Final Report Publishable Part

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1 Project nº TREN/5/FP6EN/SO /294 Acronym : ROCOCO Title : Reduction of costs of Solar Cooling systems Instrument : Specific Support Action Thematic Priority : [6..3..] [Cost-effective supply of renewable energies] Final Report Publishable Part Period covered: from.4.26 to Date of preparation: Start date of project:.4.26 Duration: 2 years Project coordinator name: Anita Preisler Project coordinator organisation name: arsenal research Revision [draft ] ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

2 CONTENTS PUBLISHABLE ACTIVITY REPORT PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS Background ROCOCO objectives Contributors WP MONITORING MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY Component of SAC installation Existing SAC installations: statistic analysis Main costs of single stage absorption SAC installation Technical data Best practice investment cost distribution Case study: middle range absorption capacity installation Case study: small range absorption capacity installation Main costs of Desiccant Evaporative Cooling (DEC) installations Main advantages of the DEC technology General financial data Main conclusions about adsorption installations WP 2 BUILDING SECTORS AND APPLICATIONS Objectives and methodology Results on T & M matrix: selection of high-potential building sectors and technologies Cost assessment of solar cooling applications Nomenclature and hypothesis Energy performance Investment costs Annualized costs Specific annualized costs related to primary energy unit Costs of Primary Energy Higher potential in T & M cases for cost reduction Other solar cooling technologies Optimization of certain cases Conclusion of cost assessment of typical applications on solar cooling and building sectors WP 3 RTD GAPS, POTENTIALS AND TOPICS Objectives and methodology Results of assessment of current situation for high potential technologies: core components and prices Definition of the ideal specifications for components of SAC Technological gaps assessment Total annualized over costs (life cycle costs) of solar cooling towards conventional cooling Results of assessment of target prices for high-potential technologies and market sectors Target prices for Solar Cooling through development of scenarios and evaluation through lifecycle costs and Return on Investment Results of questionnaires for component manufactures of cost reduction potentials General questions to all manufacturers Solar collector manufacturer Absorption chiller manufacturer Adsorption chiller manufacturer Cooling tower Expert workshops for market analyses and development of market penetration strategies Methodology Results of expert workshops Conclusion of expert workshops PROJECT EXECUTION ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

3 .5. ROCOCO objectives Contributors Content and methodology Main results Results of monitoring market and technology Results of high-potential building sectors and applications Results energy performance Results investment costs Results annualized costs Results costs of primary energy Results of RTD Gaps, Potentials and Topics Results of assessment of current situation for high potential technologies: core components and prices Results of assessment of target prices for high potential technologies and market sectors Results of expert workshops for market analyses and development of market penetration strategies Results on Definition of future proposals and consortia for research topics Conclusions Conclusions of monitoring market and technology Conclusions of high-potential building sectors and applications Conclusions of RTD Gaps, Potentials and Topics... 2 REFERENCES GLOSSARY SCHEDULES FIGURES TABLES... 7 ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

4 Publishable activity report. Project objectives and major achievements.. Background The market for cooling systems for installation in buildings is growing worldwide. Reasons for this situation are many-sided. Increased comfort expectations due to increased levels of life standards and architectural concepts focusing on minimized heating demands of buildings are two major important ones. Though electrically driven chillers have reached a relatively high standard concerning energy consumption, they still require a large amount of electricity and - often more important - cause significant peak loads in electricity grids. This is becoming a growing problem in regions with cooling dominated climates. In order to reduce CO2 emissions and greenhouse gas emissions, a substantial part of the electricity must be generated from renewable energy. It seems logical to apply for solar energy for cooling purposes since in many applications, such as air conditioning, cooling loads and solar gains occur at more or less the same time in the day. In Europe, many RTD supporting and coordination activities had taken place but without any significant market results; cost non-competitiveness seems to prevent the diffusion of this new technology...2 ROCOCO objectives ROCOCO is a European project aimed at identifying European wide cost reduction potential for solar cooling systems. This was based on the collection and dissemination of existing know-how of RTD and industry. The envisaged outcome of the project should initiate a technology outlook for the next generation of more cost-effective solar cooling systems at improved performance and reduced costs. The project s success should finally lead to new application from which both industry and research can benefit. For this reason, the identification of high-potential building sectors for the implementation of nextgeneration solar cooling systems and the uncovering of technological gaps and potentials were essential. According to this target, ROCOCO is divided in five axes of work which are called Work Package. The first one (WP) covers management, administration and co-ordination of both financial and contents aspects of the project. WP has to provide a state-of-the-art of the existing and upcoming solar cooling technologies. It represents the basis of the analysis and conclusion which will be pointed out in ROCOCO project. Then WP2 consists in the examination of building sectors, related to previous found applications, which have a high potential for the development of solar cooling technologies. The intention of WP3 is to identify elements (investment and operating costs for example) that are still to expensive to lead to a market penetration of solar cooling systems. Finally, WP4 concerns the dissemination of project results. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

5 ..3 Contributors Partners in ROCOCO project are: ARSENAL RESEARCH, Austrian independent public research company in the field of renewable energy, AIGUASOL, planning and consultancy private company in the field of energy efficiency and particularly solar energy, CONNESS, Austrian consulting and project planning company with focus on renewable energy and energy efficiency, GMI, Austrian planning and realization of building-climatic concepts company, TECSOL, French technical engineering and project management office specialized in solar energy for buildings, FOTOTERM, Spanish solar thermal system installer, HSF, French air-cooling/heating system and hydraulic equipment installation, management and maintenance company for buildings and industry, ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

6 WP Monitoring market and technology The ROCOCO project has focused on the following technologies: - Desiccant Evaporative Cooling, solid and liquid, - Absorption technology, - Adsorption technology. A state-of-the-art of the existing solar cooling / solar air-conditioning (SAC) installation has been conducted. Within the project, the investigation has focused on costs in order to set up a basis for real and existing costs of the SAC technology. Moreover, it was also interesting to have a deeper look into market segments (i.e. mainly different type of buildings) currently concerned by the technology. Regarding the conducted state-of-the-art investigation it can be stated that a large market is not yet reached actually. This is due to the high costs of the technology. The state-of-the-art has shown that the SAC technology is not yet embedded in optimised system configuration and most promising building types. The following paragraphs will demonstrate this statement. Another objective was the identification and analysis of cost reduction potential of the SAC technology. Literature research was permitted to list several clues in order to reduce costs and to detect potentials for cost reduction. It mainly leads to the following statement; to lower the cost of solar cooling system, two approaches should to be studied: - a component approach which aims to improve separately the different technological part of solar cooling (absorption, solar collectors, etc ), - a system approach, which concerns the whole installation and each step of a SAC project. The next paragraphs present the main results of this first work task (WP) of the ROCOCO project, e.g. screening of the market and technology...4 Component of SAC installation In general a solar cooling system is technically separated by following components and subsystems: solar collectors, solar auxiliary equipment (pump, pipes, expansion vessels, insulation, valves, etc...), auxiliary heating system (gas/fuel/wood boiler), solar cold production (sorption or desiccant cooling device), re-cooling device (cooling tower, waste water, drycooler, water treatment device), back-up cold production (compression chiller), storage (hot water and chilled water), control system (controller, electric panel, sensors used for control, relays, wiring, etc...), monitoring system (monitoring hardware & software, modem, sensors, flow meters, wiring, energy meter, etc...). The investigation on costs for each component and/or subsystems results into conclusions about which component has the highest percentage of the total investment cost and which one has the highest cost reduction potential (see also WP2 and WP3 conclusions). Research and development activities show that good results were achieved concerning the component part for twenty years. The efficiency of the solar collectors as well the coefficient of performance COP of the cold production process has been improved. However, the costs of such component will not significantly decrease unless wider market penetration and mass production. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

7 Additionally some advices concerning the potential of cost reduction were generated by considering all components of the SC system. A critical component as a matter of nuisance (and legionella risk) is for example the cooling tower; when it can be avoided, it represents a cost saving (particularly in maintenance cost). However, it is not identified as a very sensible part of the total costs...5 Existing SAC installations: statistic analysis To set up conclusions about the real cost of existing solar cooling installations, the following elements have been investigated, thanks to interviews with existing SAC installation administrative or technical responsible: Project reference Project abstract o Description of material (main features, manufacturer) o Financial outsourcing o Building and distribution loop characteristics o Monthly load profile Investment Material Investment Installation Investment - Design/Planning Maintenance Operation Qualitative assessment Thirty-seven (37) SAC installations have been investigated among about worldwide known existing installations. ROCOCO results for statistic analysis is coherent with the overall distribution for the worldwide known installations (list of these known installations collected in IEA Task 38 on Solar cooling and refrigeration in December 27). Several climates are concerned: - 2 Tropical climates - 7 Hot and dry climates - 8 Continental or Atlantic climates figure : SAC ROCOCO investigated installation geographic distribution 49% 3% 43% South Europe Central Europe Other Most of the SAC systems are embedded in offices (6%). 4 type of solar collector technology are concerned by this investigation: 7 flat-plate collectors (FPC) 4 evacuated tube collector (ETC) 3 air collectors 2 compound parabolic collector (CPC) 3 different cooling or air-conditioning technologies are covered; the distribution is the following: 6 adsorptions ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

8 22 absorptions 7 solid desiccant evaporative cooling (DEC) and liquid A chart reporting the technology and the market sectors can be set up for the 37 studied installations. The results are presented in the following T&M matrix. ABS ADS DECS DECL total Hospital % % % % Hotel % % % % 3 Office 47% 24% 24% 8% 7 Labo 86% 4% % % 7 Classroom 5% % 5% % 2 Library % % % % Industry 4% 2% 2% 2% 5 Wine cellar 5% % % % 2 House, nursing % % % % 2 Studies % % % % 2 table : Technology & Market matrix for installation studied in ROCOCO Major conclusions which can be easily pointed out from the analysis of the previous chart are: - absorption technology represents the largest part of the market, - adsorption technology is only embedded in huge buildings, due to a lack of small size commercial products till 26, - DEC technology reaches public buildings with fresh air treatment and on-site maintenance staff. - Solid DEC technology is at the very early stage of commercialization with only a very few demo sites..6 Main costs of single stage absorption SAC installation..6. Technical data The single stage absorption technology uses indirect absorption chiller driven by hot water. Most of the existing machines are featured with a thermal COP nearly equal to,6 #,7 which is relatively high comparing the other cooling technologies (DEC & adsorption). Single stage absorption cooling require high driving temperature in a range of 75 till 95 C and this implies the use of convenient solar collectors like evacuated tube collectors (ETC) or flat-plate collectors (FPC) in region with adequate solar irradiation. The evacuated tube collector technology results to high efficiency in the required driving temperature range for absorption cooling systems. Due to this fact the embedded ETC area can be reduced in comparison to FPC technology; however, ETCs have higher investment costs per area but an easier installation process in comparison with flat-plate collectors (lower costs but larger collector area). Figure 58 shows several solar collector sizes (net collector area) normalized to the installed absorption chiller capacity. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

9 m²/kw CPC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC ETC FP+ETC FPC FPC FPC FPC FPC FPC FPC figure 2: Collector size (net collector area) normalized to the installed chiller capacity for some absorption system identified in ROCOCO project; ETC = evacuated tube collector; FPC = flat-plate collector; CPC = stationary CPC collector Best practice investment cost distribution The distribution of the total material and installation investment cost observed as a best practice in the ROCOCO WP state-of-the-art is the following: Collector 35% Auxiliary equipment 35 % Chiller* 5% Control % Other 5% figure 3: Design Figure Investment cost distribution (*) When the nominal chiller capacity is lower than 5 kw the percentage increases up to 3% of the total cost. Chiller 5% Auxiliary equipment 35% Control % Other 5% Collector 35% Moreover, based on the identified cost distribution of solar absorption system the investment of hydraulic equipment should not be neglected and thus constitutes a potential for cost reduction. Herewith, compact pre-fabricated system blocks as far as hydraulic is concerned can be a technical solution. According the collected data by applying questionnaires, best practices in terms of annual cost (costs of maintenance, monitoring, energy and water consumption) are the following: Maintenance 3 (including 5 for the water treatment) Monitoring 2 Energy balance 8 for a 35 kw cooling capacity chiller (electricity) Water consumption 35 for a 35 kw cooling capacity chiller (on the basis of a water cost of 3 /m 3 ) ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

10 ..6.3 Case study: middle range absorption capacity installation The reference system takes place in France, in a continental climate. The solar cooling installation is embedded in an industrial building, to cool offices (37 m² cooled area). Main technical features of the installation are quickly described here: 5 kw cooling capacity chiller from YAZAKI, 3 m² of evacuated tube collectors, Design solar fraction equal to 2,86 m²/kw BET: Top Bis BET: Top Bis figure 4: Outdoor technical equipment (solar collector field, absorption chiller, cooling tower) The absorption solar cooling system includes a wet open cooling tower (256 kw). The system is assisted by hot back-up (4 kw gas boiler) and cold back-up (2 kw gas-fired absorption plus 2 kw compression chiller). Consequently, the solar cooling system only represents a part of the total heat and cold production system and the absorption chiller is thermally driven by two different energy sources: solar and fossil fuel. The cost balance is the following: collector % auxiliary % chiller % back-up % control 5 2 5% TOTAL % table 2: Investment cost This case study presents two particular features which are disadvantageous in terms of costs but partially due to the innovative system concept. On the one hand, the engineering costs are up to, because the overall system design is quite complex and the control system is an advanced one. On the other hand, the maintenance contract represents a high additional costs of 5 per year because of sub-contracting, which should be avoided in further project. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

11 ..6.4 Case study: small range absorption capacity installation figure 5: Solar collector filed (up) air-cooled absorption chiller (down) The case study takes place in Italy (Mediterranean climate). The chiller is at the precommercialization stage, the installation is a demonstration project and no operating data are currently available. It is a 4,5 kw cooling capacity absorption chiller from ROTARTICA, supplied by heat from a 2 m² CPC solar collector field. The design of the net collector area normalized to the installed chiller capacity is 4,4 m²/kwcold. The absorption chiller is air-cooled, a technology possible thanks to its small capacity, which is a successful measure in order to reduce costs. There is no back-up system and no storage included in the system design, what implicates a lower investment cost. The financial distribution is following: collector % auxiliary % chiller % back-up - control 4 5 4% TOTAL % table 3: Investment costs of a small range solar absorption system..7 Main costs of Desiccant Evaporative Cooling (DEC) installations..7. Main advantages of the DEC technology As it will be shown by the following charts, solid desiccant evaporative cooling seems to be the most promising solar air-conditioning technology in terms of costs and is convenient for offices, public buildings and university buildings, where fresh air demand is definitely required by HVAC standards. In the studied cases the total investment cost for solar DEC systems is about to 5, which corresponds to specific costs of 3 to 5 6 per kilowatt cooling production. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

12 Liquid DEC systems are more expensive in comparison to the ones using solid desiccant materials. The identified higher investment costs reflect the development status of liquid DEC systems. Main technical advantage of the DEC systems is the low driving temperature which is required in order the regenerate the sorption material. This physical fact enables the use of medium temperature collectors (like flat-plate collector or air) which are market available with lower costs; however, the coefficient of performance of DEC system is low (from,4 to,6) which implies an inefficient use of solar heat for air-treatment. Regarding the economic competitiveness of DEC systems each component of the air treatment unit should be assessed by a reasonable investment balance during design phase. Based on feedbacks of involved persons in the case studies, a highly skilled level operation and maintenance staff is however necessary to use the system in reliable conditions General financial data All eight studied solar DEC installations are listed in Table 47 and 48. Grey marked data in Table 47 and 48 illustrate a low quality of financial data, the blue marked outline the reference case study. The investigated DEC projects do have relatively low investment costs of available solar cooling technologies. However, rated performance of the cheapest components are lower than with other technologies. Technology Supply air rated mass flow m3/hr Cooling rated capacity kw Collector technology Collector absorber area m² Back-up solid DEC solid DEC solid DEC solid DEC ,4 CPC FPC FPC ETC 43,92 58,6 83,3 8,9 hot (gas) + cold (electricity) not used none heating net Hot water storage tank Mixed water storage tank Building m3 m Office University Office Office Cooled floor area m² User assessment for confort very satisfied no data satisfied satisfied Material + installation investment cost (excluding VAT) Collector area / cooling rated cap. Cost per cooling rated capacity m²/kw /kw only solar system,22,84,39, Cost per collector area /m² Cost per cooled area /m² table 4 part : Synthesis of the projects with DEC ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

13 Technology Supply air rated mass flow m3/hr Cooling rated capacity kw Collector technology Collector absorber area m² Back-up solid DEC solid DEC liquid DEC solid DEC 2? Air AIR FPC FPC 97,8 9 75,8 263 hot (gas) + cold (electricity) hot (oil) none heatpump Hot water storage tank Mixed water storage tank Building m3 m Library Industry University Labo Cooled floor area m² User assessment for confort satisfied satisfied bad performance dyssatisfied Material + installation investment cost (excluding VAT) Collector area / cooling rated cap. Cost per cooling rated capacity m²/kw /kw only collectors solar syst. Overcost,2,84,76 3, Cost per collector area /m² Cost per cooled area /m² 22? 4 69 table 5 part 2: Synthesis of the projects with DEC..8 Main conclusions about adsorption installations Only a few manufacturers produce adsorption chillers which results into limitation of available adsorption cooling capacity. In this project six solar cooling system using adsorption chillers were identified and economically investigated. Even though new commercial products exist since 26 with cooling capacity in the range of 5 kwcold the lowest identified chilling capacity is 5 kwcold. The COP of this adsorption technology is in a range of,4 up to,6 depending on the temperature level but lower driving temperatures are required in comparison to absorption technology. Most applications are large buildings and large cooled areas with high and yearly loads like hospitals, industries and big offices. Because of large available areas on the roof, hot water production can be supported by flat-plate collectors, limiting the investment solar collector cost; however, it also decreases the system efficiency. In each case there is a backup system implemented in the overall system design (like CHP, district heating net etc.) There is only a few number of large scale solar adsorption cooling systems in operation. Regarding the studied adsorption systems the specific costs normalized to installed chilling capacity achieves high values up to 5 6 per kilowatt cooling production. Table 49 present the results for the 6 solar adsorption systems studied in WP. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

14 Technology Cooling rated capacity kw Collector technology Collector absorber area m² fixed-bed adso adso adso adso adso ETC FPC FPC FPC FPC FPC Back-up hot back-up heating net hot (gas) + cold (electricity) CHP hot (gas) + cold (electricity) wood Hot water storage tank m3 Chilled water storage tank m3 Building Cooled floor area m² User assessment on installation Hospital Office Hospital Office Industry Office + Labo satisfied satisfied satisfied no data very satisfied satisfied Material + installation investment cost (excluding VAT) Collector area / cooling rated cap. Cost per cooling rated capacity Cost per collector area Cost per cooled area m²/kw /kw /m² /m² including CHP 2,44 2,6,99,3 3, including VAT 4, table 6 : Synthesis of the projects with adsorption.2 WP 2 Building sectors and applications.2. Objectives and methodology The basic aim of the second work package of ROCOCO is to have a picture about the present situation of costs of solar cooling systems. In fact, different factors influence the costs structure in this kind of technology: climate, type of building, demand profile along day and months, other thermal uses provided by the system (heating, domestic hot water), type of solar cooling technology (absorption, adsorption, desiccant). At the same time, the costs of solar cooling plant can be divided in investment costs and operation costs. The operation costs are related with energy costs to support the auxiliary energy that can not be provided by solar irradiation, and maintenance costs. The costs of solar cooling plants means an increase of investment costs and maintenance costs regarding conventional system, and a reduction of operation costs related to energy savings in comparison with conventional system. The results of this work package will provide an identification of high-potential building sectors for the implementation of solar cooling systems, and a costs assessment of the most promising solar cooling technologies, for cost reduction, in these applications. The activities carried out to reach these results have been the following: Conventional system: plant that provides the same uses that are provided by solar cooling plant based on gas boiler, electrically driven vapour compression chiller and air-treatment units. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

15 The preparation of technology and market matrix (T & M) using transient simulations [5] for obtaining energy demand values for different areas of applications: hospitals, hotels, office buildings, trade commercial centres and residential buildings. Setting up models of solar cooling installations using transient simulations [5] for most promising applications (absorption, adsorption and desiccant) to analyse the energy performance. Collecting information from the market about costs of equipment, energy prices and maintenance services costs. Assessing the costs for investment (material, installation and planning) and operation (auxiliary energy, water consumption and maintenance) to analyse cost tendencies, in comparison with conventional system..2.2 Results on T & M matrix: selection of high-potential building sectors and technologies A wide analysis of energy performance of building considering geographical, social and technical factors have been carried out for a resulting 67 combinations of type of building and climate. The analysis include hospitals, hotels, offices, trade centres and residential buildings. The considered climates represents the regions of South, Central and North Europe with examples of Spain, France and Austria. Also extreme climates very arid-hot, in Iran, and humid-hot in Mexico has been assessed. The main result of the study at this stage is the T& M matrix. T means technology and M means market, referred to building sectors as potential market for solar cooling technologies Code Name Description AB Absorption Thermally driven chiller based of absorption (water/libr) driven by hot water which is heated by solar collectors. Solar collectors also provide heat for heating and DHW. Auxiliary system is a gas boiler for heating and DHW and compression chiller for cooling AD Adsorption Thermally driven chiller based of adsorption (water/silicagel) driven by hot water which is heated by solar collectors. Solar collectors also provide heat for heating and DHW Auxiliary system is a gas boiler for heating and DHW and compression chiller for cooling DEC Desiccant Desiccant and evaporative cooling to provide air-treatment, heating and cooling. Solar collectors provide energy to regenerate the desiccant wheel and also heat for heating and DHW. Auxiliary system is a gas boiler for heating and DHW and compression chiller for cooling table 7. Solar cooling systems representing Technologies For a comparison of ab/adsorption system with desiccant system following must be considered: - Solar cooling system with ab/adsorption technology consist of ab/adsorption system (see table 7) with compression chillers as back up; the reference system are compression chillers; - Solar air-conditioning system with desiccant technology consists of desiccant system (see table 7) with compression chillers as back up; the reference system are compression chillers and an air handling unit; ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

16 Therefore, the investment costs in the desiccant analyses are higher as they also take all cost for air treatment devices into account and can not directly be compared with the costs of ab/adsorption systems. For comparison of ab/adsorption systems with desiccant systems the specific costs of air handling units in reference systems depending on the applications is given in table 5 and table 6. Code Type of building Level of energy efficiency A Hospital VEE A2 Hospital MEE A3 Hospital NEE B Hotel VEE B2 Hotel NEE B3 Hotel VEE B4 Hotel NEE C Office VEE C2 Office MEE Description Medical building for inspection and operating room, maternity ward, care area (without laundry). Fraction of transparent façade of 4 % 3* hotel, lower internal loads, no humidity control, medium temperature requirement. Fraction of transparent façade of 5-7 % 5* hotel, higher internal load, need of humidity control and extreme temperature requirements, additional wellness Fraction of transparent façade of 7 % C3 Office NEE D Trade VEE D2 Trade MEE D3 Trade NEE E Residential VEE E2 Residential MEE Including restaurant, need of refrigeration, low internal loads. Fraction of transparent façade of 5-7 % Only in Spain. Dwellings block E3 Residential VEE Only in Spain. Large single family house ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

17 VEE MEE NEE Very energy-efficient building Medium energy-efficient building Non energy-efficiency building AUT ESP FRA W Austria Spain France Outside EU table 8. Models of building representing the market As a summary of conclusions can be noticed that solar cooling systems fit better in buildings with the following conditions: Simultaneity in daily profile between cooling load and irradiation Energy demand all year long with equilibrium between energy demand on summer and winter, and very few month without it. Hospitals and trade buildings are the kind of buildings which meet these conditions. The selected pairs of technology-building (blue marked in table 9) will be the basis to start up the dynamic simulations to calculate the energy performance and after that the costs savings, in comparison with conventional system for the cases with higher opportunities in cost reduction. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

18 Building type Climate ESP-Barcelona 2 ESP-Madrid 3 ESP-Malaga 4 ESP-Bilbao 5FRA-Melun 6 FRA-Nantes 7FRA-Lyon 8FRA-Perpignan 9 AUT-Vienna AUT-Graz AUT-Innsbruck 2 IRAN-Isfahan 3 MEXICO-Merida Technology A-Hospital-VEE A2-Hospital-MEE A3-Hospital-NEE B-Hotel 3*-VEE B2-Hotel 3*-NEE B3-Hotel 5*-VEE B4-Hotel 5*-NEE C-Office VEE AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC AB AD DEC C2-Office MEE C3-Office NEE D-Trade-VEE D2-Trade-MEE D3-Industrial-NEE E-Residential Block-VEE E2-Residential Block-MEE E3-Residential House-VEE table 9: T & M matrix with high-potential technologies for the use in dedicated building sectors The table summarises the energy demand and load per unit of surface of the building, for the different uses and for the selected cases. The values shown indicate the demand of the building with an infinite HVAC system to reach the temperature and humidity set-points. Notice that in the transient simulations the values for solar desiccant cooling systems are a bit different due to the desiccant plant interacts on the load calculation. Note about results: In case of hospitals, the demand between VEE, MEE and NEE cases is not comparable. Due to the performance is very similar, the values have not been eliminated from the graphs. ROCOCO Final Report/ Publishable Part Page

19 AUSTRIA Hospitals Hotels Offices Trade Code Type of building and climate AUTgrazA3N AUTgrazAV AUTwienAV AUTwienA3N AUTgrazB4N AUTgrazB3V AUTwienB4V AUTwienB3V AUTinnsbruckCV AUTwienCV AUTgrazCV AUTwienDV AUTwienD2M Concept Unit DEMAND Heating kwh/m2/y Cooling kwh/m2/y DHW kwh/m2/y LOAD Heating W/m Cooling W/m DHW W/m SPAIN Hospitals Hotels Offices Trade Residential Code Type of building and climate ESPmalagaAV ESPmalagaA3N ESPmadridA3N ESPmadridAV ESPbarcelonaA2M ESPbilbaoA3N ESPbilbaoAV ESPmadridB4N ESPmadridB2N ESPmalagaC3N ESPmadridCV ESPmadridD2M ESPmadridDV ESPbilbaoD2M ESPbilbaoDV ESPmalagaE2M ESPbilbaoEV Concept Unit DEMAND Heating kwh/m2/y Cooling kwh/m2/y DHW kwh/m2/y LOAD Heating W/m Cooling W/m DHW W/m FRANCE Code Hotels Trade Type of building and climate FRAperpignanB3V FRAperpignanB2N FRAperpignanBV FRAlyonB3V FRAnantesB4N FRAmelunB4N FRAperpignanD3N FRAnantesD3N FRAperpignanDV FRAlyonD2M FRAnantesDV FRAlyonDV Concept Unit DEMAND Heating kwh/m2/y Cooling kwh/m2/y DHW kwh/m2/y LOAD Heating W/m Cooling W/m DHW W/m FRANCE Code 37 Hospitals Offices Type of building and climate FRAperpignanAV FRAnantesAV FRAlyonA2M FRAmelunA3N FRAperpignanC3N FRAlyonC3N FRAlyonCV FRAmelunC3N Concept Unit DEMAND Heating kwh/m2/y Cooling kwh/m2/y DHW kwh/m2/y LOAD Heating W/m Cooling W/m DHW W/m OUTSIDE EU: IRAN and MEXICO Hospital Hotel Office Trade Residential Hotel Office Trade Code Type of building and climate WesfahanA3N WesfahanB4N WesfahanB2N WesfahanC3N WesfahanD3N WesfahanE2N WmeridaA3 WmeridaC3N WmeridaD3N Concept Unit DEMAND Heating kwh/m2/y Cooling kwh/m2/y DHW kwh/m2/y LOAD Heating W/m Cooling W/m DHW W/m table. Demand and load for the selected cases in T & M matrix per unit of building surface ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

20 .2.3 Cost assessment of solar cooling applications.2.3. Nomenclature and hypothesis This chapter collects the results on the assessment of costs for solar cooling plants for the selected cases on T & M matrix. Some definitions are next included: Solar fraction of cooling [%] (SF cooling): part of cooling demand covered by solar energy Solar fraction of heating [%] (SF heating): part of heating demand covered by solar energy Solar fraction of dhw [%] (SF dhw): part of domestic hot water demand covered by solar energy Net collector efficiency [%]: useful energy obtained on the solar collector field divided by the available global irradiation along all the year. Primary energy savings [kwh]: difference of the primary energy consumption between conventional plant and solar cooling plant Investment costs of solar cooling plant [ ]: total capital costs (material, installation and planning) to develop a solar cooling system that covers the total demand of heating, cooling and domestic hot water of a building. It also includes solar equipment and auxiliary equipment required to supply the peak demand of all the thermal uses. In case of desiccant systems also ventilation is included. Investment costs of conventional plant [ ]: total capital costs (material, installation and planning) to develop a HVAC plant that cover the total demand of heating, cooling and domestic hot water of a building, based on fuel or electricity driven equipment. In case of desiccant systems also ventilation is included.. Relative increase in investment costs [%]: comparison between investment costs of solar cooling plant and conventional plant. Specific costs [ /-]: investment costs referred to a unit of reference (solar collector area, building surface, solar cooling capacity, etc). Annualized costs [ /a]: these are average yearly outflow of money (cash-flow). The actual flow varies with year, but the sum over the period of an economic analysis can be converted to a series of equal payments in today s money that are equivalent to the varying series. The annualized costs are considered for both solar cooling plants and conventional plants. Relative increase in annualized costs [%]: comparison between annualized cost of solar cooling plant and annualized costs of conventional plant. ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

21 Specific annualized costs related to primary energy unit [ /kwh]: cost of primary energy unit consumed in both conventional plant and solar cooling plant (in this case related to the backup energy). Increase of primary energy costs over reference [%]: relative difference in specific annualized cost related to primary energy unit consumed between solar cooling plant and conventional plant. Cost of primary energy unit saved [ /kwh]: ratio of the total increase in annualized costs of a solar cooling plant regarding with conventional plant and the total primary energy saved. The nomenclature of the type of building used in the following graphs of this chapter is shown in table. VEE Very energy-efficient building MEE Medium energy-efficient building NEE Non energy-efficient building AUT Austria ESP Spain FRA France W Outside EU table. Nomenclature of type of buildings used in graphs In a first step, the technologies analysed have been absorption with flat-plate collectors and desiccant with flat-plate collectors. For each analysed topic, the both cases are shown. In a second step, the analysis is focused on the sensitivity over using other technologies more expensive but with better energy efficiency. This means, absorption with evacuated tube collectors and adsorption with flatplate collectors. Also the assessment of desiccant with air collectors is shown. In case of absorption with flat-plate collectors or evacuated tube collectors the size of the system has been calculated considering the following basic criteria:. Cooling capacity of AB/ADsorption chiller: Cooling capacity between 5-6 % of maximum cooling load 2. Collector surface: apply ratio of collector absorber area per unit of cooling capacity of ab/adsorption chiller 2.6 m 2 /kw evacuated tube collector (ETC) 3 m 2 /kw flat plate collector (FPC) 3. Volume storage: apply ratio of storage capacity per unit of collector absorber area. Hot storage tank: 45 liter/m 2 Cold storage tank: 5 liter/m 2 In case of desiccant cooling with flat-plate collectors or air collectors the size of system has been calculated considering the following basic criteria:. Cooling capacity of open desiccant cooling cycle: ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

22 Cooling capacity depends on ventilation exchange rate in a range from 5. kw to 7. kw per m³/h; supply air verifies between 5 C and 2 C; 2. Collector surface: apply ratio of collector absorber area per m³/h ventilation rate identified with parametric optimization -3 m² per m³/h flat plate collector (FPC) for offices and trade 4-8 m² per m³/h flat plate collector (FPC) for hospitals and hotels 5 m² per m³/h air collector (AC) 3. Volume storage: apply ratio of storage capacity per unit of collector absorber area. Hot storage tank: 3 liter/m Energy performance The following figures show the performance for absorption solar cooling systems in the different areas studied. The main hypotheses for calculation of annualized costs are the following: - Life cycle period of 2 years - Inflation rate of 4% - Inflation rate for natural gas % - Inflation rate for electricity 5% - Market discount rate 6% Energy performace figures - Austria 4% SF cooling SF heating SF dhw PE savings Net collector Efficiency 35% 3% 25% 2% 5% % 5% % AUTwienAV AUTwienA3N AUTgrazAV AUTgrazA3N AUTwienB4V AUTwienB3V AUTgrazB3V AUTgrazB4N AUTwienCV AUTwienD2M AUTwienDV AUTinnsbruckCV AUTgrazCV figure 6. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings Austria - AB+FPC ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

23 Energy performance figures - Spain SF cooling SF heating SF dhw PE savings Net collector efficiency % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% % % ESPmadridAV ESPbarcelonaA2M ESPbilbaoAV ESPmalagaAV ESPbilbaoA3N ESPmadridA3N ESPmadridB4N ESPmalagaA3N ESPmadridB2N ESPmadridCV ESPbilbaoD2M ESPbilbaoDV ESPbilbaoEV ESPmalagaC3N ESPmadridD2M ESPmadridDV ESPmalagaE2M figure 7. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings Spain - AB+FPC Energy performance figures - France 7% SF cooling SF heating SF dhw PE savings Net collector efficiency 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% % % FRAmelunA3N FRAperpignanAV FRAnantesAV FRAperpignanB3V FRAlyonA2M FRAperpignanBV FRAlyonB3V FRAperpignanB2N FRAnantesB4N FRAmelunB4N FRAmelunC3N FRAnantesDV FRAperpignanC3N FRAperpignanDV FRAnantesD3N FRAperpignanD3N FRAlyonC3N FRAlyonDV FRAlyonD2M FRAlyonCV figure 8. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings France - AB+FPC ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

24 Energy performance figures - Outside EU SF cooling SF heating SF dhw PE savings Net collector efficiency 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% % % WesfahanB2N WesfahanE2N WesfahanB4N WesfahanA3N WesfahanC3N WesfahanD3N WmeridaA3 WmeridaD3N WmeridaC3N figure 9. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings Mexico and Iran - AB+FPC All the graphs have been ordered for the solar cooling fraction (SF cooling) from the minimum to the maximum. The minimum ones are hospitals and hotels (buildings with higher cooling demand) and the maximum ones are offices and trade centres (buildings with lower cooling demand), and also residential for Spain. Values can vary as it is shown in table 2. The tendency is the same for solar heating fraction (SF heating) and for solar DHW fraction (SF dhw) in case of Austria. However, in case of Spain, the SF heating in Malaga is very high (7 % - 9 %) due to the low demand. In France, all the buildings of Perpignan and Nantes have higher SF heating. In Merida the SF heating is extremely high due to the low demand. In all the countries and buildings the net collector efficiency is better in hospitals and hotels than in offices and trade centres; particularly, the lowest values in Spain are reached in residential. Austria Spain France Outside EU SF cooling Hotels and hospitals 5 % - 5 % % - 2 % % - 2 % 5 % - 2 % Offices and trade 25 % - 3 % 25 % - 4 % 2 2 % - 35 % 25 % - 4 % SF heating Hotels and hospitals 3 % - 7 % % - 4 % 5 % - 3 % 5 % - 75 % Offices and trade 8 % - 2 % 35 % - 5 % 3 % - 6 % 3 % - 75 % 4 SF dhw Hotels and hospitals 4 % - 8 % 22 % - 4 % % - 2 % 2 % - 45 % Offices and trade 2 % - 35 % 45 % - 7 % 2 % - 6 % 45 % - 65 % Net collector efficiency Hotels and hospitals 25 % - 3 % 3 % - 4 % 25 % - 35 % 3 % - 4 % Offices and trade 2 % - 25 % 2 % - 3 % 2 % - 3 % 25 % - 3 % table 2: Energy performance parameters tendencies per type of building and country AB + FPC 2 Case of residential of Malaga shows a SF cooling of 6 % 3 Malaga excluded 4 Office in Merida excluded ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

25 The following figures show the performance for desiccant evaporative solar cooling systems in the different areas studied. Energy performace figures - Austria 8% SF cooling SF heating SF dhw PE savings Net collector Efficiency 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% % % AU_Graz_A_VEE AU_Graz_B3_VEE AU_Innsbruck_C_VEE AU_Graz_B4_NEE AU_Vienna_A_VEE AU_Vienna_B4_NEE AU_Vienna_B3_VEE AU_Graz_C_VEE AU_Vienna_C_VEE AU_Vienna_D_VEE figure. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings Austria - DEC+FPC Energy performance figures - France and Spain % SF cooling SF heating SF dhw PE savings Net collector efficiency 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% % % FR_Nantes_D_VEE FR_Nantes_A_VEE FR_Lyon_B3_VEE FR_Perpignan_A_VEE FR_Perpignan_B3_VEE FR_Perpignan_D_VEE SP_Bilbao_A_VEE SP_Bilbao_D2_MEE SP_Bilbao_D_VEE SP_Malaga_A_VEE SP_Madrid_C_VEE SP_Madrid_A_VEE SP_Madrid_D2_MEE SP_Madrid_D_VEE ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

26 figure. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings France and Spain - DEC+FPC Austria Spain France SF cooling Hotels and hospitals 3 % - 24 % 3 % - 4 % 6 % - 29 % Offices and trade 5 % - 56 % 6 % - 64 % % - 47 % SF heating Hotels and hospitals 4 % - 7 % 4 % - 46 % 5 % - 27 % Offices and trade 6 % - 29 % 2 % - 43 % % - 7 % SF dhw Hotels and hospitals 34 % - 46 % 64 % - 8 % 48 % - 7 % Offices and trade 7 % - 77 % 87 % - 93 % 88 % - 92 % Net collector efficiency Hotels and hospitals 47 % - 5 % 47 % - 55 % 44 % - 53 % Offices and trade 9 % - 24 % 24 % - 29 % 9 % - 29 % table 3. Energy performance parameters tendencies per type of building and country DEC + FPC All the graphs have been ordered for the solar cooling fraction (SF cooling) from the minimum to the maximum. The minimum ones are hospitals and hotels as well (buildings with higher cooling demand) and the maximum ones are offices and trade centres (buildings with lower cooling demand). Values can vary as it is shown in table 3. The tendency is the same for solar heating fraction (SF heating) and for solar DHW fraction (SF dhw) in case of Austria. However, in all cases, the SF dhw is very high up to 93 % in Spain and even up to 77% in Austria which makes a combination of desiccant technology with DHW preparation very preferable. In all the countries and buildings the net collector efficiency is better in hospitals and hotels than in offices and trade centres. Energy performace figures - Austria 6% SF cooling SF heating PE savings Net collector Efficiency 5% 4% 3% 2% % % AU_Innsbruck_C_VEE AU_Graz_A_VEE AU_Graz_B4_NEE AU_Graz_B3_VEE AU_Graz_C_VEE AU_Vienna_B4_NEE AU_Vienna_C_VEE AU_Vienna_B3_VEE AU_Vienna_D_VEE figure 2. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings Austria - DEC+AC ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page

27 Energy performance figures - France and Spain SF cooling SF heating PE savings Net collector efficiency 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% % % FR_Lyon_B3_VEE FR_Lyon_D_VEE FR_Nantes_D_VEE FR_Perpignan_A_VEE FR_Perpignan_B3_VEE FR_Perpignan_D_VEE SP_Bilbao_A_VEE SP_Bilbao_D_VEE SP_Bilbao_D2_MEE SP_Madrid_A_VEE SP_Madrid_C_VEE SP_Madrid_D_VEE SP_Madrif_ESP_D2_MEE SP_Malaga_A_VEE figure 3. Solar fraction for uses and primary energy savings France and Spain - DEC+AC Austria Spain France SF cooling Hotels and hospitals 2 % - 23 % % - 38 % 8 % - 27 % Offices and trade 2 % - 46 % 5 % - 53 % % - 37 % SF heating Hotels and hospitals % - 6 % % - % % - 3 % Offices and trade 2 % - 2 % 4 % - % 3 % - 4 % Net collector efficiency Hotels and hospitals 7 % - 6 % 8 % - 4 % 6 % - % Offices and trade 9 % - 5 % 2 % - 6 % 3 % - 7 % table 4. Energy performance parameters tendencies per type of building and country DEC + AC All the graphs have been ordered for the solar cooling fraction (SF cooling) from the minimum to the maximum. The values for hospitals, hotels and offices are quite equal, only trade centres have higher values due to the high ventilation rates. Values can vary as it is shown in table 4. For solar heating fraction (SF heating) the values are quite low for each application, the highes values can be achieved by offices. There is no solar DHW fraction (SF dhw) due to the air based solar system. In all the countries and buildings the net collector efficiency is quite equal between 7% ad 7% Investment costs Four figures have been used to show the results on investment costs. The specific costs of solar cooling plant referred to unit of building surface, as well as the specific costs of solar cooling plant referred to unit of solar collector. Due to the fact that the solar plant provides not only cooling but also heating and DHW uses the capacity of the solar collector is a good reference of the size of the system. The next figure shows the distribution of costs in percentage for the analysed systems. The ROCOCO Final Activity Report/ Publishable Part Page