Three Gorges Project. A Project with Tremendous Benefits and in Favour of Environmental Improvement. By Cao Guangjing May 22, 2004
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1 Three Gorges Project A Project with Tremendous Benefits and in Favour of Environmental Improvement By Cao Guangjing May 22, 2004
2 Contents 1. Brief Introduction 2. Why Should TGP Be Built? 3. Investment & Financing 4. Management System 5. Issues on Focus 6. Significant Technical Breakthroughs 7. Progress of TGP
3 1. Brief Introduction
4 Some Features about TGP The largest dam: concrete placement of 27 million m 3 The largest powerplant: installed capacity of 18,200MW The largest flood discharging structure: 110,000m 3 /s Unique shiplock: 5-step & 2 lanes The largest shiplift: H=113m w=11,800 tons The longest duration: 17 years Resettlement: 1.13millon people
5 Cross-section of Powerhouse & Intake
6 Inside Powerhouse
7 Two-lane Five-step Shiplock
8 Shiplift
9 2. Why Should TGP Be Built Flood Control Power Generation Navigation Improvement
10 2.1 Flood Control(1) China s history is the history of fighting against the floods. Big floods were always the trigger of war, unrest or even changes of the dynasties. Every government in history took harnessing rivers as the most important issue.
11 Wuhan in Flood (1931)
12 Floods in 1998 The floods caused a direct loss of about 100 billion Yuan (about 12 billion $) in 1998.
13 The JingJiang Dyke
14 The Yangtze Basin Storage capacity for flood control : billion m 3
15 2.1 Flood Control(2) The reservoir has a flood-control capacity of 22 billion m 3. After completing TGP, the flood control standard of downstream plain would be upgraded from 10-year to 100-year frequency. Although nearly 1 million people need to be resettled, much more people and fertile lands get protected. The decision of Building TGP is a strategic consideration that to gain much greater benefits with small price.
16 2.2 Power Generation Total Capacity :18,200MW+4,200MW =22, 400MW Expected annual power generation :84.7 billion KWh. The clean and renewable energy provided by TGP each year, is equivalent to a thermal powerplant burning 50 million tons of raw coal. TGP will benefit the global and regional environment.
17 Location of the TGP
18 History of Decision Making The decision of Building TGP is very careful and prudent. In 1919 Project was first proposed by Dr. Sun Yetsun In 1940 s Preliminary Plans for TGP by Dr. Savage 1950 s-1990 s Thorough Studies and Planning Pilot Projects: Danjiangkou Project (1960 s, 1,000MW) & Gezhouba Project (1970 s, 2,715MW) In 1992 Project was approved by the NPC
19 NPC Approved TGP (April 3,1992)
20 3. Investment and Financing Total cost: billion RMB( price level May 1993) Price escalation: 74.9 billion Interest payment: 38.9 billion Final total cost at 2009: billion RMB(25 billion $)
21 Total investment of TGP (1993-May value ) Resettlement: billion RMB Project: billion RMB
22 Financing Three Gorges Construction Fund Domestic loans Power revenues from Gezhouba hydropower plant Power revenues from TGP( ) Bond issuing International financing( export credits )
23 Completed Investment By the end of 2003, a total of billion RMB has been invested billion RMB for project construction billion RMB for resettlement billion RMB for interest payment
24 Updated Estimation of Total Cost 180 billion RMB (USD22.5 billion) 10% savings against original cost estimates
25 4. Mechanism of Management(Past & Now) Government Government Constructor Operator Owner Constructor Past Now (BOO)
26 Three Gorges Project Construction Committee of the State Council (TGPCC) Premier as Director Resettlement Project Construction Resettlement Planning Organization (Resettlement Bureau) Project Owner ( CTGPC ) Resettlement Execution Organ (Hubei Province) Resettlement Execution Organ (Chongqing Municipality) Fig. Mechanism of Management
27 Site Management System Owner Responsibility System Tendering and Bidding to select the best contractors Engineers supervision in the whole course from procurement to site construction
28 Risk Assessment and Control Design Phase( Verification and appraisal for every significant issue) Pre-Construction Phase ( Model simulations at site for major events) Construction Phase (In-situ coordination and control)
29 5. Issues on Focus Resettlement Environmental Impact Sediments
30 5.1 Resettlement(1) Affected Areas: 20 counties and towns Affected Population: 840,000( 1994 ) Final Resettled People: 1.13 million Inundated Farmlands: 17,200ha. Compensation: 40 billion RMB( based on price level of May 1993 )
31 Inundated Areas
32 Areas for Resettlement & Relocation
33 5.1 Resettlement(2) Principles: Development-oriented, Government-promoted and organized,volunteered. In other words, to ensure better life after resettlement and to let them have the potential for further development. Two ways : move to higher land nearby, move to outside the reservoir areas. Preferential policies and other support to encourage domestic and overseas investment.
34 5.1 Resettlement(3) Although about 1 million people need to be resettled, more than 15 million people downstream can be effectively protected. Resettlement is carried out smoothly and the resettled people now live and work in calm and satisfactory.
35 Former County Town of Zigui
36 New County Town of Zigui
37 5.2 Environmental Impact(1) Generally, the capacity of reservoir is 1/20 of the annual runoff. In order to assessment the impact, a comprehensive study has been done. 100 qualified organizations & 1,000 experts involved in EIA in 40 years 24 categories & 75 impact factors being assessed individually Conclusion from EIA: Construction of TGP will create both positive and negative impacts on eco-environment.
38 Issues concerned by the public 5.2 Environmental Impact(2) Environment System Natural Environment Social Environment Environment Benefits Construction Activities Landscape &Cultural Heritages Public Health Inundation & Resettlement Local Climate Environment Geology Water Quality Sedimentation Terrestrial Plants Terrestrial Animal Aquatic Biota Waterlogging Estuary Area
39 5.2 Environmental Impact(3) Positive aspects: Flood Control Improving water quality in dry seasons for the Yangtze estuary. Beneficial to the global and local environment because of reduction of raw-coal burning
40 5.2 Environmental Impact(4) Negative aspects: Possible damage to environment of the reservoir areas Possible impact to upstream water quality Possible erosion to the downstream river bed Some historical and cultural relics and heritages need to be removed Impact on fish species Geological damage to the reservoir areas
41 Measures Taken in Reservoir Area 5 billion RMB is planned to improve sewage treatment facilities. Thorough cleanup before impounding. Relevant scientific research institutes have been entrusted to monitor water quality. Overall geologic investigation has been carried out for avoiding landslide and 4 billion RMB was used specially for such treatment.
42 Measures for Rare Plant & Fish Species Rare flora and vegetation below submerging level will be transplanted before impounding. For rare fish, appropriate related measures, such as fostering artificial breeding and providing new protection area, have been taken.
43 Measures for Natural and Cultural Heritage Excavation has been carried out for rescuing cultural relic underground
44 Measures for Natural and Cultural Heritage All cultural heritages that would be affected by the reservoir have been relocated according to the original.
45 5.3 Sediments The regulation of reservoir: Store clear water and discharge muddy water. After years operation, dynamic balance of inflow and outflow of sediments will be achieved. 90% of reservoir capacity can be kept.
46 6. Technical Breakthroughs Closure of Main River and Construction of the phase 2 cofferdam High intensity of concrete placement High side slope for 2-lane 5-step shiplock The phase 3 Rolled Compacted Concrete cofferdam
47 6.1 Closure of Main River & the Phase 2 Cofferdam Designed discharge: 14,000 m3/s The maximum depth of the river: 60m High intensity of Earth-rock dumping and filling: max 190,400m 3 /d Maximum height of cofferdam: 82.5m, Total embankment : million m 3 Cut-off wall: 200,000m 2 High rate of cut-off wall : 1300 m 2 /month. A layer of fine silt of 20m at the bottom of the river
48 Closure of Main River
49 Construction of the Phase 2 Cofferdam
50 6.2 High Intensity of Concrete Placement Concrete Placement ( 10 6 m 3 ) year From 1999~2001, TGP successively created the new records of concrete placement.
51 Major Equipment Construction equipment: tower belt supplemented by gantry cranes, tower cranes and cable cranes 5 batching systems: about 2000m 3 /h 6 tower belts: continuous concrete supply and high productivity.
52 High Intensity of Concrete Placement
53 Temperature-control Measures Mix design for 150mm concrete High efficiency water-reducing admixture: 18% High quality flyash: water demand ratio 95%; fineness 12% carbon 5%; so 3 3% max flyash content: 40% Pre-cooling concrete: 2 times air cooling Temperature of cooled aggregate : 8 ; - 1 ~+1 Content of added flake Ice: 50kg/m 3 Surface protection: 50cm polystyrene
54 EL. 98.7m Batching Plant
55 6.3 High Slope of the Shiplock The shiplock is cut in the mountain Max height of the slope: 170m Allowed deformation: 5mm
56 Cross-section of the Shiplock 4,000 pieces of KN prestressed steel anchors into rock 100,000 pieces of high strength steel bolts into rock
57 6.4 The Phase 3 RCC Cofferdam The construction of the phase 3 RCC cofferdam started on Dec.16, 2002 and finished on April 16. The total construction duration was 4 months. A 476,000 m 3 record of concrete placement was made in Jan and the maximum daily pouring was 21,000 m 3.
58 The Completed Phase 3 RCC Cofferdam
59 7. Construction Progress of TGP Three-phase construction Construction progress of TGP Conclusion
60 7.1 Three Phases Construction Phase 1 Construction( ) Phase 2 Construction( ) Phase 3 Construction( )
61 Phase 1 Diversion
62 Phase 1 Construction
63 Phase 2 Diversion
64 Phase 2 Construction
65 Phase 3 Diversion
66 Phase 3 Construction
67 7.2 Construction Progress of TGP All the milestone targets of the project have been fulfilled accurately according to the plan made 10 years ago. On June 10, 2003, Preliminary impoundment On June 16, 2003, commissioning of the Shiplocks Power generation ( 8 units now) The phase 3 project is under construction
68 Preliminary Impoundment
69 Shiplock Navigation
70 Power Generation
71 Flood Discharge
72 The Phase 3 Project Construction
73 Conclusion(1) Success in Project Construction Construction is conducted on schedule Investment is strictly controlled within budget Quality meets design requirements
74 Conclusion(2) Why Success? Sufficient Pre-project studies and Planning Strong government commitment Effective project organization and managerial competency Etc.
75 The Completed TGP
76 THE END THANKS FAX: TEL:
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