, cellulase, peroxidase Peroxidase- color removal in bleaching effluents