32 International Geological Congress
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1 Azienda Servizi Ambientali Livorno Arpat 32 International Geological Congress Hydrogeology General Symposia G Hydrogeological modeling for the improvement of water budget and environmental problems HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDY USING NUMERICAL MODEL TO EXPLAIN NITRATE ENRICHMENT PROCESSES IN A SOUTH TUSCANY COASTAL AQUIFER (Cecina, Italy) BALDINI E.1, BENUCCI C.2, MENICHETTI S.3, TESSITORE S.4, VITI M.L.3 1) ARPAT Dipartimento di Livorno Via Marradi, LIVORNO e.baldini@arpat.toscana.it 2) ASA Azienda Servizi Ambientali Via del Gazometro, 9 LIVORNO c.benucci@asa.livorno.it 3) ARPAT Direzione Generale Via Nicola Porpora, FIRENZE s.menichetti@arpat.toscana.it, ml.viti@arpat.toscana.it 4) Università degl Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via S. Maria, PISA tessitore@dst.unipi.it Firenze, 22 Agosto 2004
2 Studied Area Studied area is the northern portion of Cecina coastal aquifer (Livorno), comprising 48 Kmq between Fine and Cecina Rivers.
3 Studied Area Geology from Bartoletti, Mazzanti e Squarci (1985) This coastal plain is made by an alternation of continental and marine-transitional deposits. The stratigraphic sequence (up to 40 m) includes sand, sandstone and conglomerate with silty-sandy interstrata of Pleistocenic age. That alternation lead to a multistrata and locally multiaquifer groundwater system Hydrogeology from Grassi et alii (2000)
4 Studied Area Well Abstraction Resource Use IRRIGATION INDUSTRY POTABLE Average of Standard abstraction deviation Number of estimates estimates Mmc/year Mmc/year IRRIGATION INDUSTRY POTABLE
5 Nitrate increment May 1998 Oct 1998 Jun 1999 Nov 1999 Jun 2000 Nov 2000 May 2001 Oct 2001
6 Nitrate increment Sampling in at Palazzi Wells Observed trends Weekly sampling in 1999 at Santa Rosa Wells
7 Trend of piezometric levels Santa Rosa 1 well 1.0 mm/d => 0.37 m/y Belvedere 5 well Strong exploitation of groundwater resource is also known by potable, industry and irrigation wells. 1.0 mm/d => 0.37 m/y Groundwater heads show that during last 15 years a generalized drawdown took place. Palazzi 21 well 2.9 mm/d => 1.06 m/y
8 Aim of hydrogeological study Nitrate origin is still controversial! Agricultural pressure decreases while progressive increase in civil pressure is known owing to touristic vocation of the area. Moreover a strong exploitation of water resource exists by public potable and industry wells Which are causes of enrichment? Can we define, according to 91/676/CEE, this area vulnerable from agricultural nitrate? How many aquifers exist and which are contaminated? Preliminary to numerical model, field study investigated about: 1. Soil nitrogen content (total, ammonia nitrogen and nitric nitrogen) from: agricultural soil and subsoil sediment bed wetted by permitted facilities deep aquiclude layers included in aquifer system; 2. Hydrogeologic structure and hydrogeochemical aquifers identification; 3. Hydrogeologic properties (transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient and effective porosity).
9 Field Investigation 9 investigation points 9 agricultural soil s.s. samples (sampling m p.l.) 9 agricultural subsoil samples (sampling m p.l.) 8 investigation points 8 sediment bed samples (sampling at 0.5 m p.l.) wetted by permitted facilities Granulometry and nitrate contenent Granulometry, nitrate contenent and permeability test in borehole + Granulometry and nitrate contenent Public potable well fields
10 Field Investigation Belvedere 5 Well Depth of piezometers ( 101 mm) S. Rosa 4 Well P5 P4 P1 P2 P3 P1-21 m p.l. P5-32 m p.l. P2-11 m p.l. P6-30 m p.l. P3-44 m p.l. P m p.l. P4-13 m p.l. granulometry, nitrate contenent and permeability test in samples of the aquiclude layers (S2, S3, S5 and S6) Public potable well New piezometer hydraulic conductivity of aquifer recovery test (P1; P2; P3; P6) layers by water samples and chemical analysis in potable wells and in new piezometers P6 P7 permeability test (Lefranc) in aquifer layers during the drilling (S2 and S3) Well field S.P. Palazzi transmissivity and storage coefficient of aquifers by costant discharge test in some potable wells and in new piezometers (P1; P3 and P5)
11 Field Investigation Findings about agricultural soil granulometry and nitrate content A clay loam B sand C Granulometry from zone A, B, C total N C soil ammoniacal N nitric N A soil Mapping of soil granulometry compared to water drainage pedologic map of Wageningen University (Breteler, 1983) B soil A subsoil C subsoil B subsoil Nitrogen contents of soil subsoil from zone A, B, C
12 Field Investigation Findings about nitrate content from various kind of soil clay loam sand Comparing to average agricultural soil samples, nitrate content is high in sample from permitted facilities (as expected), but also in sample from acquitarde layer included in groundwater systems total N Sediment ammoniacal N nitric N soil subsoil Deep bed wetted acquitarde by facilities strata Granulometry and Nitrogen contents from agricultural soil and subsoil, deep acquitarde layers included in GW systems, sediment bed wetted by facilities
13 Field Investigation Findings about aquifer separation SR4_P1 SR4_P2 BV5_P3 BV5_P4 BV5_P5 SPP_P6 SPP_P Water level Top of piezometer screen Bottom of piezometer screen 50 Piezometers screen position and observed water level Schoeller hydrochemical facies from upper (light blue) and lower (deep blue) strata of aquifer system
14 Hydrostratigraphic reconstruction A A Hydrostratigraphic sections display acquifer (blue), acquitard (green), acquiclude (yellow) strata of correlated logs and reconstruct hydrogeologic structure of groundwater system A B B B B A Geological map and bottom surface of aquifer with logs location and hydrostratigrahy section
15 Hydrostratigraphic reconstruction C Hydrostratigrahic section C D C D D C D Geological map and bottom surface of aquifer with logs location and hydrostratigraphic section
16 Model configuration The FINITE DIFFERENCE GRID consists of 95 X 101 single layer square cells of 100 m width and was build by Groundwater Vistas interface to ModFlow and MT3D codes TOOLS -MODELLING PACKAGE Groundwater Vistas developed by ESI Envinrinmental Simulation International Ltd. -GIS PLATFORM ArcView 3.2 by ESRI Groundwater Vistas employed the worldwide known numerical codes MODFLOW and MT3D Sea coast and Cecina River represent CONSTANT HEAD (blu cells); FIXED FLOW are wells (red cells) DIFFUSE RECHARGE on the total area; NOFLOW boundary correspond to the other sides
17 Model configuration Map of estimation of travel time by the surface was achieved to complete saturated model scenarios. Time of Travel computed by K sat Time of Travel computed by local mean annual recharge
18 Conclusions - 1 Data from hydrologic balance don t fit a steady state that calibrates instead by a reduction of 20 % of estimated well abstraction Well abstraction calibration Observed / calculated values for first simulation Observed / calculated values after a 20% well abstraction reduction Final observed / calculated values (after K calibration)
19 Conclusions - 1 Starting from abstraction estimation, modeled drawdown trends reveal a correlation with observed trends. Model complies data about hydrological budget and quantify imbalance amount. time [days] ,5 dra w down [m ] 1 y = 1,6E-03x + 6,6E-02 BELVEDERE 1,5 SANTAROSA y = 3,E-03x + 1,E-01 PALAZZI y = 2.0E-03x + 7.2E ,5 3 modeled drawdown trends m/day m/year m/year SANTA ROSA 0,0016 0, SANTA ROSA BELVEDERE 0,0020 0, BELVEDERE 1, PALAZZI PALAZZI 0,0030 observed drawdown trends
20 Conclusions - 2 In an aquifer portion, corresponding to high trasmissive hydrogeologic structure, developing centrally in NNW-SSE direction and where many wells are located, a strong groundwater flow exists. Bottom surface of aquifer body Mean piezometric surface ( ) well location
21 Conclusions - 2 On seaside groundwater flow is reduced and a wide stagnation area, corresponding also to the nitrate enrichment zone, develops. As possible we can explain how starting from an uniform recharge in nitrate by the surface different dilution can lead to local enrichment processes. Groundwater flux and bottom surface of aquifer NO3 concentration (may 2002) and mean piezometric surface
22 Conclusions - 3 Comparative runs of transport model show that agricultural pressure, although reduced, is prevalent on civil one. Model simulation of Nitrate distribution resulted from civil pressure P r e s s io n i A g r ic o le P r e s s io n i C iv ili N T A T A R D Y R O S A P A Z Z I S A N T A T A R D Y R O B E L V E D E R E P A Z Z I O L A N t e m p o S A 2 3 [ m 3 E D E R E O 8 B E L V g /l] N Model simulation of Nitrate distribution resulted from agricultural pressure S A [ m g /l] [ g g ] t e m p o [ g g ] L A
23 Conclusions - 3 Transport model reveals also that some zones corresponding to NW side where thickness of aquifer is reduced, enriched in nitrate faster than others. Grow up of nitrate proceeds in simulation toward SE actually enriched areas. Model simulation of Nitrate distribution after 5 years from uniform input Model simulation of Nitrate distribution after 20 years from uniform input
24 Conclusions - 4 Travel time map shows that a highly vulnerable zone, where the aquitard cover disappear, seems to be located just onto the previous noted NW areas. Nitrate may 1998 Civil pressure Thickness of aquitard cover Agr. pressure Model simulations of Nitrate distribution
25 Conclusions - 4 This areas, therefore, in comparison with less vulnerable areas, must be appraised in terms of cost-benefit effectiveness of intervention. 15 yr representative isochrones to public well by horizontal flow 15 yr representative isochrones to public well by adding vertical flow
26 HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDY USING NUMERICAL MODEL TO EXPLAIN NITRATE ENRICHMENT PROCESSES IN A SOUTH TUSCANY COASTAL AQUIFER (Cecina, Italy) BALDINI E.1, BENUCCI C.2, MENICHETTI S.3, TESSITORE S.4, VITI M.L.3 1) ARPAT Dipartimento di Livorno Via Marradi, LIVORNO e.baldini@arpat.toscana.it 2) ASA Azienda Servizi Ambientali Via del Gazometro, 9 LIVORNO c.benucci@asa.livonro.it 3) ARPAT Direzione Generale Via Nicola Porpora, FIRENZE s.menichetti@arpat.toscana.it, ml.viti@arpat.toscana.it 4) Università degl Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Via S. Maria, PISA tessitore@dst.unipi.it KEYWORDS: Cecina, Fine, ModFlow, MT3D, Groundwater Vistas Studied area is the northern portion of Cecina coastal aquifer, comprising 48 Kmq between Fine and Cecina Rivers. Nitrate increased in past years and recently, in some wells, nitrate have reached value of 50 mg/l. Nitrate origin is still controversial. While agricultural pressure decreases a progressive increase in civil pressure is known owing to touristic vocation of the area. Strong exploitation of groundwater resource is also known by potable, industrial and irrigue wells. Groundwater heads show that during last 15 years a generalized drawdown took place. Aim of hydrogeological study was the understanding of problems. A detailed previous works study, new investigation drilling and sampling campaign and finally several comparative and interpretative model runs was achieved. Numerical model consists of 95 X 101 single layer square cells of 100 meters and was build by Groundwater Vistas interface to ModFlow and MT3D codes. Map of estimation of travel time by the surface was achieved to complete saturated model scenarios. Conclusions are: 1) Data from hydrologic balance don t fit a steady state that calibrates instead by a reduction of 20 % of estimated well abstraction. Starting from abstraction estimation modeled drawdown trends reveal a correlation with observed trends. Model complies data about hydrological budget and quantify imbalance amount. 2) In an aquifer portion corresponding to high trasmissive hydrogeologic structure, developing centrally in NW-SE direction and where many wells are located, a strong groundwater flow exists. On seaside groundwater flow is reduced and a wide stagnation area, corresponding also to the nitrate enrichment zone, develops. As possible we can explain how starting from an uniform recharge in nitrate by the surface different dilution can lead to local enrichment processes. 3) Comparative runs of transport model show that agricultural pressure, although reduced, is prevalent on civil one. Transport model reveals also that some zones corresponding to NW side where thickness of aquifer is reduced, enriched in nitrate faster than others. Grow up of nitrate proceeds in simulation toward previous noted actually enriched areas. 4) Travel time map shows that a highly vulnerable zone, where the aquitard cover disappear, seems to be located just onto the previous noted NW areas. This areas, therefore, in comparison with less vulnerable areas, must be appraised in terms of cost-benefit effectiveness of intervention.
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