Biowaste Management in Italy and Quality Assurance

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1 Biowaste Management in Italy and Quality Assurance CIC- Consorzio Italiano Compostatori / Italian Biogas and Composting Consortium Authors : Marco Ricci Juergensen; Massimo Centemero; Werner Zanardi, Dario Dall Anna ricci@compost.it CIC Technical Office Cavenago (MB) Italy This paper is based on a presentation given by the Authors at ISWA s International Conference 2013 in Vienna. Abstract Separate collection of biowaste from MSW represents Italy's largest recycling industry managing more than 4,5Mt/yr producing 1,3Mt/yr of quality compost used in agriculture, landscaping, and other activities. Intensive source-separation of biowaste is a key-factor for gaining high recycling rates and is currently applied in 4000 municipalities involving ca. 40M inhabitants. Door to door collection of foodwaste combined with compostable bags/shoppers are showing best-performances in terms of capture and quality (i.e. the non-compostable materials inside biowaste). CIC s surveys show that biowaste collected under optimized conditions and afterwards recycled in composting plants, contributes in achieving Italian and EU strategy-targets for recycling biowaste and reducing MSW to be disposed of. Who we are The Italian Biogas and Composting Consortium CIC is an association of public and private companies, local authorities and others involved in the production of compost, as well as organizations which do not make compost but have an interest in the composting process like producers of machinery and equipment, producers of fertilizers, research bodies etc. CIC s Mission from the beginning is to enhance recycling and prevention of waste, share knowledge and know-how between CIC s associates, enhance compost quality and the market, perform technical training for the composting sector, assist government entities in improving biowaste recovery. In 2012 the Italian Composting Association (C.I.C.) celebrated its 20 th anniversary.

2 Separate collection of biowaste in Italy From the mid 90 CIC has been involved in developing and enforcing adequate recycling capacities for biowaste following the Italian general Waste Act (Dlgs 22/1997) of 1997, which sharply changed the legal framework and vision for MSW management; separate collection of biowaste became a strategic element to reach the recycling targets set out in the National Law. Italy s official data for year 2011 show 4,5 million tons/year of biowaste to be separately collected and recycled in Composting or Anaerobic Digestion (AD) plants (see figure 1). This amount rises to 4,8 million tons in 2012 and CIC estimates that by end 2013 this amount will reach 5 million tons. The international reader should be aware that in Italy biowaste is generally collected by means of two separate collection schemes: a scheme intercepting food-waste, including both cooked and uncooked food-residues and including meat, fish, etc. a scheme intercepting garden-waste, with lower frequencies than food-waste collection and with different collection tools and schemes Hence this report distinguishes data for food- and garden-waste collection, while biowaste will mean the sum of separately collected food- and garden-waste. Comparing capture rates of biowaste in Italian regions shows significant differences (see figure 2): in Northern and Central Italy potential capture rates for food-waste are in a range of 50-70kg/inhab/yr, while in southern Regions potential capture rates rise to kg/ inhab/yr and above, due to larger amounts of food-waste inside MSW. The amount of garden-waste tends to decline from northern to southern areas due to climatic conditions and are influenced also by rainfall and summer temperatures. Overall, despite the greater potential, southern Regions are still intercepting organic waste for composting at a very low rate. Outlook: the amounts collected in 2011 and 2012 confirm the long-term trend of biowaste increasing by 5% each year mainly due to the larger number of municipalities adopting separate collection for food- and garden - waste compared to the current amounts - biowaste recycled in Italy will increase approximately by 50% by year 2020, due to the fulfillment of National target for recycling and the extension of source separated - schemes for food-waste in Southern Regions. Figure 1: Separate collection of MSW in Italy with specific contribution of food-waste and garden-waste year 2011 Figure 2: Separate collection of food- and garden-waste in Italian Regions in kg/inhab/yr year 2011 In Italian municipalities with separate collection foodwaste and most packaging waste at the door-step generally recycling quotas of 50 to 70% of total MSW production are reached; the achieve this result the

3 strategic contribution of foodwaste (and other relevant packing materials is necessary). Actually intense sourcing schemes for foodwaste (i.e door to door) are currently applied also in large Municipalities (like Bolzano, Turin, Milan metropolitan Area, Cinisello Balsamo) in situation were the population density varies between 3000 to 7000 inhab/km^2. Figure 3: Separate collection of Foodwaste in Norther Italy in Milan Metropolitan; date refer to first step (south-west area of Primaticcio) The basic approach for guaranteeing quality in separate collection of food-waste Designing a collection scheme that clearly distinguishes between food waste and garden waste, according to their bulk density and production rates in each season of the year, determines specific operating advantages summarized below; The introduction of small buckets (up to 30 lt) for foodwaste collected at semi-detached and detached houses (with gardens) allows to speed up significantly the pick-up rate of a collection team, relative to schemes adopting only trolley bins and road-containers that need a mechanical lifting device. Tool Details Applies where.. Reduction of the frequency for collection of Restwaste Effective systems to collect biowaste make its percentage in the Restwaste fall down to 15 % and less.. frequent collection rounds are under use (warmer climates) Use of bulk lorries instead of packer trucks Reducing/avoiding Washing rounds Bulk density of food waste is much higher (0.7kg/dm3) than that of yard waste Making the system comfortable promotes self-management of receptacles tools for collection of food waste prevent deliveries of yard waste watertight bags are combined with collection at the doorstep Door to door collection schemes request that households and activities are made responsible for the maintenance and cleaning of the receptacles (buckets, bins, etc) assigned to them; this can be achieved by providing each household/producer with specific tools as bags that can be used to easily manage the more putrescible and critical fraction of waste (i.e foodwaste). Thy general scheme is show in the figure

4 The presence of post-consumer plastics by error or negligence into source separated food- (and garden-) waste represents a problem for composting facilities; compostable 1 bags used for separate collection of foodwaste can strongly improve the quality of organic waste. According to CIC s data, if collection at households is carried out with PE-bags, the expected content of non-compostable materials (NCM) is about 9%, while, if the collection is performed with compostable bags the level of NCM can drop to 1,4%. So the bioplastic sector potentially can enhance the recovery process of biowaste delivered to composting and biogas plants, if bioplastics used for separate collection are compostable. Since 2011 the demand for bioplastics-bags in Italy increased due to specific regulatory prescriptions aiming to reduce the environmental burden of plastic packaging and specifically forbid biowaste to be collected in traditional plastic bags. According to Italian National Law on waste-management (Decree 152/2006) bags and liners for separate collection of biowaste must comply with the EU-standard (received into Italian law as UNIEN13432:2002 ) on biodegradable packaging materials. According to CIC s surveys (see Figure 3) between 2011 and 2012 the percentage of plastic bags inside source-separated biowaste reduced from 46% to 29%. Meanwhile, the quota of oxo-degradable plastics or plastic with additive increased from 10% to 19%. Hence, CIC is strongly working with National and Regional waste-management authorities, to assure that compostable and certified bioplastics are used for separate collection of biowaste. Figure 3: Bags and shoppers of different materials used for source-separation of food-waste - Italy 1 Complying with the EU-standard n

5 The quality of source-separated food-waste Compost quality derives from feedstock composition and purity; hence CIC is continuously monitoring since 2004 the quality of source-separated biowaste and performed about 2200 waste- characterization analyses in the years up to By 2011 the average non-compostable quota of biowaste delivered to Italian Composting plants is 5,4% in weight, with best-practice cases showing less than 2,0% impurities. The non-compostable-quota (NCQ) consists of different plastic items (i.e. bags, cups, etc) and other non-compostable materials (i.e. glass, stones, metals, etc). Figure 4 shows the distribution of sorting analysis preformed in years by CIC: 27% of the analysis show a NCQ below 2,5%, about 58% of the analysis show a NCQ below 5%, and 87% of the analysis show a NCQ below 10%, in weight of the source-separated food-waste. CIC also investigated the link between biowaste quality (i.e. the Non-Compostable-Quota) and the type of collection scheme in place; these data show that when switching from road-container or bring schemes for biowaste to door-to-door collection (or pick-up schemes) both the amounts and the quality of biowaste remarkably increases. The expected NCQ changes from 6-12% (expected range for road-container collection) to 1,2-5% (expected range for road-container collection). These reduction confirms also previous well-know investigations for Italy and abroad. 2 Figure 4: Non Compostable Quota of foodwaste (as % on f.m.) resulting from waste composition analysis performed by CIC on samples of food-waste average 5,4% Composting and AD of biowaste in Italy Biowaste from source-separation in municipalities (i.e. food- and yard-waste) accounts for about 80% of all organic-waste recycled at Italian Composting Plants in In case of AD-plants treating waste, biowaste separately collected in municipalities accounts for about 90% of the plant s input feedstocks. 2 For Italy see publication of Favoino Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza, Source Segregation of biowaste in Italy; ECN Conference Barcellona; for Spain see F.Giró i Fontanals - Agència de Residus de Catalunya, ES Short country presentations about the situation in Spain, Seminar Biowaste Sofia2013, April 2013, Bulgaria

6 In 1993 there existed some 10 composting plants accepting biowaste, but the number grew with the spread of biowaste collection and by 2011 about 252 plants are operating (see figure 5) and 149 plants have an annual capacity exceeding tons. Hence the composting sector currently represents 40% of all MSW recycled, thus being Italy s largest recycling industry with an annual estimated turnover 3 of at least 390 million euro. In 2012 the overall authorized capacity of plants (nearly 7 million tons), including those not yet constructed, far exceeds the amount currently treated signifying that the growth of collection systems will find treatment capacity as these plants are built. Current surveys performed on incoming organic waste into Italian composting facilities show food-waste to represents the largest quota, up to 48%, of input materials, garden -waste is almost 32%, while sewage sludge accounts for 11%. As a result, source-separated urban biowaste (i.e. food- and yard-waste) accounts for almost 80% of the overall organic-waste recycled into Italian Composting Plants. Quality of biowaste (in terms of percentage of compostable material) collected from households, restaurants and canteens, is a key aspect for producing quality compost. Figure 5: Biowaste treated (in 1000t/yr) and number of Composting Plants operating in Italy year 2011 Figure 6: Biowaste treated (in 1000t/yr) and number of Anerobic-Digestion Plants operating in Italy year 2011 Within recent years, anaerobic digestion (AD) of biowaste has been steadily increasing (see figure 6). This form of treatment is chosen in almost all new opening composting facilities. In 2011 there are 27 plant for biogas production from biowaste for an annual turnover exceeding 0,5 million tons 4. The general approach in Italy is to couple AD with composting, and compost obtained from source separated feedstock has the status of EoW (i.e. it is a product). In 2011 the AD-sector produces about 81 million Nm 3 of biogas with an average yield of 160 Nm 3 of biogas per ton of input material. Compost production In 2011 the composting sector produced over 1,3 million tons of compost starting from separate collected feedstocks. Compost has the status of a product in Italy and about 70% of it was used as a fertilizer on crops while 30% was processed to manufacture garden and landscape products. 3 Limited to the composting plants 4 This amount is underestimated since many AD plants are realized in connection with composting plants and the plant inputs are in some cases accounted for the composting step only. According to CIC, AD-plants treating biowaste are actually using almost 90% of the authorized capacity.

7 CIC s QAS for compost High Quality represents an added value for compost and improving quality is an objective for CIC since it s early years; therefore the Association started in 2003 the Italian certification scheme for quality-compost, so to enhance the quality of compost production and make customers aware about the advantages of compost use. Nowadays, CIC s quality certification scheme involves about 40 plants and more than 30% of the compost sold in the Italian market ( t/yr) has gained CIC s quality compost label. Certified plants are licensed to use CIC s quality label on compost-bags. Conclusions Currently separate collection of biowaste from MSW represents Italy's largest recycling industry and intensive schemes are currently extended also to metropolitan areas (like Milan 1,3Milion population). The quality of source segregated feedstock are a necessary condition for allowing composting and AD to effectively recycle these wase streams into renewable nutrients (for soil and agriculture) and energy (biogas prodced in AD plants). Door to door collection of foodwaste combined with compostable bags/shoppers are showing bestperformances in terms of capture and quality (i.e. the non-compostable materials inside biowaste). According to the the long-term trend of biowaste recycling, Italy expects biowaste recycled to increase approximately by 50% by year 2020, due to the fulfillment of National target for recycling and the extension of source separated -schemes for food-waste in Southern Regions.

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