BIOLOGICAL WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS. Sarah A. White, Ph.D. 25 Oct 2016

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1 BIOLOGICAL WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Sarah A. White, Ph.D. 25 Oct 2016

2 Water challenges & concerns

3 Treatment technologies for runoff Sediment basins Filter strips Vegetative buffers Vegetative waterways Constructed water (wetland) treatment basins (CWs) Surface-flow Subsurface-flow Floating wetlands

4 Sediment basins

5 Bioretention basin

6 Filter strips & vegetated waterways

7 Treatment technologies Sediment basins Filter Strips Vegetative buffers Vegetative waterways Constructed water (wetland) treatment basins (CWs) Surface-flow Subsurface-flow Floating wetlands

8 Constructed water treatment basins (CWs) Recycle or release water

9 Wetland (water basin) functions Soils provide habitat for microbes Microbes process nutrients organic contaminants Vegetation slows water Plant uptake/absorption nutrients trace metals other compounds

10 Surface-flow CWS

11 Case Study: Monrovia Cairo, GA CW 2 CW 1

12 Case Study: CW1 14 years 120 acres of production drain to wetland 9.3 acre wetland Two-stage deep cell shallow cell

13 Virtual tour of CW1 Runoff collection channel with nitrification structures Nursery bed runoff collection 1500 ft flow control channel (handles 2 /hr rainfall events) 1 ac retention pond, pumping station, and transfer pipe Pumping runoff into 1 st stage 30 deep wetlands First stage vegetation planted in bands

14 Rare open water in 1 st stage; ~ 48 deep Gravity feeding 2 nd stage 8 deep wetlands Gravity discharge of cleaned water from 2 nd stage wetlands Discharge channel 1 st stilling pond after recent cleaning (removes remaining suspended sediments) 2 nd stilling pond located just prior to discharge into woodlands

15 How well do surface-flow CWs clean nursery runoff?

16 Nitrogen results Nitrogen Removal (%) Apr-02 Jun-02 Aug-02 Oct-02 Dec-02 Feb-03 Apr-03 Jun-03 Aug-03 Oct-03 Dec-03 Feb-04 Apr-04 Jun-04 Aug-04 Oct-04 Dec-04 Feb-05 Apr-05 Jun-05 Aug-05 Oct-05 Dec-05 Feb-06 Water Temperature ( o C) Wetland efficiency 1st stage temp.

17 Nitrogen results NOx Mass Removal Rate (g/m 2 /d) : 1 Loaded : removed NO x Mass Loading Rate (g/m 2 /d)

18 Phosphorus results Removal efficacy (%) Phosphorus (ppm) / Export

19 Surface-flow CWS Most efficient with high to moderate runoff volumes Efficient nitrogen removal Phosphorus not consistently treated Pesticide removal 50-98% organochlorine organophosphate pyrethroid

20 Subsurface flow CWS

21 Subsurface flow CWS

22 Subsurface flow CWS Reduce ammoniacal N emissions Efficient nitrogen & phosphorus removal sediment will become P saturated Pesticide removal depends upon pesticide class

23 Floating treatment wetlands (FTW) Image source: Floating islands international

24 Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs)

25 Floating wetland: functions Large root surface area for microbe habitat Particulate filtration Nutrient removal Provide edge shelter & general wildlife habitat

26 Floating wetlands uncertainty Plant nutrient uptake When to harvest Best plant species Bacteria removal capacity % cover of pond for adequate control

27 Remediation efficiencies Contaminant Water Treatment Basin Design (% Removal) FTW Pond/Wetla nd System Submerged Gravel Wetland TSS - 71 ± TP 44 ± TN TSS = total suspended solids TP = total phosphorus TN = total nitrogen

28 Conclusions Each technology discussed has specific benefits and limitations Technology applied for remediation depends upon site-specific considerations operation size treatment volume contaminants of concern Ecological treatment options are effective remediation tools

29 Contact Information Sarah A. White, Ph.D. Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences Clemson University E-143 Poole Agricultural Center Clemson, SC Resources: Constructed Wetlands: A How to Guide for Nurseries Available for free: Cleanwater3.org treatment technology information

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