GREEN CITY, CLEAN WATERS
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1 GREEN CITY, CLEAN WATERS Investigation of Infiltration in Unsaturated Urban Fill Material VUSP Pennsylvania Stormwater Symposium October 15, 2015 Dan O Rourke, CDM Smith Jason Cruz, Philadelphia Water Chris Bergerson, Philadelphia Water Stephen White, Philadelphia Water Taylor Heffernan, Philadelphia Water Matthew Gamache, CDM Smith Laurie Kellndorfer, CDM Smith
2 Philadelphia or Fill-adelphia? Urban fill covers much of Philadelphia Often exceeds the depth of green stormwater infrastructure What happens when we infiltrate into it?
3 Fill Areas from USGS OFR 224 (2000) 3
4
5 The Importance of Over-Excavation Contact between fill and silty clay (orange)
6 Poor Fill Quality Brick fill
7
8 Groundwater Flow Modeling 3D regional and site scale models (DYNFLOW; Mounding analysis by USGS (1D, using Hantush equation) Saturated zone after Gamache et al (2015) 8
9 SWMS 2D USDA Code (finite element) Solves Richards equation for saturated and unsaturated groundwater flow Requires: Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) Residual saturation (θr) Maximum saturation (θs) = porosity (φ) Coefficient in soil water retention equation (α) Exponent in soil water retention equation (η) after Gamache et al (2015) 9
10 Applications of 2D Modeling Provide guidance on siting GSI Evaluate how infiltrated water migrates within the subsurface risk of lateral flow to adjacent infrastructure Evaluate extent of water table mounding 10
11 Tree Trench 2D Simulations Test 3 scenarios: General tree trench General tree trench with a liner Conduits Very permeable areas within fill Gravel, brick fill, etc. Set-up based on actual tree trench 11
12 Tree Trench Length of Trench = 137 ft Drainage Area = 15,500 ft Trench Gravel Kh = Kv = 1000 ft/day Fill Kh = Kv = 16 ft/day Native Aquifer Sediments Kh = 10 ft/day Kv = 1 ft/day 10 Bedrock (assumed to be impermeable)
13 Model Set-Up (Tree Trench) Fixed head at lateral boundaries No-flow along bottom Infiltration at set of nodes (distribution pipe) after Gamache et al (2015) 13
14 Scenarios Building Foundation Tree Trench with Liner Tree Trench Building Foundation Tree Trench, No Liner, Gravel Patch Water Table Building Foundation after Gamache et al (2015) 14
15 Tree Trench Building Foundation Under baseline conditions, the tree trench drains twice the design flow without excessive mounding or basement infiltration. Increases in water content/saturation is simulated around the trench in all directions. after Gamache et al (2015) 15
16 Tree Trench with Liner Building Foundation With a liner in place, the tree trench retains water and lateral increases in water content/saturation are minimized. However, infiltration is restricted, relative to the base case. after Gamache et al (2015) 16
17 Building Foundation In this instance, the simulated gravel patch acts as a conduit for flow to the building foundation. Brick fill would produce the same effect. 17
18 Tree Trench, No Liner, Gravel Patch This conduit effect is exacerbated with lower permeability soils Building Foundation after Gamache et al (2015) 18
19 Calibration Check Use observation wells within GSI Approximately 50 systems are actively being continuously monitored by Philadelphia Water 19
20 Monitoring Data: April 2014 Event Compare observation well data from 6 different tree trenches N after Gamache et al (2015) 20
21 Rain Event Cumulative Rainfall (in) 1 4/28/2014 4/29/2014 4/30/2014 5/1/2014 5/2/2014 5/3/2014 5/4/2014 5/5/ after Gamache et al (2015) 21
22 Observed Data 6 6 Water Level (ft) Cumulative Rainfall (in) /28/2014 4/29/2014 4/30/2014 5/1/2014 5/2/2014 5/3/2014 5/4/2014 5/5/
23 Observed Data 6 6 Water Level (ft) Cumulative Rainfall (in) /28/2014 4/29/2014 4/30/2014 5/1/2014 5/2/2014 5/3/2014 5/4/2014 5/5/
24 Observed Data 6 6 Water Level (ft) Cumulative Rainfall (in) /28/2014 4/29/2014 4/30/2014 5/1/2014 5/2/2014 5/3/2014 5/4/2014 5/5/ after Gamache et al (2015) 24
25 Tree Trench 9 Length of Trench = 100 ft Drainage Area = 15,000 ft Trench Gravel Kh = Kv = 1000 ft/d Fill Kh = 0.50 ft/d Kv = 0.25 ft/d 10 Native Aquifer Sediments Kh = 10 ft/day Kv = 1 ft/day
26 Simulation Results 26
27 Simulation Results 27
28 Summary & Next Steps Two dimensional modeling can be used for GSI siting, particular in areas of shallow water table or poor fill quality Can also be used for design to determine infiltrated volume Permeable conduits can be problematic Need good characterization Reasonable match to measured observation well data Need to correlate with: Residual saturation Simulated run-off testing Groundwater monitoring wells 28
29 Water Table Mounding 29
30 Green City, Clean Waters Dan O Rourke, P.G. CDM Smith 110 Fieldcrest Ave, #8, 6 th Fl. Edison, New Jersey orourkede@cdmsmith.com
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