Potable Reuse for Inland Locations: Pilot Testing Results from Tucson for a New Potable Reuse Treatment Scheme
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1 Potable Reuse for Inland Locations: Pilot Testing Results from Tucson for a New Potable Reuse Treatment Scheme Arizona Water Reuse 2015 Symposium Flagstaff, AZ July 27-28, 2015 Larry Schimmoller, CH2M Michael Hwang, CH2M Jeff Biggs, Tucson Water
2 Tucson s Potable Reuse Project What are Tucson s drivers for reuse? Tucson is exploring potable reuse to diversify their water supply portfolio Tucson is transitioning to more renewable water supplies What treatment is needed? MF-RO-UVAOP has been shown to be effective, but Tucson Water wants to explore alternative treatment methods, while: Providing multiple barriers for organics and pathogens Removing salt Reducing energy consumption Mitigating concentrate disposal
3 RO-Based treatment can be expensive, especially at inland locations $400,000,000 $350,000,000 $300,000,000 Capital Costs MF/RO/UVAOP (evap ponds) MF/RO/UVAOP (mech evap) MF/RO/UVAOP (Ocean Disposal) $250,000,000 $200,000,000 $150,000,000 Floc/Sed/O3/ BAC/GAC/UV $100,000,000 $50,000,000 $ Plant Capacity (MGD) Figures taken from WRRF Figures are WateReuse Research Foundation s Intellectual Property
4 RO-Based treatment can be expensive, especially at inland locations $400,000,000 $350,000,000 $300,000,000 $250,000,000 $200,000,000 $150,000,000 $100,000,000 Capital Costs MF/RO/UVAOP (evap ponds) MF/RO/UVAOP (mech evap) If RO is not absolutely necessary, explore other options (especially at inland locations) MF/RO/UVAOP (Ocean Disposal) Floc/Sed/O3/ BAC/GAC/UV $50,000,000 $ Plant Capacity (MGD) Figures taken from WRRF Figures are WateReuse Research Foundation s Intellectual Property
5 Proposed Treatment Scheme 40%Q CL2 Agua Nueva WRF Secondary CARTRIDGE FILTER 60%Q NF CONC. O3 POTABLE WATER TO DISTRIBUTION SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT SOLIDS SIDE STREAM NF TDS OZONATION / BAC- GAC FREE CHLORINE
6 Proposed Treatment Scheme 40%Q CL2 Agua Nueva WRF Secondary CARTRIDGE FILTER 60%Q NF CONC. O3 POTABLE WATER TO DISTRIBUTION SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT SOLIDS SIDE STREAM NF TDS OZONATION / BAC- GAC FREE CHLORINE Provides multiple barriers for organics and pathogens Removes salt Reduces energy consumption Mitigates concentrate disposal
7 Other Water Quality Concerns NDMA Significant formation can occur with ozone addition to secondary effluent SAT and NF will remove precursors and BAC will remove NDMA formed Bromate Bromide concentrations in secondary effluent are high ( mg/l), could lead to elevated bromate with ozone addition Add ozone at sub-residual doses if possible TDS Secondary effluent mg/l Goal is < 500 mg/l; side-stream NF treatment
8 Pilot Testing Project Goals & Phasing Primary Goal: Test the viability of the proposed treatment scheme for Tucson Water s future Potable Reuse Project through water quality testing and treatment process performance monitoring Secondary Goals: 1. Test the viability of short-term SAT as a pretreatment approach to NF 2. Test ozone for oxidation of 3. Determine GAC regeneration requirements 4. Test the viability of using NF concentrate for crop irrigation Operation 6-months total; two three month phases
9 Pilot Facilities NF Trailer Location: Tucson s Sweetwater Recharge Basins Source: Monitoring Well 069B (~10 gpm) Duration: Oct 2014 April 2015 Basin #4 Ozone Trailer NF Basin #3 Basin #2 Pilot Location Basin #1 Ozone Skid GAC
10 Parameter Water Quality Testing Lab Agua Nueva (Sweetwater Recharge Basin Feed) Post-SAT (Shallow Monitoring Well) NF Feed (after Cartridge Filtration) Sample Location and Frequency NF Permeate NF Concentrate Ozone BAC1 Calgon (Phase I and II) BAC2 Norit (Phase I and II) BAC3 Calgon (Phase II only) BAC4 Norit (Phase II only) Sample Designation S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 Tucson Water Designation 510 Well WR-069B n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a ph Field Daily Daily Temperature Field Daily Conductivity Field Daily Daily Daily SDI Field 3x/week 3x/week Ozone Residual Field Weekly Turbidity Field Weekly TSS TW Weekly Biweekly Alkalinity TW Monthly** Weekly Weekly Biweekly TDS TW Monthly** Weekly Weekly Biweekly TOC TW Biweekly** Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Total Nitrogen TW Monthly** Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Total Phosphorus TW Monthly** Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Bromide TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Calcium TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Magnesium TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Sodium TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Sulfate TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Chloride TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Boron TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Silica TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Barium TW Biweekly Strontium TW Biweekly Field Parameters Metals, Salts, Nutrients Trace Organics () Nitrosamines & Bromate Pathogens/Microorganisms UVT-254 UA Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Bromate UA Monthly Monthly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly UA Monthly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly EEM UA Monthly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly NDMA UA Monthly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Heterotrophic Plate Counts (5-day) TW Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Biweekly Total Coliform TW Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly E. Coli TW Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Enteric Virus UA Monthly*** Monthly*** Monthly*** Crypto / Giardia UA Monthly*** Monthly*** Monthly***
11 Total Organic Carbon (50 th percentile) TOC (mg/l) mg/l 91% Reduction after SAT Agua Nueva WRF Secondary 45% Reduction after Partial NF SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT SOLIDS CARTRIDGE FILTER TOC Detection Limit 40%Q 60%Q SIDE STREAM NF TDS NF CONC. O3 OZONATION / BAC- GAC >40% Reduction after BAC CL2 FREE CHLORINE POTABLE WATER TO DISTRIBUTION
12 Total Organic Carbon versus Filtration Bed Volumes 0.50 No breakthrough for Calgon BAC after 6 months TOC vs. S7: BAC 1 (Calgon - P1 & 2) Bed Volumes 0.50 Breakthrough observed for Norit BAC TOC vs. S8: BAC2 (Norit - P1 & 2) Bed Volumes TOC (mg/l) TOC Detection Limit TOC (mg/l) TOC Detection Limit Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase ,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30, ,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Bed Volumes Bed Volumes 12
13 Total Dissolved Solids Agua Nueva WRF Secondary (50 th percentile) CARTRIDGE FILTER 40%Q 60%Q NF CONC. O3 CL2 POTABLE WATER TO DISTRIBUTION 800 SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT SOLIDS SIDE STREAM NF TDS OZONATION / BAC- GAC FREE CHLORINE 700 TDS (mg/l) Secondary MCL for TDS = 500 mg/l S1: ANWRF S2: Post-SAT S4: NF Permeate S6: Ozone
14 Chemicals of Emerging Concern 44 monitored All below the detection limit in finished water Some are recalcitrant to certain treatment, so multiple barriers is important 2015/04/30 Concentration of Trace Organics in ng/l Compounds Category Agua Nueva Well 69B Ozone Influent Ozone BAC C1 (Calgon) BAC C2 (Calgon) BAC C3 (Norit) BAC C4 (Norit) Benzophenone Industry (paint, 129 < 30 < 16 < 30 < 28 < 29 < 30 < 29 Benzotriazole De-icing, < 480 < 480 < 470 < 500 inhibitor, Caffeine stimulant < 4.0 < 5.2 < 4.4 < 5.6 < 3.9 < 4.1 < 3.7 < 3.8 Carbamezapine Anit-epileptic < 1.6 < 1.6 < 1.5 < 1.5 < 1.5 DEET Insect repellant < 6.0 < 4.1 < 4.0 < 3.8 < 3.6 Gemfibrozil cholesterol drug 5.4 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.1 < 0.9 < 0.9 < 0.9 < 0.9 Ibuprofen anti-inflamatory, < 2.8 < 3.7 < 3.5 < 4.9 < 3.6 < 3.5 < 3.0 < 3.5 Iopamidol Angiography < 27 < 28 < 26 < 31 Iopromide x-ray contrast 5465 < 24 < 34 < 24 < 27 < 28 < 26 < 31 Meprobamate tranquilizer < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 PFO A cookware, < 0.8 < 0.8 < 0.7 < 0.7 textiles, clothing, PFO S Stain repellant < < 3.5 < 3.5 < 3.8 < 3.9 Primidone Anit-epileptic < 4.3 < 5.7 < 4.8 < 4.8 Sucralose Artifical sweetner < 220 < 240 < 240 < 250 Sulfamethoxazole antibiotic < 8.0 < 5.0 < 4.9 < 4.5 < 4.9 TC EP Flame retardant < 22 < 22 < 23 < 23 TC PP Flame retardant 715 < < 22 < 22 < 23 < 23 Triclosan soap 44 < 12 < 9 < 13 < 13 < 14 < 13 < 14
15 Trace Organics Removal Excitation Emission Matrix Results SOIL AQUIFER TREATMENT NANOFILTRATION 40%Q OZONATION BAC/GAC WWTP Secondary CARTRIDGE FILTER 60%Q NF CONC. O3 Legend Blank: Milli-Q Water
16 Bromate & NDMA Bromate and NDMA are disinfection byproducts from ozone addition Bromate formation: Significant at O3 doses > 0.5 mg/l (O3:TOC ratio > 1.0) Low at O3 doses < 0.5 mg/l (O3:TOC <1.0) NDMA Formation: Very high in the WWTP secondary effluent Excellent removal by SAT (< 10 ng/l) Small production by ozone, but subsequent removal by BAC Bromate Concentration (μg/l) NDMA (ng/l) Ozone Inf BAC Inf BAC Calgon (P2) BAC Norit (P2) Ozone Dose NDMA Ozone Eff BAC Calgon (P1) BAC Norit (P1) Target Ozone Dose (mg/l) /09/ /11/ /12/ /02/ /04/ /05/26 WWTP Post SAT BAC Influent BAC
17 Bromate & NDMA Bromate and NDMA are 1.2 disinfection byproducts from 1.0 ozone addition Bromate formation: NDMA (ng/l) 0.8 Significant at O3 doses > mg/l (O3:TOC * ratio > 1.0) 0.4 Low at O3 doses < 0.5 mg/l (O3:TOC <1.0) 0.2 NDMA Formation: 0.0 Bromate Concentration (μg/l) NDMA through Advanced Water Treatment Process Very high Ozone in the Ozone WWTP secondary Influent effluent Excellent removal by SAT (< 10 ng/l) Small production by ozone, but subsequent removal by BAC BAC Influent NDMA (ng/l) BAC 300.0#2 (Calgon) * Below Detection Limit (< 0.5 ng/l ) * * BAC #4 (Norit) Ozone Inf BAC Inf BAC Calgon (P2) BAC Norit (P2) Ozone Dose NDMA Ozone Eff BAC Calgon (P1) BAC Norit (P1) Target /09/ /11/ /12/ /02/ /04/ /05/26 WWTP Post SAT BAC Influent BAC Ozone Dose (mg/l)
18 Log Concentration (log/l) Pathogens Virus Removal by Soil Aquifer Treatment PCR Method Used Concentration represent physical presence of viruses (live or dead), not infectivity > 4-log removal achieved through SAT 0-1 Adenovirus PMMoV Aichi Enterovirus WWTP ND ND ND ND Post SAT
19 Conclusions Issue Do multiple organics barriers provide suitable water quality? Can TDS goal be met with sidestream NF treatment? Can bromate and NMDA formation be controlled? Are pathogens adequately removed? Is GAC-based train suitable for potable reuse at Tucson? Answer Yes; finished water quality: 1) TOC< 0.25 mg/l 2) All 44 non-detect Yes, TDS < 500 mg/l consistently met Yes, both were well below regulated limits: Bromate < 3 µg/l (MCL = 10 µg/l) NDMA < 0.5 ng/l (CA limit 10 ng/l) Yes, post-sat water was non-detect for viruses and protozoa; >4-log removal of viruses by just SAT Yes and costs are much lower than RO-based train Final Report for WRRF13-09 will be published in 2015 /
20 Acknowledgements Team Member Justin Mattingly, WRRF Larry Schimmoller, CH2M HILL Dr. Shane Snyder, UA Dr. Wendell Ela, UA Dr. Bob Arnold, UA Michael Hwang, CH2M HILL Jim Lozier, CH2M HILL Jeff Biggs, TW Bruce Prior, TW Terry Miley, TW Tucson Water Quality Laboratory Dan Candelaria, CH2M HILL Tarun Anumol, UA Josh Campbell, UA Role WRRF Project Manager Principal Investigator Co-PI; Water Quality, Ozone and BAC/GAC Pilot Operations Co-PI; NF Pilot Operations, Membrane Autopsy Proxy for Wendell Ela Project Engineer Membrane Expert Tucson Water Project Manager Hydrogeologist Hydrogeologist Water Quality Analysis Pilot Construction and Operation Support Lead Ozone and BAC/GAC Operations; WQ Testing NF Pilot Operations, Membrane Autopsy CH2M HILL gratefully acknowledges the WateReuse Research Foundation s financial, technical, and administrative assistance in funding and managing the project through which this information was discovered
21 Questions? 21
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