Trash utilization at sugarcane mills ISSCT. A path to advanced biomass power generation CTC - CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA CANAVIEIRA ISBUC 2009 ISBUC 2009

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Trash utilization at sugarcane mills ISSCT. A path to advanced biomass power generation CTC - CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA CANAVIEIRA ISBUC 2009 ISBUC 2009"

Transcription

1 ISSCT Trash utilization at sugarcane mills A path to advanced biomass power generation Suleiman Hassuani suleiman@ctc.com.br 29 June 2009 CTC - CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA CANAVIEIRA SULEIMAN HASSUANI 1

2 Energy conversion alternatives BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION ETANOL BAGASSE COMBUSTION STEAM / EE EE/STEAM GASIFICATION Products for the sugarcane sector Electricity Fuels Etanol, Diesel, DME, Gasoline Fertilizers NH3 FUELS FERTILIZERS NEED OF ADDITIONAL BIOMASS TRASH SULEIMAN HASSUANI 2

3 How to increase electricity generation 1. Improve energy generation efficiency advanced technologies 2. Increase fuel availability 3. Reduce process steam/energy consumption SULEIMAN HASSUANI 3

4 Advanced Technologies sugarcane mill integration Gasification - full integration JUICE EXTRACTION Dryer bagasse Gasifier Gas cleaning Gas turbine bagasse gas gas Hot gases generator gas Heat recovery steam generator steam Mill is totally dependent on energy for its processes. Energy production depends on gasification process. System is quite risky for integration at initial stages of technology development and commercialization. EEE Condensing turbo generator Turbo generator steam MILL PROCESS EE SULEIMAN HASSUANI 4

5 Advanced technologies sugarcane mill integration Pure cogeneration STORAGE JUICE EXTRACTION bagasse Boiler bagasse Increase in energy export is made through high pressure boilers steam Energy export depends on process consumption MILL PROCESS vapor Turbo generator ee Reduction in process consumption decreases energy export Electricity generation only during the season SULEIMAN HASSUANI 5

6 Advanced technologies sugarcane mill integration Cogeneration & condensing STORAGE JUICE EXTRACTION MILL PROCESS steam bagasse Boiler Turbo generator EE steam bagasse Condensing turbo generator EE The increase in energy export is made through: 1. The use of higher pressure boilers. 2. Reduction of process steam consumption 3. Increase efficiency of mechanical energy generation - electrification 4. Use of condensing steam turbo generators 5. Increase in the consumption of biomass (bagasse) SULEIMAN HASSUANI 6

7 Advanced technologies sugarcane mill integration Cogeneration & condensing with trash Cleaning station bales STORAGE JUICE EXTRACTION bagasse Boiler steam bagasse + trash The increase in energy export is made through all the previous conditions plus: Use of trash as additional renewable fuel MILL PROCESS steam Turbo generator Condensing turbo generator Possibility to generate electricity year-round EE EEEE SULEIMAN HASSUANI 7

8 Advanced technologies sugarcane mill integration Gasification with trash Cleaning station bales STORAGE JUICE EXTRACTION bagasse Boiler steam bagasse + trash GASIFICATION MILL PROCESS steam Turbo generator Condensing turbo generator EE EEEE SULEIMAN HASSUANI 8

9 Advanced technologies sugarcane mill integration Gasification with trash Cleaning station bales STORAGE JUICE EXTRACTION bagasse Boiler steam bagasse + trash Dryer Gasifier bagasse+trash Hot gases generator gas gás Gas cleaning MILL PROCESS steam Turbo generator EE Use of trash will probably be necessary to guarantee: year-round generation & gasification feasibility Gas turbine EEEE gas ee Heat recovery steam generator steam Condensing steam generator SULEIMAN HASSUANI 9

10 Comparison of technologies Potential of electricity export 300 Especific electricity export (kwh/tc) Gasification integrated bagasse+70% trash 15%mc Gasification integrated bagasse+50% trash 45%mc Gasification stand alone bagasse+50% trash 45%mc Bagasse 62 bar + 50% trash 45% mc Bagasse 62 bar Process steam consumption (kg/tc) SULEIMAN HASSUANI 10

11 Trash potential For each 1 t of cane stalks there is: 140 kg of dry trash (14%) % Dry leaves Green leaves wet dry Tops 5 2 SULEIMAN HASSUANI 11

12 First step towards trash accessibility Pre harvest burning elimination impacts Field impacts Increase in harvester losses Reduction in harvester capacity Difficulties in field operations Changes in the ecosystem: herbicide effect, organic matter, soil moisture, etc. Industry impacts Increase in vegetal impurities Increase of soil in the process Reduction in milling capacity Increase in maintenance Process control difficulties SULEIMAN HASSUANI 12

13 Trash available in the field Conventional unburned harvesting 75 to 80% of the trash stays in the field 20 to 25% of the trash goes to the mill with the cane BAGASSE Cane fiber + trash with the cane SULEIMAN HASSUANI 13

14 Trash recovery Questions that should be answered How to collect the trash? How much trash should be collected? What is the impact of trash recovery in the field? agronomy and equipment performance. What is the trash cost? What is the necessary industrial process? What is the impact in the industry? What are the gains??? SULEIMAN HASSUANI 14

15 Saga of trash recovery effort Baler & Hay harvester recovery from the soil Excessive number of equipment Traffic in the field Difficulties in management High humidity if it rains after harvesting Time limitations before cane sprout Excessive soil with trash (5 a 10%) Several maintenance problems. Baler: needs unbailing and trash shredding Hay harvester: no need of shredding but soil is incorporated to trash Low trash moisture content (10 15%) SULEIMAN HASSUANI 15

16 Saga of trash recovery effort Saga of trash recovery effort Trash recovery from the harvester Operational problems Reduced harvester reliability Need to increase harvester power Reduced harvester performance Difficulties in controlling vegetal impurities in the cane Reduced trash density SULEIMAN HASSUANI 16

17 Saga of trash recovery effort Harvesting cane and trash Partial Cleaning Objective: Make feasible the best alternative to collect trash and cope with field operations SULEIMAN HASSUANI 17

18 Saga of trash recovery effort Saga of trash recovery effort Harvesting cane and trash Partial Cleaning REDUCED SPEED Primary extractor Secondary extractor TURNED OFF Topper Crop divider Elevator Knock down roller Finned roller Base cutter Chopper Roller feeding train SULEIMAN HASSUANI 18

19 Harvesting cane and trash Partial Cleaning Harvesting with reduced fan speed 50% 50% TRASH in the field TRASH with the cane TRASH Leaves separated at the Cleaning Station BAGASSE Cane fiber + leaves and tops not separated SULEIMAN HASSUANI 19

20 Partial Cleaning Impacts Harvesting with reduced fan speed Losses reduction Fuel consumption reduction Increased performance 50% 50% TRASH in the field TRASH with the cane Agronomic benefits Weed control Erosion control TRASH BAGASSE Truck Leaves load reduction Cane fiber + leaves separated Need of trash at the separation and at tops mill not Cleaning Need to Station process the trash separated SULEIMAN HASSUANI 20

21 Trash and soil separation from the cane at the industry Cleaning station systems Feeding table separation Between conveyors separation Cane and trash Cane and trash Air stream Air stream Trash and soil capture chamber Trash and soil capture chamber SULEIMAN HASSUANI 21

22 Trash processing Soil removal and trash shredding ROTARY SCREEN SHREDDER SULEIMAN HASSUANI 22

23 Trash processing Shredder Shredding by cutting Operates even with high moisture Need of knives sharpening SULEIMAN HASSUANI 23

24 Trash processing Shredder SULEIMAN HASSUANI 24

25 Trash as a fuel Characterization of sugarcane trash Heating Value Moisture content (%) Higher heating value (dry) MJ/kg Lower heating value MJ/kg kcal/kg Trash ,0 12, Trash ,0 9, Bagasse 50 18,0 7, Proximate Analysis* (%) Ash Fixed C Volatile matter Trash Bagasse *Dry basis Ultimate Analysis* (%) Trash Bagasse *Dry basis C H N O S Cl 6,4 0,6 45 0,1 0,2 5,8 0, SULEIMAN HASSUANI 25

26 Trash as a fuel Ash fusion Trash high mineral impurities content Temperatures ( o C) Trash Bagasse Beginning of ash deformation Fluid Whole trash bale burning in furnace SULEIMAN HASSUANI 26

27 Trash as a fuel year round generation Biomass storage Traditional bagasse storage systems SULEIMAN HASSUANI 27

28 Trash as a fuel year round generation Biomass storage With trash - Additional fuel Define generation strategy season or year-round generation Impact on equipment and storage needs Bulk uncovered storage Soil preparation Location Piles form and size Equipment Need of covered storage: 7 days storage?? Trash has to be burnt immediately, mixed to bagasse STORAGE BECOMES A RELEVANT ISSUE SULEIMAN HASSUANI 28

29 Energy cane Sugarcane high fiber content varieties Increase biomass by cane stalks fiber increase Parameters under study Impact on milling/diffusers capacity Impact on sugar extraction Impact on bagasse quality Impact on energy consumption of equipment Feasibility analysis Fiber optimized range Definition of new contribution margin equation Varieties development SULEIMAN HASSUANI 29

30 Steps for the generation of considerable amounts EE Conclusions 300 Use high pressure steam boilers (above 65 bar) 250 Use of steam extraction & condensing systems Especific electricity export (kwh/tc) Process steam consumption (kg/tc) 250 Electrification of mechanical power Reduce process steam consumption Use additional biomass: trash and cane fiber increase Use of advanced technologies gasification combined cycle Costs versus gains will define the technologies to be applied SULEIMAN HASSUANI 30

31 The end THANK YOU! Suleiman Hassuani CTC Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira SULEIMAN HASSUANI 31

SUGARCANE TRASH RECOVERY ALTERNATIVES FOR POWER GENERATION. Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar

SUGARCANE TRASH RECOVERY ALTERNATIVES FOR POWER GENERATION. Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar Hassuani, S.J. et a/. Proc. ISSCT, Vol. 25, 2005 SUGARCANE TRASH RECOVERY ALTERNATIVES FOR POWER GENERATION S.J. HASSUANI, J.E.A.R. da SILVA and J.L.M. NEVES Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar JCEYWORDS:

More information

SUGAR AND ETHANOL INDUSTRIES Energy view. 24/02/2006 Energy Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 1

SUGAR AND ETHANOL INDUSTRIES Energy view. 24/02/2006 Energy Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 1 SUGAR AND ETANOL INDUSTRIES Energy view 24/02/2006 Energy Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 1 SUGAR CANE Sugar cane is a 1 year crop, and when harvested it is about 3m tall. The sugar content is about 10%

More information

HOW TO INCREASE INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE USING THE DRY CLEANING PROCESS ON SUGARCANE AT THE MILL

HOW TO INCREASE INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE USING THE DRY CLEANING PROCESS ON SUGARCANE AT THE MILL REFEREED PAPER HOW TO INCREASE INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE USING THE DRY CLEANING PROCESS ON SUGARCANE AT THE MILL MESQUITA MA 1 AND KNIHS VL 2 1 Avenida Prefeito Waldemar Grubba,3000 Jaraguá do Sul, SC, Brazil

More information

SUGARCANE TRASH RECOVERY SYSTEMS FOR COGENERATION

SUGARCANE TRASH RECOVERY SYSTEMS FOR COGENERATION SUGARCANE TRASH RECOVERY SYSTEMS FOR COGENERATION B Rees Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MSc Engineering Bioresources Engineering School of Engineering University

More information

Cane trash as an alternate fuel resource for biomass cogeneration plant

Cane trash as an alternate fuel resource for biomass cogeneration plant Cane trash as an alternate fuel resource for biomass cogeneration plant Cane trash as an alternate fuel resource for biomass cogeneration plant This case study is about exploring and promoting usage of

More information

CHAPTER 6 BOILER EFFICIENCY

CHAPTER 6 BOILER EFFICIENCY CHAPTER 6 BOILER EFFICIENCY 6.1 Introduction Boiler operation is very complex and plays very important role in sugar mill. Sugar mill requires steam for the process and electric power for auxiliary consumption.

More information

AN INDIRECT-FIRED ROTARY SUGARCANE BAGASSE TORREFYER: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE

AN INDIRECT-FIRED ROTARY SUGARCANE BAGASSE TORREFYER: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE Technical Bulletin No. 40 AN INDIRECT-FIRED ROTARY SUGARCANE BAGASSE TORREFYER: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE by Alexis Belonio, Isidore Alcantara and Daniel Belonio Sugar mills basically require a lot of power

More information

Smar Solutions for The Sugar Production. Juice Extraction Control

Smar Solutions for The Sugar Production. Juice Extraction Control Smar Solutions for The Sugar Production Juice Extraction Control Juice Extraction Control Milling Plant Controls Cane Preparation Cane Conveyors Speed and Syncronism Knives and Shredders Protection Imbibition

More information

BIOENERGY OPPORTUNITIES AT GAY & ROBINSON. E. Alan Kennett President, Gay & Robinson, Inc.

BIOENERGY OPPORTUNITIES AT GAY & ROBINSON. E. Alan Kennett President, Gay & Robinson, Inc. BIOENERGY OPPORTUNITIES AT GAY & ROBINSON E. Alan Kennett President, Gay & Robinson, Inc. Alan Kennett & Gay & Robinson President and CEO of Gay & Robinson, Inc. Gay & Robinson, Inc. is 7,500 acre sugar

More information

MEGATRENDS Mid Term Economics

MEGATRENDS Mid Term Economics Biorefinaria de Cana e os Plásticos Sustentáveis Sustainable Sugarcane Biorefinery CTC Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira MEGATRENDS Mid Term Economics Much slower growth in the developed world Accelerating

More information

DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER

DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER Biomass is a source of renewable energy which is biological material derived from living or recently living organisms such as wood, waste and alcohol fuels.

More information

Analysis for Possibilities of Energy Resources from Sugarcane Trash

Analysis for Possibilities of Energy Resources from Sugarcane Trash Analysis for Possibilities of Energy Resources from Sugarcane Trash Sumit Kumar 1, Harish Kumar 2, Ravi Kumar 3 1,2.3 Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, D.V.S.I.ET, Meerut U.P.India

More information

Energy Values and Technologies for Non woody Biomass: as a clean source of Energy

Energy Values and Technologies for Non woody Biomass: as a clean source of Energy IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE) ISSN : 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 2 (May-June 2012), PP 10-14 Energy Values and Technologies for Non woody Biomass: as a clean source of

More information

GCE Environmental Technology. Energy from Biomass. For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2014

GCE Environmental Technology. Energy from Biomass. For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2014 GCE Environmental Technology Energy from Biomass For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2014 Energy from Biomass Specification Content should be able to: Students should be able

More information

Performance evaluation of industrial boiler by heat loss method.

Performance evaluation of industrial boiler by heat loss method. Performance evaluation of industrial boiler by heat loss method. Divyesh T. Patel 1, Dr. K.V.Modi 2 1 ME Scholar in Mechanical (Energy Engg.), Government Engineering College, Valsad, India 2 Associate

More information

Process Integration Case Study for the Second Generation Ethanol Production

Process Integration Case Study for the Second Generation Ethanol Production Process Integration Case Study for the Second Generation Ethanol Production July 22-25, 2014 Paulo Brito - Granbio Sophia Rouzinou, Vesa Pylkkanen American Process Inc Objectives Increase the ethanol production

More information

COGENERATION PLANT FAQ. What is biomass cogeneration? Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat using a single primary fuel.

COGENERATION PLANT FAQ. What is biomass cogeneration? Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat using a single primary fuel. COGENERATION PLANT FAQ What is biomass cogeneration? Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat using a single primary fuel. Biomass cogeneration uses waste wood and horticultural

More information

Biomass valorisation in the sugarcane processing industry

Biomass valorisation in the sugarcane processing industry Biomass valorisation in the sugarcane processing industry DST Science-meets-Industry Workshop: Organic waste Steve Davis Research and Development Manager Sugar Milling Research Institute NPC 26-27 November

More information

SUGARCANE LEAVES AND TOPS: THEIR CURRENT USE FOR ENERGY AND HURDLES TO BE OVERCOME, PARTICULARLY IN SOUTH AFRICA, FOR GREATER UTILISATION.

SUGARCANE LEAVES AND TOPS: THEIR CURRENT USE FOR ENERGY AND HURDLES TO BE OVERCOME, PARTICULARLY IN SOUTH AFRICA, FOR GREATER UTILISATION. REFEREED PAPER SUGARCANE LEAVES AND TOPS: THEIR CURRENT USE FOR ENERGY AND HURDLES TO BE OVERCOME, PARTICULARLY IN SOUTH AFRICA, FOR GREATER UTILISATION. 1 PIEROSSI MA, 2 BERNHARDT HW AND 3 FUNKE T 1 AgroPerforma

More information

CHAPTER 4 SUGARCANE ITS BYPRODUCTS AND CO-PRODUCTS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIVERSIFICATION: AN OVERVIEW

CHAPTER 4 SUGARCANE ITS BYPRODUCTS AND CO-PRODUCTS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIVERSIFICATION: AN OVERVIEW CHAPTER 4 SUGARCANE ITS BYPRODUCTS AND CO-PRODUCTS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIVERSIFICATION: AN OVERVIEW 4.1 Introduction Sugarcane harvesting and processing has the benefits of obtaining multiple products and

More information

The User Method Statement

The User Method Statement The User Method Statement This User Statement complements the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection document General Approval of a resource for beneficial use Sugar Mill By-Products (Filter

More information

Ms.P.Aileen Sonia Dhas

Ms.P.Aileen Sonia Dhas SUBJECT CODE SUBJECT NAME STAFF NAME : ME8792 : Power Plant Engineering : Prof.V.Tamil Selvi Ms.P.Aileen Sonia Dhas UNIT- I COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS Rankine cycle - improvisations, Layout of modern

More information

Beneficiation of sugarcane bagasse for materials development and energy generation in South Africa

Beneficiation of sugarcane bagasse for materials development and energy generation in South Africa Beneficiation of sugarcane bagasse for materials development and energy generation in South Africa Nonhlanhla P. Cele* *ncele@nmisa.org Temperature and Humidity Laboratory 8/14/2017 A hallmark of measurement

More information

Gas turbine power plant. Contacts: Mail: Web:

Gas turbine power plant. Contacts: Mail: Web: Gas turbine power plant Contacts: Mail: poddar05@gmail.com Web: http://www.ajourneywithtime.weebly.com/ Contents Gas turbine power plant Elements of gas turbine power plants Gas turbine fuels Cogeneration

More information

Generate Green Power. using ORC technology

Generate Green Power. using ORC technology Organic Rankine Cycle Technology Generate Green Power from agricultural waste biomass using ORC technology Antonio MENDES NAZARE Organic Rankine Cycle Technology 2 Summary Executive Summary 1) Current

More information

THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY COGENERATION FROM SUGARCANE ORIGIN.

THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY COGENERATION FROM SUGARCANE ORIGIN. Third Biomass Conference of the Americas Montreal, August 24-29, 1997, Elsevier Science Ltd. Vol. II - PP 1631-1640 THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY COGENERATION FROM SUGARCANE ORIGIN. Suani T. Coelho,

More information

Comparative analysis of sugarcane processing technologies for environmental impact and energy efficiency

Comparative analysis of sugarcane processing technologies for environmental impact and energy efficiency Comparative analysis of sugarcane processing technologies for environmental impact and energy efficiency By Jean-Luc Magalhaes Fives Cail, 22 rue du Carrousel - BP 10374, 59669 Villeneuve d'ascq, France.

More information

BFB (bubbling fluidized bed) Power Plants (CHP) Fuel: RDF or Biomass CHP

BFB (bubbling fluidized bed) Power Plants (CHP) Fuel: RDF or Biomass CHP BFB (bubbling fluidized bed) Power Plants (CHP) Fuel: RDF or Biomass CHP BFB power plant project (CHP) BFB plant is a ready-made, functional power plant. The project is handled from design through to commissioning

More information

Approach of using Corn Residue as Alternative Energy Source for Power Production: A Case Study of the Northern Plain Area of Thailand

Approach of using Corn Residue as Alternative Energy Source for Power Production: A Case Study of the Northern Plain Area of Thailand Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 79 (2015 ) 125 130 2015 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies Approach of

More information

We have gained practical experience by investing in biomass heating plants.

We have gained practical experience by investing in biomass heating plants. has been engaged in the mechanisation of forestry, the timber industry and the generation of power from renewable raw materials for the saw mill and timber industry as well as local and long-distance power

More information

Combined Cycle Gasification Plant

Combined Cycle Gasification Plant Combined Cycle Gasification Plant Kenneth Jørgensen and Robert Heeb Babcock & Wilcox Vølund A/S Abstract: The gasification technology promises many technological advantages compared to traditional steam

More information

Sustainability of sugar cane bioethanol: Energy balance and GHG

Sustainability of sugar cane bioethanol: Energy balance and GHG Sustainability of sugar cane bioethanol: Energy balance and GHG Joaquim E. A. Seabra Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal CTBE Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory Global Sustainable Bioenergy - Latin

More information

CARBON BALANCE EVALUATION IN SUGARCANE BIOREFINERIES IN BRAZIL FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILISATION PURPOSES

CARBON BALANCE EVALUATION IN SUGARCANE BIOREFINERIES IN BRAZIL FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILISATION PURPOSES CARBON BALANCE EVALUATION IN SUGARCANE BIOREFINERIES IN BRAZIL FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILISATION PURPOSES Larissa de Souza Noel Simas Barbosa, USP/VTT Neo-Carbon 4 th Researchers Seminar October 19-20,

More information

PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF FUEL PROPERTIES ON COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE AP MANN

PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF FUEL PROPERTIES ON COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE AP MANN PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF FUEL PROPERTIES ON COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE By AP MANN Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane a.mann@qut.edu.au KEYWORDS: Fuel, Boiler, Cogeneration, CFD, Modelling. Abstract

More information

Chapter page 1

Chapter page 1 Chapter 04-04 page 1 04-04: Odd biomass fractions Properties and processes Introduction There are mainly five different processes to choose from to produce useful energy from any type of biomass. Three

More information

Sustainability of biofuels: GHG emissions

Sustainability of biofuels: GHG emissions Joaquim E. A. Seabra Sustainability of biofuels: GHG emissions joaquim.seabra@bioetanol.org.br Scientific Issues on Biofuels Fapesp May 25 th, 2010 Sustainability of biofuels Worldwide, the main driving-forces

More information

HOW PYROLYSIS WASTE TO ENERGY WORKS

HOW PYROLYSIS WASTE TO ENERGY WORKS HOW PYROLYSIS WASTE TO ENERGY WORKS The use of pyrolysis in the thermal processing of municipal solid waste is becoming more widespread in application due to the overall flexibility of the pyrolysis process.

More information

SASTA CONGRESS 2008 Factory Workshop: The Future of Energy in a Cane Sugar Factory

SASTA CONGRESS 2008 Factory Workshop: The Future of Energy in a Cane Sugar Factory 1 SASTA CONGRESS 2008 Factory Workshop: The Future of Energy in a Cane Sugar Factory MODERN SUGAR EQUIPMENT ASSISTING COGENERATION by Bruce Moor, Bosch Projects, South Africa Abstract The South African

More information

2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1. What is a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Plant? A CCGT power plant uses a cycle configuration of gas turbines, heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) and

More information

Novel Ecological Biomass in the MB Bioeconomy

Novel Ecological Biomass in the MB Bioeconomy Novel Ecological Biomass in the MB Bioeconomy Pilot-scale harvesting of cattail (Typha spp.) for nutrient capture, bioenergy, and high value bioproducts www.iisd.org 2012 The International Institute for

More information

New Power Plant Concept for Moist Fuels, IVOSDIG

New Power Plant Concept for Moist Fuels, IVOSDIG ES THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 91-GT-293 345 E. 47 St., New York, N.Y. 10017 The Society shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or in discussion at meetings

More information

Hamm MW Pyrolysis Plant. Integrated Pyrolysis into Power Plant Plant capacity 100,000 t/a Pre-processed Waste Materials

Hamm MW Pyrolysis Plant. Integrated Pyrolysis into Power Plant Plant capacity 100,000 t/a Pre-processed Waste Materials Integrated Pyrolysis into Power Plant Plant capacity 100,000 t/a Pre-processed Waste Materials Schematic Flow sheet Integrated Pyrolysis for Power Plants Pyrolysis of high calorific solid recovered fuels

More information

Case Study Indonesian sugar industry : PRODUCTIVITY GAINS FROM EFFICIENT WASTE TO ENERGY SCHEMES

Case Study Indonesian sugar industry : PRODUCTIVITY GAINS FROM EFFICIENT WASTE TO ENERGY SCHEMES Case Study Indonesian sugar industry : PRODUCTIVITY GAINS FROM EFFICIENT WASTE TO ENERGY SCHEMES Hariyanto Energy Technology Center, Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) Intercontinental

More information

Sugar Industry Restructuring by Implementing Biorefinery Technology

Sugar Industry Restructuring by Implementing Biorefinery Technology Sugar Industry Restructuring by Implementing Biorefinery Technology Dr. Maurizio Cocchi THE BIOREFINERY CONCEPT Biorefinery approach Integration of biomass conversion processes and technologies to produce

More information

Chapter 2.7: Cogeneration

Chapter 2.7: Cogeneration Chapter 2.7: Cogeneration Part-I: Objective type questions and answers 1. In cogeneration, the system efficiencies can go up to ------ a) 70% b) 80% c) 90% d) 60% 2. Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation

More information

Agricultural Campus Biomass Co-Generation District Energy System Fact Sheet

Agricultural Campus Biomass Co-Generation District Energy System Fact Sheet Agricultural Campus Biomass Co-Generation District Energy System Fact Sheet Owner: Dalhousie University Mechanical & Electrical Consulting Engineers: FVB Energy Construction Manager: Dalhousie University

More information

Sugar Cogeneration in Thailand

Sugar Cogeneration in Thailand Emerging Trends in Sugar Mill Cogeneration Training on and transfer of efficient EU technologies in the sugar sector in Thailand (SPF- Sugar) Arul Joe Mathias Biomass and CDM expert 6-8 September 2006

More information

Efficient conversion of Wood Energy to Electricity / GIZs experiences with producing electricity from woody biomass

Efficient conversion of Wood Energy to Electricity / GIZs experiences with producing electricity from woody biomass Efficient conversion of Wood Energy to Electricity / GIZs experiences with producing electricity from woody biomass Role of electricity from biomass in a sustainable energy system Transformation Technologies

More information

Bagasse based high pressure co-generation in Pakistan

Bagasse based high pressure co-generation in Pakistan International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 6726 Volume 5 Issue 3 March 2016 PP.62-67 Bagasse based high pressure co-generation in Pakistan Roman

More information

Bagasse-based co-generation at Hippo Valley Estates sugar factory in Zimbabwe

Bagasse-based co-generation at Hippo Valley Estates sugar factory in Zimbabwe Bagasse-based co-generation at Hippo Valley Estates sugar factory in Zimbabwe Busiso Mtunzi Ntshengedzeni Mampwheli Edson Meyer Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, South Africa Wilson Mungwena

More information

GASIFICATION THE WASTE-TO-ENERGY SOLUTION SYNGAS WASTE STEAM CONSUMER PRODUCTS TRANSPORTATION FUELS HYDROGEN FOR OIL REFINING FERTILIZERS CHEMICALS

GASIFICATION THE WASTE-TO-ENERGY SOLUTION SYNGAS WASTE STEAM CONSUMER PRODUCTS TRANSPORTATION FUELS HYDROGEN FOR OIL REFINING FERTILIZERS CHEMICALS GASIFICATION THE WASTE-TO-ENERGY SOLUTION WASTE SYNGAS STEAM CONSUMER PRODUCTS HYDROGEN FOR OIL REFINING TRANSPORTATION FUELS CHEMICALS FERTILIZERS POWER SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS W W W. G A S I F I C A T

More information

Biomass Gasification

Biomass Gasification Biomass Gasification Efficient use of Energy Turning waste to energy, liabilities to assets and visions into reality. Table of Contents THE HTI ADVANTAGE...................... 1 FEED SYSTEMS..........................

More information

Industrial Experience on the Implementation of Real-time On-line Energy Management Systems in Sugar and Alcohol Industry

Industrial Experience on the Implementation of Real-time On-line Energy Management Systems in Sugar and Alcohol Industry Industrial Experience on the Implementation of Real-time On-line Energy Management Systems in Sugar and Alcohol Industry Douglas C. Mariani a, Marcos A. Kihn b, Carlos A. Ruiz b a Soteica do Brasil, R.

More information

Entech Pollutec 2014 WASTE TO ENERGY BY TYRANNOSAURUS SOLUTIONS

Entech Pollutec 2014 WASTE TO ENERGY BY TYRANNOSAURUS SOLUTIONS Entech Pollutec 2014 WASTE TO ENERGY BY TYRANNOSAURUS SOLUTIONS Attractive Thailand! Relatively big population => Lot of waste => Lot of resources for power production 1,5 kg of MSW per person per day

More information

Mikko Hupa Åbo Akademi Turku, Finland

Mikko Hupa Åbo Akademi Turku, Finland Åbo Akademi Chemical Engineering Department Course The Forest based Biorefinery Chemical and Engineering Challenges and Opportunities May 3-7, 2010 Thermal conversion of biomass Mikko Hupa Åbo Akademi

More information

Solar Live Steam Generation and Solar Bagasse Drying for South African Sugar Mills

Solar Live Steam Generation and Solar Bagasse Drying for South African Sugar Mills 1 Solar Live Steam Generation and Solar Bagasse Drying for South African Sugar Mills Krog W. 1, Hess S. 2 and Hoffmann J. 1 1 Solar Thermal Energy Research Group (STERG), University of Stellenbosch 2 Karlsruhe

More information

III Low Carbon Scenario for LULUCF. Brazil GHG Emissions Profile

III Low Carbon Scenario for LULUCF. Brazil GHG Emissions Profile III Low Carbon Scenario for LULUCF Brazil GHG Emissions Profile Low Carbon Scenario 1. Reduce Deforestation by 70% (83% compared to historical average) 2. Large Sequestration opportunities through forestry

More information

ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION

ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF EVAPORATORS AND BLEED CONFIGURATION PRESENTED BY: MR. ATIF SATTAR (GENERAL MANAGER) HASEEB WAQAS SUGAR MILLS LIMITED NANKANA SAHIB ABSTRACT The

More information

Gasification characteristics of sugarcane bagasse

Gasification characteristics of sugarcane bagasse Gasification characteristics of sugarcane bagasse 1 Anthony Anukam, 2 Edson Meyer, 1 Omobola Okoh and 2 Sampson Mamphweli University of Fort Hare, 1 Chemistry Department, 2 Institute of Technology Private

More information

Optimized Design of a Bagasse Dryer System for Sugar Industry

Optimized Design of a Bagasse Dryer System for Sugar Industry Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 6, No. 4, October 2016 115 Abstract--- Bagasse is used as one of the fuels for boilers to generate power in most of

More information

Chapter 4.3: Cogeneration, Turbines (Gas, Steam)

Chapter 4.3: Cogeneration, Turbines (Gas, Steam) Short type questions Chapter 4.3: Cogeneration, Turbines (Gas, Steam) 1. What could be the range of energy saving potential from co-generation systems? Co-generation offers energy savings in the range

More information

NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2004 FOR ENERGY MANAGERS

NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2004 FOR ENERGY MANAGERS NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2004 FOR ENERGY MANAGERS PAPER EM2: Energy Efficiency in Thermal Utilities Date: 22.05.2004 Timings: 1400-1700 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150 General instructions:

More information

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Renewable Energy in Alberta

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Renewable Energy in Alberta Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Renewable Energy in Alberta Why are Greenhouse Gas Emissions Important? Over the last century, modern industry and lifestyles have rapidly increased amounts of greenhouse gas

More information

Paper Mill Repowering with Gasification

Paper Mill Repowering with Gasification Frontline Gasifier Benson, MN Paper Mill Repowering with Gasification Jerod Smeenk 2011 TAPPI IBBC Conference March 14, 2011 1 Repowering Options Looking Inside the Box Kiln replace fossil fuel with liquid

More information

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE Workshop on Use of agricultural residues for bioenergy 25-26 September 2014, Kyiv, Ukraine PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE Tetiana Zheliezna, Georgii Geletukha

More information

Möglichkeiten der Reststoffnutzung in der Zuckerindustrie: Filterkuchen und Bagasse als Energieträger

Möglichkeiten der Reststoffnutzung in der Zuckerindustrie: Filterkuchen und Bagasse als Energieträger PEP-Informationsveranstaltung Energie aus Biomasse und Biogas 12. Februar 2014 Berlin Möglichkeiten der Reststoffnutzung in der Zuckerindustrie: Filterkuchen und Bagasse als Energieträger Dipl.-Ing. Werner

More information

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. Page 1

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. Page 1 Fuel : A fuel is defined as a substance (containing mostly carbon and hydrogen) which on burning with oxygen in atmospheric air, produces a large amount of heat. fuel. The amount of heat generated is known

More information

PORTFOLIO OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

PORTFOLIO OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES PORTFOLIO OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES MAIN ACTIVITIES TURN-KEY SUPPLY OF BOILER ROOMS Designs, supply, assembly, tests and commissioning Conventional power plants; Energy centres for refineries, sugar refineries,

More information

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER by KARA

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER by KARA COMBINED HEAT AND POWER by KARA ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN ONE INSTALLATION Renewable Electricity The market for renewable electricity production is on the move in Europe due to new EC rules, national subsidies,

More information

Small Heating Systems. What it takes to burn well

Small Heating Systems. What it takes to burn well Small Heating Systems What it takes to burn well 1) The most common problem is getting more fuel started than you have air and heat to finish. 2) Even if you have enough air (no smoke) you are probably

More information

Clarifications to Queries from EPC Bidders Sugar Plant (Technical Specifications)

Clarifications to Queries from EPC Bidders Sugar Plant (Technical Specifications) Clarifications to Queries from EPC Bidders Sugar Plant (Technical Specifications) 1. Chapter 4 Technical Specifications Who will provide hot water tank for imbibition water for sugar section? 2. Chapter

More information

NEW 2 MW GASIFICATION PILOT PLANT AT CB2G

NEW 2 MW GASIFICATION PILOT PLANT AT CB2G NEW 2 MW GASIFICATION PILOT PLANT AT CB2G 5th International Freiberg Conference on IGCC and XtL Technologies, 21-24 May 2012, Leipzig, Germany Gobierno de Navarra Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Ciemat

More information

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. Page 1

R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. Page 1 6.1 Types of fuels 4 Marks Definition, classification, properties, Calorific value of fuels. Ultimate analysis and proximate analysis of solid fuels. Liquid fuels- Comparative information about composition,

More information

Synthetic Fuel Substitutes for Thermal Oxidizers Increased Sustainability, Reduced Natural Gas Consumption

Synthetic Fuel Substitutes for Thermal Oxidizers Increased Sustainability, Reduced Natural Gas Consumption Synthetic Fuel Substitutes for Thermal Oxidizers Increased Sustainability, Reduced Natural Gas Consumption Advances in Emission Control and Monitoring Technology for Industrial Sources Exton, PA July 9-10,

More information

Palm Biomass Volume & Condition in ASEAN. Quality Improvement & Market Outlook on Value-added Palm Biomass. GGS Biomass Synergization Ecosystem

Palm Biomass Volume & Condition in ASEAN. Quality Improvement & Market Outlook on Value-added Palm Biomass. GGS Biomass Synergization Ecosystem Global Green Synergy Sdn. Bhd. since 2008 *These documents being the property of Global Green Synergy Sdn Bhd are strictly limited to the information use of the beneficiary within the scope of the here

More information

Tres Valles Cogeneration Project. Frederik Staun, UNEP Risoe Centre, Carbon finance Belize City August, 2010

Tres Valles Cogeneration Project. Frederik Staun, UNEP Risoe Centre, Carbon finance Belize City August, 2010 Tres Valles Cogeneration Project Frederik Staun, fsta@risoe.dtu.dk UNEP Risoe Centre, Carbon finance Belize City 24 26 August, 2010 Description of the project Tres Valles Cogeneration Project consists

More information

Process Design For Optimum Energy Efficiency

Process Design For Optimum Energy Efficiency Process Design For Optimum Energy Efficiency Steve Peacock Tongaat Hulett Sugar INTRODUCTION The average SA sugar factory has a bagasse supply capable of supporting a steam on cane of just under 60% Assuming

More information

NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE WORK WITH LESS POLLUTION

NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE WORK WITH LESS POLLUTION UDK 621.311.22:502.174 Dip.el.eng. Igor SEKOVSKI NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE WORK WITH LESS POLLUTION Abstract Today people make a lot of analysis, of work of

More information

BIOFOM THE ZERO SUGARCANE MILL:

BIOFOM THE ZERO SUGARCANE MILL: International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 27 th ISSCT CONGRESS INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF ORGANOMINERAL BIOFERTILIZER USING BYPRODUCTS FROM SUGAR AND ETHANOL AGROINDUSTRY, OR... BIOFOM THE ZERO SUGARCANE

More information

The application of rigorous modelling with Monte Carlo simulation methods to assist decision-making in sugar factories

The application of rigorous modelling with Monte Carlo simulation methods to assist decision-making in sugar factories The application of rigorous modelling with Monte Carlo simulation methods to assist decision-making in sugar factories Jack Fisher 1 Abstract Technical and economic modelling of potential modifications

More information

RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN:

RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN: RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN: 2321-7758 PROPOSAL TO REDUCE FUEL COST IN NAVAL TRANSPORT BY USING BIOMASS 1 GUNJAN DE, 2 GAURAB BHOWMICK, 3 PARNASHREE MITRA 1 Mechanical Engineer, 2 Mechanical Engineering, 3 Electronics

More information

8 th SGC International Seminar on Gasificaton October 15 th -16 th, 2014 Malmö, Sweden

8 th SGC International Seminar on Gasificaton October 15 th -16 th, 2014 Malmö, Sweden 8 th SGC International Seminar on Gasificaton October 15 th -16 th, 2014 Malmö, Sweden Commercial Experiences of Waste and Biofuel Gasification - Valmet CFB Gasification Juhani Isaksson, Valmet Power Valmet

More information

Opportunities for conversion of biomass and waste using hydrothermal Carbonisation

Opportunities for conversion of biomass and waste using hydrothermal Carbonisation Opportunities for conversion of biomass and waste using hydrothermal Carbonisation Dr Andy Ross School of Chemical and Process Engineering Hydrothermal processing Hydrothermal processing converts organic

More information

MODERN TRENDS IN SUGAR PLANT HIGH PRESSURE COGENERATION SYSTEM

MODERN TRENDS IN SUGAR PLANT HIGH PRESSURE COGENERATION SYSTEM MODERN TRENDS IN SUGAR PLANT HIGH PRESSURE COGENERATION SYSTEM (S.BALASUBRAMANIAN, G.V.RAMAN & P.S.SANKARANARAYANAN) SYNOPSIS Cogeneration in sugar industry to produce surplus power and export to the Utility

More information

Cool Producing Systems Based on Burning and Gasification of Biomass

Cool Producing Systems Based on Burning and Gasification of Biomass Cool Producing Systems Based on Burning and Gasification of Biomass J. POSPISIL, J. FIEDLER, Z. SKALA Energy Institute Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of Technology Technicka 2, Brno

More information

Methodologies: Emission and Mitigation of GHG in the production and Use of Ethanol from Sugarcane

Methodologies: Emission and Mitigation of GHG in the production and Use of Ethanol from Sugarcane 1 st Brazil-U.S. BiofuelsShort Course: Providing Interdisciplinary Education in Biofuels Technology July 27 -August 7, 2009 University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Methodologies: Emission and Mitigation

More information

1. To improve heat exchange between a gas & a liquid stream in a heat exchanger, it is decided to use fins. Correct the suitable option.

1. To improve heat exchange between a gas & a liquid stream in a heat exchanger, it is decided to use fins. Correct the suitable option. 1. To improve heat exchange between a gas & a liquid stream in a heat exchanger, it is decided to use fins. Correct the suitable option. a) Fins are generally attached on gas side. b) Fins are generally

More information

CEREAL STRAW TORREFACTION: RESULTS ON PILOT PLANT TEST. June 2013

CEREAL STRAW TORREFACTION: RESULTS ON PILOT PLANT TEST. June 2013 CEREAL STRAW TORREFACTION: RESULTS ON PILOT PLANT TEST June 2013 í n d i c e 1. Overview of CENER experience in torrefaction 2. Torrefaction process concept and reactor technology 3. Straw torrefaction

More information

Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: The 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020

Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: The 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020 Available at www.sciencedirect.com http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: The 2005/2006 averages and a prediction

More information

Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Biomass Materials in Hawaii

Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Biomass Materials in Hawaii Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Biomass Materials in Hawaii Prepared for State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism by University of Hawaii Hawaii Natural Energy Institute

More information

Next-generation Biomass Technology. Agripellet burners. For domestic applications as well as large installations. from 25 to 1000 kw

Next-generation Biomass Technology. Agripellet burners. For domestic applications as well as large installations. from 25 to 1000 kw Next-generation Biomass Technology Agripellet burners For domestic applications as well as large installations. from 25 to 1000 kw Agripellet SPL25A SPL50A SPL100A Agripellet Burners from 25 to 1000 kw

More information

Efficient volume reduction and concentration of mining waste water with direct contact evaporation technology

Efficient volume reduction and concentration of mining waste water with direct contact evaporation technology Efficient volume reduction and concentration of mining waste water with direct contact evaporation technology Steven Panz 1, Wesley Young 2 1. President, Inproheat Industries, Canada 2. Chief Technical

More information

SUGAR CANE ALTERNATIVES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION AT THE CUBAN SUGAR FACTORIES

SUGAR CANE ALTERNATIVES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION AT THE CUBAN SUGAR FACTORIES SUGAR CANE ALTERNATIVES FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION AT THE CUBAN SUGAR FACTORIES Antonio Valdes Delgado Center for Management of Priority Programs and Projects CUBA HYSTORICAL DEVELOPMENT In Cuba, since

More information

Superior Efficiency Reduced Costs Viable Alternative Energy Kalex Kalina Cycle Power Systems For Biomass Applications

Superior Efficiency Reduced Costs Viable Alternative Energy Kalex Kalina Cycle Power Systems For Biomass Applications Superior Efficiency Reduced Costs Viable Alternative Energy Kalex Kalina Cycle Power Systems For Biomass Applications Copyright 2009, 2010, Kalex LLC. Kalex LLC's Kalina Cycle for Biomass Applications

More information

Countryside COUNTRYSIDE

Countryside COUNTRYSIDE Countryside COUNTRYSIDE The cultivation of sugarcane begins with the adaptation of the lands including the leveling and construction of works, which are mainly made to facilitate the movement of the water

More information

Poultry Litter as a Renewable Resource. Fibrominn Biomass Power Plant

Poultry Litter as a Renewable Resource. Fibrominn Biomass Power Plant Poultry Litter as a Renewable Resource Fibrominn Biomass Power Plant 1 Poultry Litter Undigested Feed Water Bedding Material (wood shavings/sunflower hulls) Barn Flooring Material Tramp Contaminants 2

More information

Rice straw for Electricity & Heat Production

Rice straw for Electricity & Heat Production Rice straw for Electricity & Heat Production Cairo, June 9 th 2009 Robert Bakker, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Wageningen UR AFSG Biobased Products Division Overview presentation Introduction Technologies available

More information

Coupling gasification and metallurgical applications

Coupling gasification and metallurgical applications Coupling gasification and metallurgical applications Robert Pardemann, Tanja Schaaf, Jochen Grünig, Katharina Förster, Andreas Orth International Freiberg Conference on IGCC & XtL Technologies 12 16 June

More information

Biomass and Decentralised Energy: Challenges and Benefits

Biomass and Decentralised Energy: Challenges and Benefits Renewable Energy Asia 2013 Bangkok (June 5, 2013) Biomass and Decentralised Energy: Challenges and Benefits Ludovic Lacrosse Director WADE THAI About WADE - The World Alliance for Decentralised Energy

More information

We have gained practical experience by investing in biomass heating plants.

We have gained practical experience by investing in biomass heating plants. has been engaged in the mechanisation of forestry, the timber industry and the generation of power from renewable raw materials for the saw mill and timber industry as well as local and long-distance power

More information