Training Ion Exchanger for demineralizing. Hans-Jürgen Wedemeyer Technical Manager Liquid Purification Technologies

Transcription

1 Training Ion Exchanger for demineralizing Hans-Jürgen Wedemeyer Technical Manager Liquid Purification Technologies

2 Main industries for water treatment with IX Fossil Power plants Nuclear Power plants Paper industry Fertilizer industry Galvanic industry Household softening Waste water treatment Chemical production Mining Sugar industry Semiconductor 2 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

3 Water treatment with ion exchangers in power plants Fossil applications Turbine condensates Process condensates (working steam) Long distance heating condensates Make up water NPP applications Primary loop CVCS (chemical and volume control system) Secondary loop (turbine condensate) Steam generator (blow down) Spent fuel treatment Stator cooling Rad waste water Make up water 3 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

4 Optimized design of make up water and condensate polishing units is crucial for a safe and economic operation of a power plant Scheme of a typical fossil condensate plant LewaPlus software Feed water tank Feed water pump HP Super heater Turbine s MP LP Calculation program containing several modules able to design an optimized solution to treat these process flows High pressure pre heater Boiler Condenser Raw water Make up water Low pressure pre heater Condenser pump Condensate treatment 4

5 Alkalization concepts for protection of the CP-cycle against corrosion AVT (all volatile treatment alkalization up to ph >9 ) NH 3 (Main alkalization in Europe) Hydrazine N 2 H 4 (Remove O 2 and results in CP application to NH 3 ) Morpholine C 4 H 9 NO Cyclohexamine C 6 H 11 NH 2 and others OT (oxygenated treatment; alkalization up to ph ppb O 2 ) NH 3 and O 2 NT (neutral ph 7) Only NH 3 neutralization to achieve ph 7 CT /PT (treatment with alkali hydroxide or phosphate ph 7 up to 10) CT (NaOH for food applications ) PT (Tri sodium phosphate) 5 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

6 Different Boiler types (High or Low pressure and temperature) Necessary make water quality is depending on system ) Once-through boiler type: Sulzer boiler 1 SPW-pump 2 SPW-heater 3 Evaporator 6 superheater 7 to the turbine 9 Water Separator Possible to remove salt from the CP cycle Benson boiler Sulzer boiler Natural circulation boiler Forced circulation boiler 1 SPW-pump 2 SPW-heater 3 Evaporator 6 super heater 7 to the turbine Highest water quality is needed 1 SPW-pump 2 SPW-heater 3 Evaporator 6 super heater 7 to the turbine 9 Water Separator Possible to remove salt from the CP cycle 1 SPW-pump 2 SPW-heater 3 Evaporator 4 downpipes 5 drum 6 superheater 7 to the turbine 1 SPW-pump 2 SPW-heater 3 Evaporator 4 downpipes 5 drum 6 superheater 7 to the turbine 8 pump 6 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

7 Without or a bad demineralization water feeds in process problems Example: Carbonate precipitation in piping and turbine damages 7 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

8 Ion removal from water is necessary For capacity calculation the conversion from mol/l in meq/l is necessary Anode Cathode + - Common salt: ( NaCl ) Cl - Na + Cation Anion Na + Cl - K + NO - 3 NH + 4 SO 2-4 Ca 2+ HCO - 3 Mg 2+ SiO 2 Al 3+ PO mol Na + = 23g/mol = 1eq/l 1 mol Cl - = 35g/mol = 1eq/l 1 mol Ca 2+ = 40g/mol = 2eq/l 1 mol SO 4 2- = 96g/mol = 2eq/l Total capacity : 1 Liter Cation exchanger M+ S108 = 2,2eq/l 1 Liter Anion exchanger M+ M500 = 1,3eq/l 8 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

9 Specific conductivity of different solved salts Demineralisation / Recirculation of Rinse Water Conductivity of various Solutions vs Concentration HCI H 2 SO 4 NaOH MgCl 2 CaCl 2 µs/cm Raw water ( river or well water) Demineralized water 0,1-2 Ultra pure water <0,060 Theoretical zero point 0, NaCl Conductivity [µs/cm] Conductivity 30 Sulfate salts 25 NH 3 Substance Conductivity Constant [µs/cm/(mg/l)] 20 HCI 10 H 2 SO 4 7,3 NaOH 5,4 15 MgCl 2 CaCl 2 2,4 2,13 10 NaCl MgSO 4 1,94 1,84 5 CO 2 CaSO 4 Na 2 SO 4 1,73 1, Concentration [mg/l] 9 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

10 Datasheet Lewatit M+ S108H S 108H 10 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

11 Composition of natural water Salt content and impurities ( e.q.toc) are strong depending on location Cation Anion Pretreatment of raw water Total hardness (TH) Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + HCO3 - Cl - Temporary hardness Total alkalinity ( possibly OH- and CO 3 2- ) This referred to m-value ( alkalinity to methyl-orange ) Permanent hardness Typical water analysis (LewaPlus) - Flocculation: - Lime dealkalization - Fe/Al salts - Mechanical filtration: - Hydroanthracite - Gravel - Scavenger: - Activated carbon - Adsorber resin K + NO3 - NH4 + SO4 2- SiO2 possibly free CO2 Organics Solids 11 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer LewaPlus is able to calculate existing and new demineralization plants

12 Demineralisation with a strong acid cation exchanger Decationisation: one step Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- S 108H Mg 2+ Na + Na + K + NH + NH + SO SiO2 Cl - NO 3 - SAC H + M+ S108 H Mg 2+ H Na + SiO2 Cl - K + NO - 3 NH + 4 SO 2-4 Free bases water (Mineral acid) 500µS/cm Organics 1000µS/cm 12 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

13 Demineralisation - removal of all anions with SBA - one step Water coming from cation exchanger Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- SBA Mg 2+ H + Na + Cl - OH - H + OH - K + NH 4 + NO 3 - SO 4 2- M+M500 M 500OH SiO2 1000µS/cm SiO2 Organics <1,0 µs/cm 13 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

14 Production of Ion exchangers 14 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

15 Gel / Macroporous Gel type Gel type Surface Macroporous type Macroporous type Surface 15 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

16 Production of Ion Exchange Resins Monomere SAC ( Lewatit MonoPlus S 108 ) [ ] n + Starter n Functionalization SO 3 H styrene DVB SBA Tpye I ( Lewatit MonoPlus M 500 ) Crosslinking agent (+ Porogen gives a macroporoes structure) Crosslinked polystyrene CH 3 N + Cl - H 3 C CH 3 Base for most IX-Materials: Crosslinked Polystyrene 16 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

17 Structure of different polymers for Ion Exchanger Resins Stryrene/Divinylbenzene Acrylates (based on Acrylnitril and Acrylate, Carbons in red) "Amidate" (weak basic, A8072) SBA ( A8071, A8074) 17 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

18 Production Lewatit resin Polystyrene Polyacrylate 18 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

19 Common types of Ion Exchange Resins for make up water weakly-basic-resin (WBA) CH 2 - N(CH 3 ) 2 H Cl SO 3 Na + Strongly-acidic-Resin (SAC) CH 2 N + (CH 3 ) 3 Cl - CO 2 Na + strongly-basic-resin-type 1 (SBA1) weakly-acidic-resin (WAC) Ethanol CH 2 CH 2 OH CH 2 - N(CH 3 ) 2 H Cl CH 2 N + CH 2 N + CH Cl - 3 (CH 3 ) 3 Cl - CH 3 middle-basic-resin (MBA) strongly-basic-resin-type 2 (SBA2) 19 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

20 Capacity of different Ion exchanger Examples: Total capacity Operating capacity with a typical regeneration amount* - Gel strongly acidic (SAC) 2 eq/l 1,2 eq/l - weakly acidic (WAC) 4 eq/l 2,0 eq/l - gel strongly basic (SBA Type1) 1 eq/l 0,5 eq/l - weakly basic (WBA) 2 eq/l 1,0 eq/l Operating capacity is depending on: Water analysis; ph; temperature specific and metric flow rate resin type and quality regeneration amount and kind of chemical break through point (specified water quality) Kind of 20 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

21 Production of Anion Exchanger ( WBA/SBA ) Different ways CH 2 CH CH 2 H N H ZII-Stufe Polyvinyl Benzylamine Primary Amine Chloromethylation Leuckart Wallach Reaction. CH 2 CH CH 2 Quaternary Amine Lewatit MonoPlus M500 Type I-Resin CH 3 N+ Cl - CH 3 CH 2 CH CH 2 3 DMEA CH CH 2 N CH 2 CH 3 3 N+ CH 3 CH 3 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 ZIII - Stufe Tertiäres Amin Lewatit MP62 8/60, 0,8 bas. Gr./Aromat Quaternary Amine Lewatit MonoPlus M600 Typ II-Resin OH Cl- Teilquarterniert Lewatit MP64 (6/64) Substitution: 1,15 basische Gr./aromat. Kern (DVB/Styrol) 21 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

22 Further commercially available resin types C H 2 - N ID A -R e s in (L e w a tit T P X L ) C H 2 -C O -O N a C H 2 -C O -O N a A M P A -R e s in (L e w a tit T P ) C H 2 - N C H 2 -P -O N a O N a H S H C = N H _ O = T h iu re a -R e s in (L e w a tit T P ) C H 2 - N H... m a c ro p o ru s a d s o rb e r re s in (L e w a tit O C ) T rip ro p y la m in e -R e s in (IO N A C S R 7 ) C H 2 - N (C H 2 -C H 2 -C H 3 ) 3 C l C H 2 - N B is -P ic o ly l-a m in -H a rz (L e w a tit T P ) C H 2 C H 2 N N T h io le -R e s in (IO N A C S R 4 ) C H 2 - S H m ic ro p o u ru s c a rb o n iz e d re s in (L e w a tit A F 5 ) C H 3 O H H O H O H C H 2 -N -C H 2 -C - C - C - C -C H 2 O H H O H H H M e th y l-g lu c a m in e -R e s in (L e w a tit M K 5 1 ) C H 3 -C H 2 C H 3 -C H 2 -C H 2 -C H 2 -C H 2 -C H 2 - O C H 3 -C H 2 -C H 2 -C H 2 -C H 2 -C H 2 - O C H 3 -C H 2 L e v e x tre l H a rz D 2 E H P A -d o p e d (L e w a tit O C ) P O O H C H 2 - N (C H 3 ) 2 iro n d o p e d w e a k ly b a s ic re s in (L e w a tit F O 3 6 ) F e O (O H ) 22 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

23 Two technologies for production of Lewatit polymer Heterodisperse Monodisperse 23 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

24 Production flow Lewatit standard resins Suspension-Polymerisation 100 % Bead size distribution (Schema) Styrene + DVB 50 Organic and aqueous phase Polymerisation Heterodisperses Copolymerisat 0,30 0,55 1,20 Bead size ( mm ) Functionlalization cation exchange resin Functionalization anion exchange resin ( Lewapol ) 24 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Bead size distribution between 0,3 1,2 mm

25 Production flow Lewatit MonoPlus Polymerisation 100 % Bead size distribuion (Schema) 50 Aqueos phase Vibration plate Organic phase 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,55 Bead size ( mm ) Functionalization cation exchange resin Styrene-DVB Monodispers Copolymerisat ( Lewapol ) Functionalization anion exchange resin 25 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

26 Lewatit Monodispersed Resins Better monodispersity results in advantages Through State-of-the-Art Most Modern Production Technology % ,30 0,55 1,20 0,40 0,50 0,60 Size (mm) Size (mm) Particle Size Distribution Heterodispersed Monodispersed % Higher Operating Capacity Faster Kinetics Less Fine and Less Coarse Beads Low Pressure Drop Higher Mechanical Stability Higher Osmotic Shock Stability 26 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

27 Lewatit Monodispersed Resins Better operation issues Outlet Water Outlet Water Regenerated Regenerated Wide Ion Exchange Zone Narrow Ion Exchange Zone Exhausted Exhausted Inlet Water Inlet Water Heterodispersed Monodispersed 27 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

28 The spectrum of particle sizes 750 µm 590µm 350µm 160 µm 37 µm 28 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

29 Production Bitterfeld 29 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

30 30 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Quality

31 Fines and broken beads are a important quality parameter 0,2-0,3 mm 31 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

32 Stability tests Osmotic shock Roller Test Piston test Rolled 10 times over 40 Cycles 1 cycles = 4 steps 1 step 750 ml NaOH 2 step 5000 ml Demineralisation water 3 step 750 ml HCl 4 step 5000 ml Demineralisation water 1000 times Presses and relax with water. Simulation of a working filter. 32 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Each Lewatit production lot is be proofed for stability quality!

33 Lewatit Monodispersed Resins Higher osmotic shock stability Ion exchange resins swell/shrink due to ionic form change during operation Heterodispersed Resistance to the internal force within resin bead is critical to avoid bead breakage Accelerating evaluation alternately with caustic and acid (2) DI Water (3) 6% HCl Monodispersed 40 Cycles (1) 4% NaOH (4) DI Water Higher Osmotic Shock Stability 33 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

34 Possible reasons for resin stability decreasing Oxidation attacks (Radicals) High flow rates (Exhaustion) High pressure loss (Blocked nozzles; fines) Mechanical stress (External regeneration) Osmotic shock (Regeneration; Exhaustion) Resin swelling (Regeneration; Exhaustion) M+ S108 Na + to H + form max. 10% CNP 80 H + to Na + form max. 60% / H + to Ca 2+ form max 2% M+ M500 Cl - to OH - form max. 20% M+ MP64 Free base to Cl - max. 24% % % swelling M+ S108 Na M+ S108 H CNP 80 H CNP 80 Na CNP 80 Ca M+ MP 68 M+ MP M+ MP M+ M 500 Cl M+ M500 OH free base/ Cl 68 free 68 Cl/Cl base/ OH 34 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

35 High stability leads to a long shelf life Higher life time Less operating cost No operational problems % WPB* * Whole perfect beads 35 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

36 SAC Oxidation stability Volume increasing after treatment with H 2 O 2 Radical attack Competitor SAC 50 ml to 86 ml M+ S ml to 65 ml 36 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

37 High stability (Original and Osmotic shock) Why is that so important? Heterodispers material after 300 cycles Broken beads build a lot of finest particle Problems : Capacity loss through lost material Low throughput with less production capacity High pressure loss through clog nozzles. Arising resin damage Further resin damage through high pressures Monodisperse resin Antwerpen street 2 after 900 cycles Transfer from SAC material into the anion vessel. High conductivity behind Anion filters High salt loading to the following mixed bed Sodium leakage High TOC leakage through oxidize finest resin particle 37 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

38 Demineralization plant Antwerpen Monodispers shows higher life time Whole perfect beads % Whole Perfect Beads (M+ S 108) Whole perfect beads (Standard SAC) Cycles 38 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

39 Building of Polystyrene Sulfuric acid (PSS) Leaching Leaching SAC 39 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

40 PSS leaching measured at 225 nm S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2 S108H/sample1/sample2 Red-color-test 40 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

41 PSS leaching SAC Resin from some producers showed a bad quality Storage trial (Leaching) SAC IX H Form 4 3,5 3 Competitor 1 DVB 8% Competitor 1 DVB 10% Competitor 2 DVB 8% Competitor 2 DVB 10% M+ S 108 H DV B 8% M+ S 200 KR DVB 10% Competitor 3 DVB 8% Extinktion 225 nm 2,5 2 1,5 1 0, Storage time in weeks 41 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

42 SBA Fouling possibility Bad resin quality Iron + temperature attack the SAC and results to high molecular Polystyrene sulfuric acid SAC leaching 42 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

43 SBA capacity for PSS is limited - Removing the PSS from the SBA is very difficult 12 Influence PSS leakage SAC Coductivity [µs/cm] PSS peaks after SBA resin PSS peaks after Mixed bed resin Exhaustion [min] 43 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

44 Quality Every produced resin batch will be checked Test catalog 44 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

45 45 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Different Applications

46 Composition of natural water Cation Anion Pretreatment of raw water Total hardness (TH) Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + HCO3 - Cl - Temporary hardness Total alkalinity ( possibly OH- and CO32- ) This referred to m-value ( alkalinity to methyl-orange ) Permanent hardness Typical water analysis (LewaPlus) - Flocculation: - Lime dealkalization - Fe/Al salts - Mechanical filtration: - Hydroanthracite - Gravel - Scavenger: - Activated carbon - Adsorber resin K + NO3 - NH4 + SO4 2- SiO2 possibly free CO2 Organics Solids 46 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer LewaPlus is able to calculate existing and new demineralization plants

47 Softening Removing of total hardness Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- S 1567 Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- Mg Mg Na + Na + Cl - Na + Mg 2+ Na + Na + Cl - K + NO 3 - K + NO 3 - NH + NH 4 + SO 4 2- NH 4 + SO 4 2- SiO2 Organics SiO2 Organics 47 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

48 Softening Removing of total hardness 48 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

49 Dealkalisation with a weak acid cation exchanger alkalinity CO 2 Exchange of alkaline earth against H + Total hardness Ca 2+ Mg 2+ HCO 3 2- Permanent hardness H + 2 CO 3 -> H HCO + 2 O Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO 3 2- Na + K + NH 4 + Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 2- WAC H + Na + K + NH 4 + Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 2- SiO2 Organics CNP80 SiO2 Organics 49 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

50 Decarbonisation with a pitcher for drinking water Removing of temporary hardness and some organics WAC 50 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

51 Demineralisation with a strong acid cation exchanger Decationisation: one step Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- Mg 2+ Na + Na + K + Cl - NO 3 - SAC H + Mg 2+ H Na + K + Cl - NO 3 - Free bases water NH + NH + SO SiO2 Organics M+ S108 H SO 2- NH SiO2 Organics 51 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

52 Demineralisation with a weak and a strong acid cation exchanger Decationisation: two steps CO 2 Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- H +H + 2CO 3 -> H 2 O + CO 2 HCO 3 2- H 2 CO 3 -> H 2 O + CO 2 Mg 2+ Na + K + NH + 4 Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 2- WAC Ca 2+ Mg 2+ H + Na + Cl - H + K + NO - 3 NH + 4 SO 2-4 SAC H + Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 2- SiO2 Organics CNP80 WS SiO2 Organics M+ S108 H SiO2 Organics Suspended Solids Suspended Solids Suspended Solids 52 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

53 Demineralisation - removal of strong anions - one step WBA HCO 3 2- free base H + Cl - NO 3 - SiO2 Organics SO 4 2- M+MP68 HCO 3 2- SiO2 Organics 53 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

54 Demineralisation - removal of all anions with SBA - one step HCO SBA H + Cl Cl - - NO - 3 OH - <50 ppb SiO2 SO SiO2 2 Organics M+M500 1 ppm NaOH results in 5µS/cm <1,0 µs/cm SiO2 Organics 54 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

55 Demineralisation - removal of anions - two steps HCO 3 2- WBA SBA HCO 3 2- Cl H + - NO - 3 SO 2-4 SiO2 Organics free base OH - M+MP68 HCO 3 2- SiO2 Organics M+M500 <50 ppb SiO2 H + H + H 2 O SiO2 Organics Cl - NO 3 - SO 4 2- <1,0 µs/cm HCO Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

56 Overview Make up watertreatment ph 7-8 ph 4-5 approx µS/cm approx. 1,0 µs/cm < 1,0µS/cm ph 2-3 ph > 4 ph 6-8 < 0,1 µs/cm ph 7-8 approx. 500µS/cm Raw water Na Form H Form H Form Freie Base OH- Form OH H HCO 3 - CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 S1567 CNP80 M+ S108 M+ MP68 M+ M500 Na+ NO 3 - Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na+ NO 3 - H+ Cl- Cl- Cl- NO 3 - SiO 2 < 50 ppb* TOC < 100 ppb* M+ M500 MB M+S108 H MB MB SiO 2 < 10 ppb* TOC < 100 ppb* SO 4 2- SO 4 2- SO 4 2- SiO 2 Organic Softening 56 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer SiO 2 Organic Decarbonisation > 40% HCO3 SiO 2 Organic Decationisation SiO 2 Organic Degasser Demineralisation * Depending from feed concentration and train performance Polishing

57 Condition of carbon acid depending on the ph value % H 2 CO 3 / H 2 O+ CO 2 HCO3 - CO ph Methy lorange = 4,3 ph Phenolphtalein =8,2 57 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

58 Different Applications Selective ion removal 58 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

59 IX in Direct Waste Water Filtration (Examples) pollutant origin resin type NH 4+ /NO 3 - fertilizer production Lewatit K2629/S4428 Cu printed circuit board production Lewatit TP207 Cu mining waste waters Lewatit TP207 Co, Mn Phtalic Acid Production Lewatit TP207 Cu, Zn cooling water blow-downs Lewatit TP207 Hg chloro alkali electrolysis Lewatit MP64/TP214 Pb battery manufacturing shops Lewatit TP207 Au, Pd, Pt gold smith-/jeweler work shops waste water. Lewatit MP64/TP 214 heavy metals, chlorinated Lewatit OC1064 hydrocarbons, pump and treat groundwater Lewatit AF5 MTBE, treatment. Lewatit K6362 cyanides, chromates discharge limits safely held raw materials recovered 59 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

60 Functional Group: Selective (Chelating) Lewatit Resins TP 207/ TP 208 TP 260 TP 220 TP 214 Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) Bispicolylamine (BiPic) Thiourea H 2 C N H 2 C H 2 C C(O)O C(O)O Na Na H 2 C N H H 2 C P O O O Na Na H H 2 2 C C N N H C H 2 N 2 SO 4 H 2 C N H NH SH Copper removal from Ni/Co concentrates Copper recovery Waste water treatement Lithium concentrate softening Calcium and magnesium removal from lithium chloride/hydroxide Antimony/bismuth removal from copper electrolytes Nickel removal from cobalt concentrates Copper recovery at low ph Cadmium removal from nickel/cobalt electrolytes Palladium recovery from waste water 60 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

61 Functional Group: Selective Lewatit Resins Solvent impregnated Resins (SIR) Functional group is not attached to the polymer by chemical bonding Extractant is entrained in the polymer matrix during polymerization VP OC 1026 TP 272 D2EHPA (SIR) Cyanex 272* (SIR) O O P O OH O P OH Zinc removal from cobalt concentrates Cobalt removal from nickel sulpahte solutions * Product of Cytec Industries Inc., Woodland Park, NJ (USA) 61 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

62 Different Operation Systems 62 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

63 Best chemical utilization with low water demand and highest performance only possible with a WS system Co flow Upcore Floating bed(ws) 63 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

64 Co flow System Ineffective way for demineralization 64 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

65 Fluidized-Process ( WS-Process ) Low budget Flow rate 10 cbm/h Low space SiO2 and TOC remove Normal temperature 65 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

66 Fluidized-Process ( WS-Process ) Counter-Current Downflow Regeneration Settling/Decompaction Loading Regeneration/Rinse 66 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

67 Leakage compare Co flow (GLS) against Counter current (CC) µs/cm 67 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

68 Make up water production Compound WS-Process ( VWS-Process ) Target ( VGB The German EPRI) The Fluidized Bed system was the first system developed by Bayer using the upflow technique. Several of thousand units with diameter ranging from 400 mm to 4000mm are in operation throughout the world. Conductivity < 0,08 µs/cm Silica < 10 ppb Sodium < 5 ppb DOC < 100 ppb ( 200 ppb) 68 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

69 High conductivity behind SBA from Sodium leakage Free board is too wide: min. 20 mm max. 50 mm Turbulences in final polisher layer Loading speed does not produce a fixed bed Regeneration speed is too low (channeling ) Regeneration contact time is wrong (20-30 min) Chemical or Feed water distribution is not sufficient Not optimized resin bed depth (optim. 800 mm) Use of too high chemical concentrations 69 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

70 Demineralization plants 70 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

71 UP.CO.RE. (Reverse WS) Waste water Waste water 71 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

72 Best chemical utilization with low water demand and highest performance only possible with a WS system Disadvantages of Co flow Systems: High specific regenerate consumption High service water consumption High ion leakage Lower operating capacity (depending breakthrough point) Extended regeneration cycle Low efficiency of vessel volume Backwash: destruction of polishing zone Disadvantages of UP.CO.RE Process: Increased waste volume Risk of reclassification during regeneration (freeboard!) Insufficient regeneration Higher water demand for rinsing/displacement Higher regenerate consumption Water quality not comparable with up flow service Advantages of Fluidized Bed Process ( WS-System ): Narrower and thus cheaper units, smaller footprint Max. chemical capacity because of high filling level Lower service water consumption No channeling Reduced specific chemical demand and therefore less waste water production Less valves in comparison to down flow systems Low leakage, low conductivity Co flow Upcore Counter current (WS) 72 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

73 Chemical and water demand from different processes Chemical and water demand for a production of 1000 m³ demineralized water with different systems Calculated conditions Flow rate: 50 cbm/h Cycle Time: 20h Salt content: 5,0 meq/l (incl. 5 ppm SiO2) Using degasser (after degasser 0,2 meq/l) Co Flow Co Flow WS WS Upcore Upcore Single Compound Single Compound Single Compound HCl kg 345 kg 200 kg 265 kg 200 kg 291 kg 200 kg HCl eq eq eq eq eq eq eq % theory 192% 111% 147% 111% 162% 111% Waste water 30,17 m³ 33,26 m³ 24,48 m³ 16,42 m³ 28,84 m³ 21,70 m³ NaOH kg 586 kg 156 kg 320 kg 128 kg 350 kg 130 kg NaOH eq eq eq eq eq eq eq % theory 543%* 144%* 296%* 119%* 324%* 120%* Waste water 66,30 m³ 37,66 m³ 48,71 m³ 26,03 m³ 55,22 m³ 33,44 m³ Total waste water 96,47 m³ 70,92 m³ 73,19 m³ 42,45 m³ 84,06 m³ 55,14 m³ Upcore needs approx. 30% more water demand as WS because of packed bed building 73 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

74 Liftbed-Process Counter current process with the possibility for backwashing Exhaustion mode Regeneration mode Regenerant / Rinse water Treated water Regenerant / Rinse water Treated water Upper strainer plate nozzles/m² Upper strainer plate nozzles/m² Inert resin Sight glasses Inert resin Sight glasses Lewatit S108 67% Backwash out MonoPlus S108 67% Backwash out Lewatit S108 33% 2000 mm Lift valve Backwash out Lower strainer plate nozzles/m² MonoPlus S108 33% 2000 mm Lift valve Backwash out Lower strainer plate nozzles/m² Raw water Waste water Raw water Waste water 74 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

75 Lewatit IN 42, IN 50 (Inert Material) Lewatit IN 42 with 1,5 mm edge lengh Density: 0,8 g/ml Kaltabschlag PP IN42 is the fourth generation fo specialised inert filtration Buffer aid for all Lanxess-Upstream-Sysrtems Material elasticity, mechanical and temperature stability Lewatit IN 50 with 2,5-5,0 mm edge lengh Density: 0,9 g/ml Warmabschlag ( like with Dow and Purolite imprecise! ) PE Less temperature and mechanical stability Buffer for UPCORE systems 75 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

76 76 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Mixed bed application

77 Make up water production Compound WS-Process ( VWS-Process ) Target ( VGB The German EPRI) The Fluidized Bed system was the first system developed by Bayer using the upflow technique. Several of thousand units with diameter ranging from 400 mm to 4000mm are in operation throughout the world. Conductivity < 0,08 µs/cm Silica < 10 ppb Sodium < 5 ppb DOC < 100 ppb ( 200 ppb) 77 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

78 Mixbed Separation / Regeneration / Mixing 78 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

79 Lewatit monodispersed Resins Clear separation for regenerable mixed beds For regenerable mixed beds, it is necessary to separate cation and anion resins clearly Clearly different terminal settling velocity for cation and anion resin, respectively Differntial Volume, Vol.%/µm 2,5% 2,0% 1,5% 1,0% 0,5% 0,0% Lewatit Lewatit M+ M500 OH M+ S108H Terminal Settling Velocity, cm 2 /s 79 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

80 Lewatit heterodispersed resins in a mixed bed Due the particle distribution and true density, some of cation and anion beads settle together 0,4% Differntial Volume, Vol.%/µm 0,3% 0,2% 0,1% 0,0% Cation & Anion Beads Settling Together Terminal Settling Velocity, cm 2 /s Heterodisperse mixed bed 80 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

81 Mixed bed which includes monodisperse Lewatit resins High quality and best performance through perfect separation ( Less cross regeneration SAC!) M+ S 108 H 81 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

82 Mixbed of MonoPlus SP112 KR and MP800 KR High visibility of separation Separation zone No need for a third component in the mixed bed with Lewatit 82 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

83 Case 2: Bad performance Mixed Bed resin Worse separated mixed bed Perfect separated mixed bed Bad separation because of too many fine beads No sufficient colour difference between SAC und SBA SAC resin volume is calculated wrong (Drainage) SAC is loaded with NaOH PSS is fouling the SBA resin (bad SAC quality) Mechanical stress because of too strong mixing Too low backwash flow rate 83 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

84 Good performance during complete exhaustion time is only possible with the right ratio of SAC and SBA in the mixed bed r MOhm Silica ppb - SiO 2 = 50 ppb has nearly the same breakthrough time as R =1M Ωcm resistivity [MOhm*cm] time [min] Silica [ppb] 84 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

85 Mixed bed with higher SAC content or CO 2 contamination 10 8 Salt content = 5,3 meq/l Carbonat hardness = 2,5 meq/l Conductivity = ca. 500µS/cm ph value 6 4 CO 2 and acid building LF [µs/cm] ,00 20,00 40,00 60,00 80,00 100,00 120,00 140,00 160,00 180,00 200,00 Exhaustion (BV) 85 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

86 Multistep fine polishing Alternative for the classic mixed bed process Advantages of Multistep Process No auxiliaries required (air) Low regenerant consumption Strongly acidic cation Lewatit MonoPlus S 200 KR Less waste water Less neutralization chemicals Low capital costs Regenerant /Rinse water Strongly basic anion Lewatit MonoPlus M 500 No sensitive to fluctuations in ionic load Ease to automate Logistic advantages (same resin types used like in demi plant) Exhausted ion exchanger can be regenerated separately Space-saving RAW WATER Strongly acidic cation Lewatit MonoPlus S 108 Weakly acidic cation Lewatit CNP 80 WS DEGASSER Strongly basic anion Lewatit MonoPlus M 500 Weakly basic anion Lewatit MonoPlus MP 68 Strongly acidic cation Lewatit MonoPlus S Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

87 Multistep-Process smart polishing posibility 2 x 80 m³/h 87 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

88 Condensate polishing SAC deep bed / mixed bed Mixed bed 88 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

89 Mixed bed polisher behind a RO system Multistep-Process Inlet after RO approx. 5-30µS/cm Conductivity < 0,08 µs/cm Silica < 10 ppb Sodium < 5 ppb 89 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

90 90 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Organic removal

91 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) a cocktail of different compounds from a variety of sources Humins (Tannins) Humin acids Fulvic acids Building Blocks Low molecular neutral organic compounds Low molecular organic acids Biopolymers Polysaccharides excrement by metabolism of: plants animals human being NOM TOC microorganisms algae fungi Groundwater 0,5 to 1,5 mg/l River water up to 10 mg/l Eutrophic lakes up to 10 mg/l Water from wetlands up to 50 mg/l NOM is not a clearly defined chemical substance It is a cocktail of many different compounds The composition strongly depends on the biologic background of the water NOM can be measured and characterized by classification and measurement of sum-parameters 1 mg/l TOC corresponds to 5,25 mg/l KMNO 4 91 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

92 Counter current (WS) system feed requirements 92 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

93 Fouling feeds to TOC release and capacity decreasing 93 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

94 Macroporous SBA resins for optimizing organic removal For removing of higher organic amounts macroporouse resins are an advantage. In the main the WBA (M+MP68) is responsible for TOC removing, but to increase the performance it is possible to install a styrene macroporouse SBA (M+ MP800) or a acrylic gel Type (A8071) This combination is able to remove approx. 3g TOC per cycle / liter resin (calculated with the installed WBA amount). For this performance higher NaOH amounts for regeneration are necessary Purified water Acrylic-resins give some advantage for aliphatic TOC removal (A8071; A8072; A8073) 94 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

95 Performance of TOC removal in a WS system measured with online Sievers TOC measurement SBA Regeneration 115 % of theory TOC loading /cycle 0,73 g/liter WBA Feed water Feed water First chamber M+ MP68 Second chamber M+ after M+ MP MP µs/cm TOC ppm TOC ppb TOC ppb TOC ppb , , , , , , , , After WBA/ SBA treatment > 95% TOC is removed 95 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

96 Organic removal optimized anion compound bed < 0,08 µs/cm < 10 ppb SiO2 < 0,2 ppm DOC 96 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

97 Gel / Macroporous Gel type Gel type Surface Macroporous type Macroporous type Surface 97 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

98 Approx. IX capacity/tolerance for natural organic matter (NOM) Acrylic resins have normally a higher TOC capacity! Resin type Example Lanxess recommend max. operating temp. *Approx. max. organic load as g KMNO 4 /liter resin *Approx. max. organic load as g TOC/liter resin *Max. fouling index N SBA styrenic type 1 gel M+M ,4 3 SBA styrenic type 2 gel M +M ,6 6 SBA styrenic type 1 macro M+MP ,8 6 SBA styrenic type 2 macro M+MP ,0 8 SBA acrylic type 1 gel A ,5 15 SBA acrylic type 1 macro A ,0 20 MBA acrylic A ,0 16 MBA styrene MP ,2 12 WBA styrene MP ,0 16 WBA acrylic A ,0 20 * Organic matter (OM) capacity is also depending from TDS concentration of the feed water and from the kind of filter composition. Combination of styrene and acrylic resins can give higher TOC removing values. 98 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

99 Scavenger in case of to high TOC inlet concentrations Regeneration with alk. NaCl solution. TOC capacity up to 35 kg organic as KMnO 4 /cbm resin Scavenger Requirements Throughput 50 m³/h Organic loading 35,1 g KMnO 4 /m³ Organic loading 0,035 kg KMnO 4 /m³ Specific flow rate 10,0 BV ( l raw water / l resin ) ca BV Resin quantity 5,00 m³ Resin type M+ MP68 Specific organic loading 31,59 kg KMnO 4 / m³ resin / cycle max kg/m³/cycle Treated water per cycle 4500,00 m³ / cycle Cycle time 90,00 h Specific regenerant 2,00 BV ( m³ regenerant / m³ resin ) quantity Regenerant 10,00 m³ regenerant NaCl (100%) 1000,00 kg ( as 10 % solution ) NaOH (100%) 200,00 kg ( as 2 % solution ) Diluting water (approx.): 35,00 m³ Filter geometry Filter diameter 1800 mm Unit surface area 2,49 m² Linear flow rate 20,06 m/h m/h Bed depth 2,01 m Mind mm! 99 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

100 Approx. IX tolerance for natural organic matter (NOM) Resin type Example Lanxess recommend max. operating temp. *Approx. max. organic load as g KMNO 4 /liter resin *Approx. max. organic load as g TOC/liter resin *Max. fouling index N SBA styrenic type 1 gel M+M ,4 3 SBA styrenic type 2 gel M +M ,6 6 SBA styrenic type 1 macro M+MP ,8 6 SBA styrenic type 2 macro M+MP ,0 8 SBA acrylic type 1 gel A ,5 15 SBA acrylic type 1 macro A ,0 20 MBA acrylic A ,0 16 MBA styrene MP ,2 12 WBA styrene MP ,0 16 WBA acrylic A ,0 20 Organic matter (OM) capacity is also depending from TDS concentration of the feed water and from the kind of filter composition. Combination of styrene and acrylic resins can give higher TOC removing values. 100 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

101 Regeneration Conversion 101 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

102 Conversion chemicals and requirements Types of regenerant Typical conz. % Softening WAC SAC WBA SBA NaCl 10 KCl 10 HCl 4-6 H2SO4 0,8-6 NaOH 4-6 KOH 4-6 NaHCO3 5-8 NH Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

103 Conversion of different SBA 95 Regeneration level % MP500 NaOH 4% M500 NaOH 4% M800 NaOH 4% M600 NaOH 4% g NaOH(100%) / Liter resin 103 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

104 Demineralization WS Compound bed 104 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

105 Regeneration of a SBA compound bed filter Regeneration chemical for WBA/SBA compound filter HCl approx. 4-6% H 2 SO 4 0,8-6% progressive regeneration Regeneration speed 3,5 7 m/h Target chemical contact time m/h 105 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

106 Regeneration of a SBA compound bed filter Regeneration chemical for WBA/SBA compound filter NaOH approx. 4% NaOH 2-4% progressive regeneration Regeneration speed 3,5 7 m/h Target chemical contact time m/h 106 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

107 Regeneration M+ M500 SBA Typ 1 % Regeneration NaOH g/ Liter Resin 107 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

108 Regeneration M+S 108 Conversion M+ S 108 Conversion % 100,0 90,0 80,0 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 2,5 2 1,5 1 0, g 100% HCl / l resin Total capacity eq/l 108 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

109 Lewatit MonoPlus MP 68 Ionic form as shipped: CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 + CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 [Cl - ] ph < 4 H + + NaOH Conversion CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 Cl - CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 + CH N(CH 3 ) 3 [OH - 2 ] Exhausted CH 2 + N(CH 3 ) 3 [Cl - ] ph < 8 Regeneration: WBA resins require 115 to 140 % // SBA resins require approx. 300% 109 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

110 Regeneration amount Single application WAC WBA SAC GLS SAC WS SBA GLS SBA WS SBA Type2 WS SBA Type2 GLS NaOH % theorie NaHCO 3 % theorie HCl % theorie H 2 SO 4 % theorie Compound application WAC / SAC WBA/SBA WBA/SBA NaOH % theorie > 120 (high SiO2*) HCl % theorie H 2 SO 4 % theorie 130 * If the SiO 2 loading reached 8-15 g/l automatically a progressive additional caustic quantity will be calculate. The calculation is done with 10 times of the equivalent of NaOH. Example: 9 g/l SiO 2 = 0,15 eq/l x 10 = 1,5 eq/l NaOH = 60 g/l NaOH or 6,67 g NaOH 100 % per g SiO 2 /l resin per cycle Max. silica load o f 15g/l = 100 g NaOH 100% per l resin. CH 3 CO HCl H 2 SO 4 HNO 3 H 3 PO 4 OH H 2 CO 3 pk S ,32 2,13 4,75 6,52 pk S2 1,92 7,2 10,4 pk S3 12,36 S108 CNP80 pk S ca.0,7 4,5-5,0 110 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

111 Minimum water requirements for different kind of regeneration Softening Cation exchanger Cation exchanger Step Counter Current Co flow Backwashing Feed water Feed water Compaction Soft water Dilution Soft water Feed water Displacement Soft water Feed water Final rinse Feed water Feed water Demineralzation Cation exchanger Anion exchanger Cation exchanger Anion exchanger Step Counter Current Counter Current Co flow Co flow Backwashing Feed water Decationised Feed water Decationised Compaction Demi or decationised water Demi Dilution Demi or decationised water Demi Feed water Demi or decationised water Displacement Demi or decationised water Demi Feed water Demi or decationised water Final rinse Feed water Demi Feed water Decationised 111 New LEWAPLUS TM calculation program - Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

112 DEMi plant calculation 112 New LEWAPLUS TM calculation program - Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

113 Parameter for resin choice for Make up water Feedwater quality Water analysis Salt content Carbonate Hardness TOC content and kind SiO 2 content Temperature Flow rate Suspended matter Applications Counter current Co Flow Upcore Liftbed Rinse bed Mixed bed Multistep Specifications VGB guideline for water steam cycle 0,2 µs/cm TOC/DOC < 200 ppb < 5 ppb Sodium < 20 ppb SiO 2 Operator Invest volume Space Economy claim Waste water situation Chemicals Water consumption 113 New LEWAPLUS TM calculation program - Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

114 LewaPlus calculation program Choose type of new project DEMI Check Feed CP Condensate polishing Purified water Plant parameter OK? 114 New LEWAPLUS TM calculation program - Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

115 Overview Lanxess resin types for demineralization Make up water Filter Arrangement WS Application & Polisher Make up WAC Lanxess CNP 80 WS (80 GLS) SAC Make up SAC Lanxess M+ S 107 NS M+ S 108 (H) M+ SP 112 (H) Regenerant /Rinse water RAW WATER SAC WAC DEGASSER SBA WBA Lewatit MonoPlus SBA MB M 800 Lewatit MonoPlus SAC MB S 100 Ø 1600 mm SBA SAC Make up WBA Lanxess M+ MP 68 A 8072 A 8073 MP 62 A 365 Make up SBA Lanxess M+ M 500 (OH) M+ MP800 (OH) A 8071 M+ M 600 Make up MB Lanxess M+ S 108 H M+ SP 112 H M+M 500 MB,OH M+ MP 800, OH 115 New LEWAPLUS TM calculation program - Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

116 116 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Softening

117 Softening Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- S 1567 Ca 2+ HCO 3 2- Mg Mg Na + Na + Cl - Na + Mg 2+ Na + Na + Cl - K + NO 3 - K + NO 3 - NH + NH 4 + SO 4 2- NH 4 + SO 4 2- SiO2 Organics SiO2 Organics 117 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

118 Lewatit MonoPlus S107 NS Ionic form as shipped: SO 3 - Na + Strongly acidic cation exchange resin: Gel Monodisperse Functional group: sulfonic acid Features Low chemical demand High chemical and mechanical stability Low fine and coarse bead content 118 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

119 Conversion table Units Units of Hardness meq/l dh f e ppm CaCO 3 mmol/l 28 mg CaO or 50 mg CaCO 3 pro 1000 ml Water 10 mg CaO pro 1000 ml Water 10 mg CaCO 3 pro 1000 ml Water 1 grain CaCO 3 per gallon 14,3 mg CaCO 3 pro 1000 ml Water 1 part CaCO 3 per million 1 mg CaCO 3 pro 1000 ml Water 1 meq/l 1,0 2,8 5,0 3,5 50,0 0,50 1 dh 0,357 1,0 1,78 1,25 17,8 0,18 1 f 0,2 0,56 1,0 0,7 10,0 0,10 1 e 0,286 0,8 1,43 1,0 14,3 0,14 1 ppm 0,02 0,056 0,1 0,07 1,0 0,01 1 mmol /l 2,00 5,60 10,00 7, ,0 100 mg CaCO 3 pro 1000 ml Water 119 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

120 Without solvent produced SAC resins Lewatit S 1567 Wettbewerber D 120 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Wettbewerber P

121 Operating capacity softening Co Flow and Counter Flow 20mg Ca 2+ /l Wasser are 1 meq, means 1 liter IX is able treat 1100 Liter water (Regeneration 100g NaCl/ liter resin) 1,9 Breakthrough: 10% of Feedwater conductivity Hardness: 12,8 dh Conversion with 10% NaCl 1,7 1,5 Co Flow Counter flow Operating caopacity eq/l 1,3 1,1 0,9 0,7 0, NaCl 100% g / Liter resin 121 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

122 Hardness leakage WS (counter current system) hardeness meq/l 0,5 0,45 0,4 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 Hardness leakage WS system Break through point Leverkusen tap water (12 d) Conversion with reg. 40g/L NaCl 10% reg. 50g/L NaCl 10% reg. 70g/L NaCl 10% reg. 90g/L NaCl 10% reg. 110g/L NaCl 10% reg. 130g/L NaCl 10% reg. 150g/L NaCl 10% 122 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

123 Hardness leakage Co Flow system 0,5 0,45 Breakthrough point Conversion with reg. 40g/L NaCl 10% 0,4 reg. 50g/L NaCl 10% m e q / l 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 reg. 70g/L NaCl 10% reg. 90g/L NaCl 10% reg.110g/l NaCl 10% reg. 130g/L NaCl 10% 0, Leverkusen tap water (12 d) reg. 150g/L NaCl 10% 123 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

124 Operating capacity Softening Co Current and Counter Current Operating capacity Lewatit S 1567 (S 1568) eq/l 1,9 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,1 0,9 0,7 0,5 Co Current Counter Current g/ NaCl 124 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

125 125 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer Disinfection

126 Maximum free chlorine levels (ppm) for SAC resins Resistance is also depending on ph value! Feed temperature C M+ S 108 M+ S 200 M+ S215 M+ SP ,3 0,4 0,5 1, ,2 0,3 0,4 1, ,1 0,2 0,3 0, <0,1 0,1 0,15 0,5 >30 No <0,05 <0,1 <0,5 Crosslinking % Presence of heavy metals increase the catalytic effect and can be accelerate the destroying of the polymer matrix ph value is also very important, in case of low ph value the degradation can be much faster! 126 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

127 Disinfection of HClO is increasing through acid ph value Sodiumhypochlorit NaOCl Dissociation of HClO depending on ph value and temperature 127 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

128 Chlorine dioxid is working without decreasing up to ph Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

129 Degradation of SBA Type Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

130 Special cleaning of fouled anionic resin with alkaline brine solution Preparation of the alk. NaCl cleaning solution: 3BV 10% NaCl solution + 2% NaOH Styrenic resin: Heat up to 70 C Acrylic and Typ 2 resin: max. 25 C Injection of approx. 2 BV of the cleaning solution, air scour if necessary Exposure up to 3h Discharge the liquid phase with the last BV cleaning solution Rinse with demineralized water direction neutral ph value Regeneration with double amount of caustic Eluate of a treated WBA TOC content approx. 750 ppm 130 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

131 Further cleaning possibilities to remove organic impurities Cleaning procedure is depending on vessel type (corrosion) Acrylic resins and Typ 2 resins temperature of max. 25 C for cleaning is recommended Air bubbling Backwashing 3 BV 6-15 % HCl 15% (20-70 C) 3 BV 4-10% NaOH (20-70 C) 3 BV 10% NaCl (20-70 C) 3 BV 2% NaOH / 10% NaCl (20-70 C) Tenside treatment ( e.g. Korolat 100N) Combination of these cleaning procedures increases the effectiveness 131 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

132 Disinfection of Cation Exchange Resins 132 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

133 Disinfection of Anion Exchange Resins 133 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

134 MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION PROTECTION (Shut down) During longer shut down times we recommend replacing the water with a 10% NaCl solution (Exhausted resin). Start with a sufficient backwashing of the resins. After back washing we recommend to replace the water in the vessel of the exhausted resin with a 10% NaCl solution. Possible steps before replacing with 10% NaCl In case of strong organic impurities of the resin (WBA/SBA) we recommend additional a pretreatment with a alkali brine cleaning procedure. In case of strong silica loading of the SBA (after exhaustion) we recommend additional a double NaOH regeneration and rinsing with a following NaCl exhaustion. In case of Iron contamination (WAC SAC) we recommend a treatment with 3 BV 15% HCl with a following demineralized water rinsing. 134 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer

135 Thanks for your attention! 135 Lewatit Training Hans Jürgen Wedemeyer