Assessment of Health-Cost Externalities of Air Pollution in Denmark and Europe using the EVA Model System

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Assessment of Health-Cost Externalities of Air Pollution in Denmark and Europe using the EVA Model System"

Transcription

1 Aarhus University Department of Environmental Science Assessment of Health-Cost Externalities of Air Pollution in Denmark and Europe using the EVA Model System J. Brandt 1, J. D. Silver 1, J. H. Christensen 1, M. S. Andersen 1, J. H. Bønløkke 2, T. Sigsgaard 2, C. Geels 1, A. Gross 1, A. B. Hansen 1, K. M. Hansen 1, G. B. Hedegaard 1, Eigil Kaas 3 and L. M. Frohn 1 1 Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University 2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University 3 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen

2 Overall questions How big is the problem really with air pollution? What are the most important sources to air pollution and the related health impacts? How much does it cost society (external costs)? omkostninger) Centre for Energy, Environment and Health

3 Specific questions in this study: What are the relative contributions from the 10 major emission sectors in Denmark to impacts on human health and related external costs? (what are the major Danish sources to the health impacts?) What are the total impacts due to all the emissions in Denmark? What are the impacts in Europe and Denmark from international ship traffic (all or NoS/BaS)? What are the total impacts in Europe and Denmark from all emissions in the northern hemisphere? All results covering the four questions are given as impacts/cost for the whole of Europe and for Denmark the latter being part of the first.

4 The integrated model system EVA Economic Valuation of Air pollution

5 The EVA system Economic Valuation of Air pollution Based on the impact pathway chain Main output: Estimates of health impacts External cost kg prices

6 The Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model, DEHM Long-range transport of air pollution in the Northern Hemisphere and/or Europe Species: photo-chemistry and particles (67 species), POPs, (PCBs, HCHs, PAHs and dioxins - 15 species), mercury (7 species), pollen, CO 2, etc. Two-way nesting capability over Europe 150 / 50 / 16,67 / 5,56 km grid resolutions 29 vertical levels up to ~16 km Model run and validation for a period of 21 years (1989 to 2009) Emission tagging capability Can be run on climate data DA OI or EKF

7 The Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model, DEHM

8 The Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model, DEHM

9 The problem of tagging emissions

10 The tagging method finding the contribution from specific sources The delta function

11 AARHUS UNIVERSITY 6. October 2011, Annual mean concentrations for the year 2000 SO2 SO4 CO PM2,5 NO3 O3

12 AARHUS UNIVERSITY 6. October 2011, Contribution from Danish emissions to air pollution levels in Europe so-called delta functions (calculated using tagging ) SO2 SO4 CO PM2,5 NO3 O3

13 AARHUS UNIVERSITY 6. October 2011, Human exposure for the year 2000 SO2 SO4 CO PM2,5 NO3 PD

14 Exposure - Response functions R c P Exposure R = Response in e.g. cases, days or episodes α = The constant for the function, typically obtained from published results of cohort studies Δc = Delta concentration, i.e. the difference between concentration fields calculated with and without the source P = The affected share of the population

15 Health effects (species) Exposure-response coefficient Valuation, Euros AARHUS Morbidity Chronic Bronchitis (PM) 8.2E-5 cases/μgm -3 (adults) 52,962 per case Restricted activity days (PM) 8.4E-4 days/ μgm -3 (adults) 131 per day Congestive heart failure (PM) 3.09E-5 cases/ μgm -3 16,409 per case Congestive heart failure (CO) 5.64E-7 cases/ μgm -3 Lung cancer (PM) 1.26E-5 cases/ μgm -3 21,152 per case Hospital admissions Respiratory (PM) 3.46E-6 cases/ μgm -3 7,931 per case Respiratory (SO 2 ) 2.04E-6 cases/ μgm -3 Cerebrovascular (PM) 8.42E-6 cases/ μgm -3 10,047 per case Asthma children (7.6 % < 16 years) Bronchodilator use (PM) 1.29E-1 cases/ μgm per case Cough (PM) 4.46E-1 days/ μgm per day Lower respiratory symptoms (PM) 1.72E-1 days/ μgm per day Asthma adults (5.9 % > 15 years) Bronchodilator use (PM) 2.72E-1 cases/ μgm per case Cough (PM) 2.8E-1 days/ μgm per day Lower respiratory symptoms (PM) 1.01E-1 days/ μgm per day Mortality Acute mortality (SO 2 ) 7.85E-6 cases/ μgm -3 2,111,888 per case Acute mortality (O 3 ) 3.27E-6*SOMO35 cases/ μgm -3 Chronic mortality (PM) 1.138E-3 YOLL/ μgm -3 (>30 years) 77,199 per YOLL Infant mortality (PM) 6.68E-6 cases/ μgm -3 (> 9 months) 3,167,832 per case

16 Assessment of health-cost externalities for the whole of Europe and Denmark from the total air pollution levels and from the international ship traffic

17 Scenarios (the tags) Sector Emission year Scenario Tag DK SNAP Combustion in energy and transformation industries, Denmark DK SNAP Non-industrial combustion plants, Denmark DK SNAP Combustion in manufacturing industry, Denmark DK SNAP Production processes, Denmark DK SNAP Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels and geothermal energy, Denmark DK SNAP Solvents and other product use, Denmark DK SNAP Road transport, Denmark DK SNAP Other mobile sources and machinery, Denmark DK SNAP Waste treatment and disposal, Denmark DK SNAP Agriculture, Denmark DK-all (all SNAPs) 2000 All anthropogenic emissions from Denmark (SNAP 1- SNAP 10) SNAP Int. ship traffic for the year 2000, (S=2,7%)*, whole model domain (EMEP=2000) SNAP Int. ship traffic for the year 2007, NS/BS: S=1.5%*, whole domain (EMEP=2006) SNAP Int. ship traffic for the year 2011, NS/BS: S=1.0%*, whole domain (EMEP=2006) SNAP Int. ship traffic for the year 2020, NS/BS: S=0.1%*, whole model domain, (NEC-2) All 2000 All emissions (anthropogenic; GEIA/EDGAR; EMEP natural) All 2007 All emissions (anthropogenic; GEIA/EDGAR; EMEP natural) All 2011 All emissions (anthropogenic: GEIA/EDGAR, EMEP natural) All 2020 All emissions (anthropogenic: GEIA/EDGAR; NEC-2 + natural) *The North Sea (NS) and Baltic Sea (BS) is part of the Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA)

18 Total number of cases of premature deaths in Europe (scenario: All/all) Calculated using EVA for the year 2000 for the total air pollution levels A total of cases decreasing to in the year 2020 IIASA estimates cases of premature deaths in year 2000 (EU25).

19 EVA premature deaths in Denmark For Denmark we calculate chronic YOLL for the year If we divide with the factor in the CAFÉ report (10,6) we get ~4000 premature deaths per year in Denmark, which is very similar with other Danish estimates ( ). For the years 2007 and 2020, the corresponding figures are ~3400 and ~2200 for Denmark.

20 SO 2 and SO 4 2- from the international ship traffic Year 2000 Year 2020

21 Total cost (all emission species) Region/SNAP All/15 International ship traffic Northern Hemisphere BaS-NoS/15 International ship traffic Baltic Sea and North Sea All/all Total air pollution levels from all sources both natural and anthropogenic Emission year Sum Europe bn Euros Sum DK bn Euros CAFE: 2000: 790 Mia Euro i EU25.

22 International ship traffic impacts in Europe Emissions from international ship traffic are responsible for impacts on human health corresponding to 7% of the health costs in Europe in 2000 increasing to 12% in Number of premature deaths in Europe due to international ship traffic is ~ (external cost of ~50-60 bn Euros) US-EPA estimates are for US: premature deaths with related external cost of $47-$110 bn in the year 2020.

23 International ship traffic impacts in Denmark The contribution from international ship traffic to Denmark are 18% of the external cost in the year 2000 and 19% in the year 2020, even though the total external cost is decreasing from ~800 Mio Euros/year to 480 Mio Euros/year. The contribution to external cost of health effects in Denmark from International ship traffic in the BaS and NoS is 14% in both years 2000 and 2020.

24 Assessment of health-cost externalities from individual Danish emission sectors

25 Total external cost from individual emissions sectors Region/SNAP Emission year Sum Europe Mio Euros Sum DK Mio Euros DK/1 (Power plants) DK/2 (Domestic heating - wood stows) DK/3 (Industrial combustion) DK/4 (Production processes) DK/5 (Fossil fuels extraction/distr.) DK/6 (Solvents and other products use) DK/7 (Road traffic) DK/8 (Other mobile sources) DK/9 (Waste treatment) DK/10 (Agriculture) DK/sum DK/all

26 Contributions in % from DK emission sectors to the total cost related to health impacts in Europe and Denmark Region/SNAP Emission year Europe Denmark DK/1 (Power plants) DK/2 (Domestic heating - wood stows) DK/3 (Industrial combustion) DK/4 (Production processes) DK/5 (Fossil fuels extraction/distr.) DK/6 (Solvents and other products use) DK/7 (Road traffic) DK/8 (Other mobile sources) DK/9 (Waste treatment) DK/10 (Agriculture) DK/sum

27 Why does NH 3 contribute so much? The Danish NH 3 emissions constitute 48% of the total emissions from all sectors in ktonnes I the year NH 3 (gas) chemically transforms to NH 4 (particle) via (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4, NH 4 SO 4 and NH 4 NO 3. The weight of NH 4 is included in the doseresponse functions for SO 4 and NO 3 HNO 3 is already present in the atmosphere from other sources including Europe. When NH 3 is emitted it reacts with HNO 3 to form NH 4 NO 3. HNO 3 deposits relatively fast (zero surface resistance) compared to NH 4 NO 3. This increases the atmospheric concentration of NO 3 in particle form. SO 4 is not increased in it self, but the particle mass from NH 4 is included in the mass for the SO 4 doses-response function.

28 Contribution from all Danish sectors Emissions in Denmark courses health effects corresponding to a cost of 4.9 bn Euros/year. Out of this, the effects in Denmark from Danish sources correspond to 0.8 bn Euros/year. The total impacts in Denmark from all air pollution sources correspond to 4.5 bn Euros/year.

29 Main contributions from Danish emission sectors (year 2000) In Denmark the impacts from the international ship traffic (18%) are in the same order of magnitude as the impacts from Danish road traffic (19%) and the domestic heating - wood stows (16%) (in percent of external costs)

30 Changes in the Danish emissions since 2000 For many sectors we see a decrease in the emissions since year E.g. the ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector is reduced by 17% from year 2000 to The emissions from the major power plants are reduced significantly since year 2000 (sulphur-dioxide with 60 %, nitrogen-dioxides with 50 %, primary particles with 27 %). The emissions from road traffic are also reduced significantly since year 2000 (sulphur-dioxide with 78 %, nitrogen-dioxides with 41 % and primary particles with 37 %), The emissions from wood stows have increased significantly. A more updated assessment for e.g. the year 2010 will give another distribution between the emission sectors, where the relative contribution from wood stows will be much larger.

31 Wood consumption in Denmark since 1990 Source: WOODUSE-rapporten, Olesen et al., 2010

32 Discussion The major uncertainties are related to the uncertainty of the emission inventories (up to +/- 30%, depending of sector), And the uncertainties related to the health impacts. There is a very clear relationship between the concentration of particles (total PM2.5) and the health impacts. This has been found in many and big international investigations. However, the studies does not give us the possibility to distinguish between the impacts from the different chemical species in the particles. The hypothesis is that particles are carriers of other toxic species into the respiratory system and that it is not the particles themselves that gives the greatest health impacts.

33 Discussion These species are metals (e.g. from car breaks), PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants). These species shares the same sources as the particles involved in this study and the health impacts are probably included due to their correlation with the included species. In our study, we also made a sensitivity study putting greater weight to the primary particles (e.g. BC and OC). than to the secondary formed particles. The results, however, did not change our overall results. In the EVA system, we therefore assume the same health impacts from all types of particles.

34 Overall conclusions Air pollution (still) constitutes a serious problem to human health and that the related external costs are considerable. The main objective of this work was to show that the EVA system can be used to find the anthropogenic activities and emission sources in and around Denmark that give the largest contribution to human health impacts. The related external costs found in this work can be used to directly compare the contributions from the different emission sectors, potentially as a basis for decision making on regulation and emission reduction. The major immediate and visible emission sources (e.g. power plants and road traffic) do not always constitute the most significant problems related to human health. Other less obvious sources can cause significant impacts on nature and human health. Therefore it is important to make an overall screening of all emission sectors or emission sources in order to create a scientific basis for sound political decisions.

35 Thanks for your attention Contact: Jørgen Brandt Further information, see CEEH report No. 3 ( The present study is a part of the research of the Center for Energy, Environment and Health, financed by The Danish Strategic Research Program on Sustainable Energy under contract no

Environment and Health

Environment and Health Centre of Energy, Environment and Health Lise M. Frohn, Camilla Geels, Jørgen Brandt, Jesper H. Christensen, Kaj M. Hansen, Ole Hertel, Alexander Baklanov, Allan Gross, Alix Rasmussen, Kenneth Karlsson,

More information

Measuring Environmental Impacts - Air

Measuring Environmental Impacts - Air BC Hydro Provincial Integrated Electricity Plan Committee Meeting #2 (Technical Working Sessions) Measuring Environmental Impacts - Air Tim Lesiuk Senior Environmental Coordinator Climate Change Management

More information

3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2010

3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2010 3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2010 Nitrogen emission data, as well as the model results presented here have been approved by the 36 th Session of the Steering Body of EMEP in Geneva

More information

Response to Referee #2. Full review, 01 July 2013: Fintan Hurley, IOM, Edinburgh

Response to Referee #2. Full review, 01 July 2013: Fintan Hurley, IOM, Edinburgh Assessment of past, present and future health-cost externalities of air pollution in Europe and the contribution from international ship traffic using the EVA model system Response to Referee #2 Full review,

More information

Estimation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea in the periods and

Estimation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea in the periods and Estimation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea in the periods 1997-23 and 2-26 Summary Report for HELCOM Jerzy Bartnicki and Semeena Valiyaveetil Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West

More information

3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2015

3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2015 3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2015 In this chapter we present the results of the model simulation of atmospheric transport and deposition of nitrogen to the Baltic Sea for the

More information

Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of the Lamu coal-fired power plants

Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of the Lamu coal-fired power plants Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of the Lamu coal-fired power plants Lauri Myllyvirta 1 & Clifford Chuwah 2 Greenpeace Research Laboratories 3 Technical Report 06-2017 June 2017 Summary

More information

Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of the Cayirhan coal-fired power plants

Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of the Cayirhan coal-fired power plants Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of the Cayirhan coal-fired power plants Lauri Myllyvirta 1 & Clifford Chuwah 2 Greenpeace Research Laboratories 3 Technical Report 08-2017 November 2017

More information

Diesel health effects West Coast Collaborative Hawai'i Partners Meeting June 25, 2008

Diesel health effects West Coast Collaborative Hawai'i Partners Meeting June 25, 2008 Diesel health effects West Coast Collaborative Hawai'i Partners Meeting June 25, 2008 Sumeet Saksena, Ph.D. The East-West Center Honolulu What is diesel exhaust (DE)? Most important: fine particulate matter,

More information

EVA a non-linear Eulerian approach for assessment of health-cost externalities of air pollution

EVA a non-linear Eulerian approach for assessment of health-cost externalities of air pollution EVA a non-linear Eulerian approach for assessment of health-cost externalities of air pollution by Mikael Skou Andersen, Lise Marie Frohn *, Jytte Seested Nielsen, Malene Nielsen, Joan B. Jensen, Steen

More information

Clean Air Health Benefits from Climate Change Mitigation Action George D. Thurston

Clean Air Health Benefits from Climate Change Mitigation Action George D. Thurston Clean Air Health Benefits from Climate Change Mitigation Action George D. Thurston Professor NYU School of Medicine New York, NY USA http://www.med.nyu.edu/biosketch/gdt1 @ProfGThurston Overview The Health

More information

Small but dangerous PARTICULATES

Small but dangerous PARTICULATES PARTICULATES Environmental Fact sheet No. 20 April 2006 The average human hair is about 70 micrometers in diameter Size of PM 10 See also related fact sheets in this series: No. 19, December 2005 The CAFE

More information

Residential Wood Combustion Workshop

Residential Wood Combustion Workshop Residential Wood Combustion Workshop Significance of Residential Wood Smoke U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Larry Brockman Brockman.larry@epa.gov http://www.epa.gov/woodstoves 1 Why

More information

HEALTH IMPACT OF PM 10 AND OZONE IN 13 ITALIAN CITIES

HEALTH IMPACT OF PM 10 AND OZONE IN 13 ITALIAN CITIES HEALTH IMPACT OF PM 10 AND OZONE IN 13 ITALIAN CITIES By MARCO MARTUZZI Special Programme on Health and Environment WHO Regional Office for Europe FRANCESCO MITIS Special Programme on Health and Environment

More information

Domestic Heating: an increasingly important source of PM and PAHs driven by Climate Mitigation Policies

Domestic Heating: an increasingly important source of PM and PAHs driven by Climate Mitigation Policies Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling 45th session, 23-25 May 2016 Domestic Heating: an increasingly important source of PM and PAHs driven by Climate Mitigation Policies Cristina Guerreiro, NILU

More information

3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2013

3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2013 3. Atmospheric Supply of Nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in 2013 All nitrogen depositions have been calculated for the year 2013 with the EMEP MSC-W model, based on the latest emission data submitted to CEIP

More information

ExternE : Methodology and Results

ExternE : Methodology and Results ExternE : Methodology and Results Rainer Friedrich IER, University of Stuttgart and the ExternE team www.externe.info External Costs Definition An external cost arises, when the social or economic activities

More information

Fine Particles in the Air

Fine Particles in the Air Fine Particles in the Air Presentation for STAPPA Outreach Committee Rich Damberg, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards April 6, 2004 Particulate Matter: What is It? A complex mixture of extremely

More information

Relative risk calculations

Relative risk calculations Relative risk calculations Introduction The assessment of the burden and impacts of air pollution on health is operated through a methodology that will be implemented in AirQ+ and it is briefly described

More information

Cost-benefit analysis of NOX control for ships in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea

Cost-benefit analysis of NOX control for ships in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea No. C 228 February 2017 Cost-benefit analysis of NOX control for ships in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea Katarina Yaramenka, Hulda Winnes, Stefan Åström, Erik Fridell Author: Katarina Yaramenka, Hulda

More information

THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION

THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION Elisa Lanzi OECD Environment Directorate FEEM Venice, September 1 2016 Structure of the presentation OECD s CIRCLE project Overview of the air pollution

More information

Improving Urban Air Quality using a Cost-Efficiency and Health Benefit Approach

Improving Urban Air Quality using a Cost-Efficiency and Health Benefit Approach Improving Urban Air Quality using a Cost-Efficiency and Health Benefit Approach A.I. Miranda, J. Ferreira, C. Silveira, H. Relvas, M. Lopes, P. Roebeling, A. Monteiro, E. Sá, C. Gama, S. Costa, J.P. Teixeira,

More information

16th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes 8-11 September 2014, Varna, Bulgaria

16th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes 8-11 September 2014, Varna, Bulgaria 16th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes 8-11 September 2014, Varna, Bulgaria VALIDATION OF NEWEST DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN OSPM Matthias

More information

FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AT AREA SOURCE FACILITIES

FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AT AREA SOURCE FACILITIES FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AT AREA SOURCE FACILITIES ACTION On February 21, 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a

More information

Atmospheric Chemistry Air Pollution

Atmospheric Chemistry Air Pollution Atmospheric Chemistry Pontus Roldin Div. Nuclear Physics Dep. Physics Lund University Conflict between positive climate cooling effects and negative human health effects Are there good aerosol particles

More information

Appendix: Materials and methods

Appendix: Materials and methods Appendix: Materials and methods Atmospheric dispersion modeling for the case studies was carried out using version 7 (June 2015) of the CALPUFF modeling system. CALPUFF is an advanced non-steady-state

More information

FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AT AREA SOURCE FACILITIES

FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AT AREA SOURCE FACILITIES FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AT AREA SOURCE FACILITIES ACTION On February 21, 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized a

More information

External Cost of Solar Electricity - and the context

External Cost of Solar Electricity - and the context Solar Power - for Sustainable Energy International Symposium, Monday 5th of May, Stockholm External Cost of Solar Electricity - and the context Philipp Preiss Institute of Energy Economics and Rational

More information

Methodology Interdepartmental Group on Costs and Benefits, Air Quality Subject Group February 2011

Methodology Interdepartmental Group on Costs and Benefits, Air Quality Subject Group February 2011 www.defra.gov.uk Air Quality Appraisal Methodology Damage Cost Interdepartmental Group on Costs and Benefits, Air Quality Subject Group February 2011 Damage costs are one way of approximating the impacts

More information

Win-Win-Win: Benefits of Regulating Vehicle Emissions on Air Quality, Health, & the Economy

Win-Win-Win: Benefits of Regulating Vehicle Emissions on Air Quality, Health, & the Economy Win-Win-Win: Benefits of Regulating Vehicle Emissions on Air Quality, Health, & the Economy Department of Environmental Sciences, June 19, 2014 1 Introduction 2 Win1: Air Quality 3 Win2: Health 4 Win3:

More information

Air Quality Modelling for Cycle Enfield. 21 st January 2016

Air Quality Modelling for Cycle Enfield. 21 st January 2016 Air Quality Modelling for Cycle Enfield 21 st January 2016 Introduction Cycle Enfield is proposing to introduce segregated cycle lanes along the A1010, A105 and A110 Further measures: Free cycle training

More information

CLEAN AIR FOR EUROPE - THE BASELINE ASSESSMENT

CLEAN AIR FOR EUROPE - THE BASELINE ASSESSMENT CLEAN AIR FOR EUROPE - THE BASELINE ASSESSMENT Clean air is essential for a good quality of life and it enhances the social well being of European citizens. Scientific assessments reveal a range of harmful

More information

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)

Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) Reducing Power Plant Emissions for Cleaner Air, Healthier People, and a Strong America Office of Air and Radiation March 2005 Benefits of the Clean Air Interstate Rule

More information

A- 1: Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air. 2) Relevance for environmental policy... 3

A- 1: Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air. 2) Relevance for environmental policy... 3 A- 1: Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air 1) General description... 2 1.1) Brief definition... 2 a) Emissions from stationary sources... 2 b) Emissions from mobile sources... 2 c) Total emissions...

More information

Reduce health risks by subsidizing particulate traps on new diesel cars

Reduce health risks by subsidizing particulate traps on new diesel cars Urban Transport 441 Reduce health risks by subsidizing particulate traps on new diesel cars R. M. M. Van den Brink & L. Van Bree Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, RIVM, The Netherlands Abstract

More information

2 EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY

2 EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY 6 th Report on the State of the Environment in Austria 2. Emissions and Air Quality 13 2 EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY Introduction Strict regulations for different sectors (e. g., the application of BAT is

More information

Assessing Human Exposure to Air Pollution in Health Assessment Studies in Europe

Assessing Human Exposure to Air Pollution in Health Assessment Studies in Europe European Network on New Sensing Technologies for Air Pollution Control and Environmental Sustainability - EuNetAir COST Action TD1105 INTERNATIONAL WG1-WG4 MEETING on New Sensing Technologies and Methods

More information

Improving the temporal profiles of emission input data for high resolution atmospheric transport modelling a case study for the UK

Improving the temporal profiles of emission input data for high resolution atmospheric transport modelling a case study for the UK Improving the temporal profiles of emission input data for high resolution atmospheric transport modelling a case study for the UK Stefan Reis, Centre for Ecoology & Hydrology Myriam Lang, Centre for Ecoology

More information

Update on the Clean Air for Europe Programme

Update on the Clean Air for Europe Programme Update on the Clean Air for Europe Programme 17 February 2016 Thomas Henrichs European Commission DG ENV C.3 Air Increasing awareness of air quality urgencies Source(s): Various online and print media

More information

FACT SHEET MERCURY AND AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR POWER PLANTS

FACT SHEET MERCURY AND AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR POWER PLANTS FACT SHEET MERCURY AND AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR POWER PLANTS ACTION On December 16, 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) signed a rule to reduce emissions of toxic air pollutants from power

More information

External Cost Values to be Applied in the EE IO Framework of EXIOPOL

External Cost Values to be Applied in the EE IO Framework of EXIOPOL External Cost Values to be Applied in the EE IO Framework of EXIOPOL Wolf Müller, Philipp Preiss, Rainer Friedrich Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy (IER), University of Stuttgart,

More information

Environmental fate of aerosols. 2 removal mechanisms : wet & dry deposition

Environmental fate of aerosols. 2 removal mechanisms : wet & dry deposition Environmental fate of aerosols 2 removal mechanisms : wet & dry deposition Environmental fate of aerosols Coarse PM Coarse PM Smallest PM Dry deposition = sedimentation + diffusion + impaction + absorption

More information

3 Air pollutant emissions

3 Air pollutant emissions 3 Air pollutant 2 23 Key messages An assumed EU objective of 4 greenhouse gas emission reduction by 23 would lead to significant reductions of of air pollutants from fossil fuel. These reductions would

More information

What is air pollution?

What is air pollution? Air Pollution 1 What is air pollution? Air pollution is a mixture of natural and man-made substances in the air we breathe. It is typically separated into two categories: outdoor air pollution and indoor

More information

Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone

Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE The Convention on Long-range Transboundary

More information

Health impacts of air pollution in Montenegro

Health impacts of air pollution in Montenegro Health impacts of air pollution in Montenegro Michal Krzyzanowski, Sc.D, Ph.D. Visiting Professor, King s College London Abstract In the framework of collaboration between Montenegro and WHO, an analysis

More information

MEAN ANNUAL EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN AGED 0-4 YEARS TO ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE POLLUTION

MEAN ANNUAL EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN AGED 0-4 YEARS TO ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE POLLUTION MEAN ANNUAL EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN AGED 0-4 YEARS TO ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE POLLUTION GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Issues Type of indicator Rationale Issues in indicator design Respiratory disease Exposure (proximal)

More information

European Perspectives

European Perspectives European Perspectives Internationaler Kongress zum EU-LIFE- UMWELT Projekt KAPA GS 30.3.2007 C. Nagl 30.3.2007 Folie 1 Content Current air quality situation Thematic strategy air (CAFE) Instruments of

More information

Clean Air Programme for Europe - update -

Clean Air Programme for Europe - update - Clean Air Programme for Europe - update - 04 July 2016 Thomas Henrichs European Commission DG ENV C.3 Air Topic of air pollution high in the public interest Source(s): Various online and print media Air

More information

CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis

CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis AIR POLLUTION CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis January 25, 2008 Seven Major Pollutants of Concern 1. P 2. S Oxides (SO X ) 3. O 4. N Oxides (NO X ) 5. Carbon M (CO and other

More information

Evolution of Air Pollution Monitoring in Ottawa

Evolution of Air Pollution Monitoring in Ottawa Evolution of Air Pollution Monitoring in Ottawa Natty Urquizo and Martha Robinson Environmental Sustainability & Public Health City of Ottawa Hamilton February 2012 Reasons for Air Quality Monitoring Although

More information

HELCOM ENVIRONMENT FOCAL POINT INFORMATION

HELCOM ENVIRONMENT FOCAL POINT INFORMATION HELCOM ENVIRONMENT FOCAL POINT INFORMATION Estimation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea in 2010 based on agreed emission ceilings under the EU NEC Directive and the Gothenburg Protocol:

More information

The Road to a Cleaner Future

The Road to a Cleaner Future The Road to a Cleaner Future Maintaining a strong Zero Emission Vehicle Program will save billions in health costs, reduce air pollution and help achieve the state s global warming goals. March 2008 A

More information

EU AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEGISLATION PRESENT AND FUTURE. A. Kobe DG Environment, European Commission

EU AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEGISLATION PRESENT AND FUTURE. A. Kobe DG Environment, European Commission EU AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEGISLATION PRESENT AND FUTURE A. Kobe DG Environment, European Commission ABSTRACT The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme compiled the latest knowledge on the impacts of air

More information

OUR NATION'S AIR STATUS AND TRENDS THROUGH 2015 WELCOME!

OUR NATION'S AIR STATUS AND TRENDS THROUGH 2015 WELCOME! Page 1 of 14 OUR NATION'S AIR STATUS AND TRENDS THROUGH 2015 WELCOME! The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is committed to protecting public health by improving air quality and reducing air pollution.

More information

Regulation of air pollution from wood-burning stoves

Regulation of air pollution from wood-burning stoves Journal of Environmental Planning and Management ISSN: 0964-0568 (Print) 1360-0559 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjep20 Regulation of air pollution from wood-burning stoves

More information

Vehicle Emissions and Health: A Global Perspective on Effects, Placed in an Indian Context

Vehicle Emissions and Health: A Global Perspective on Effects, Placed in an Indian Context Vehicle Emissions and Health: A Global Perspective on Effects, Placed in an Indian Context Dan Greenbaum, President Health Effects Institute Delhi, India 1 September2011 Vehicle Emissions and Health What

More information

West Yorkshire Low Emission Strategy AHSN workshop Joining up air quality, transport and health

West Yorkshire Low Emission Strategy AHSN workshop Joining up air quality, transport and health West Yorkshire Low Emission Strategy AHSN workshop Joining up air quality, transport and health Sally Jones 02-06-15 What Is Air Pollution? Background to WYLES The Drivers for a Low Emission Strategy The

More information

Final Revisions to the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 )

Final Revisions to the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Final Revisions to the Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) General Overview Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards January 2010

More information

clearing the air NO x HNO 3 materials yield losses human health energyeutrophication VOCs yield losses PM 2.5 human health POPs SO 2 nitrogen dioxide

clearing the air NO x HNO 3 materials yield losses human health energyeutrophication VOCs yield losses PM 2.5 human health POPs SO 2 nitrogen dioxide clearing the air POPs SO 2 VOCs NO x HNO 3 HNO 3 ammonia sulphur dioxide PM 2.5 30 th Anniversary of the Convention on nitrogen dioxide ammonia VOCs Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution materials materials

More information

EU Air Quality Policy and WHO Guideline Values for Health

EU Air Quality Policy and WHO Guideline Values for Health DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT A: ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC POLICY EU Air Quality Policy and WHO Guideline Values for Health STUDY Abstract The policy package A Clean Air Programme

More information

There are many varieties of particulate pollutants in our homes and offices. Ones from outside include industrial

There are many varieties of particulate pollutants in our homes and offices. Ones from outside include industrial Indoor PM10 Monitor Professional design and high quality Model:G03-PM10 About Indoor PM10 Particulate matter (PM) is a particle pollution, which is produced in a great number of ways that can be classified

More information

The EU and Air Quality protecting health & environment

The EU and Air Quality protecting health & environment The EU and Air Quality protecting health & environment Zagreb, Croatia 30 May 2011 Anne Stauffer, anne@env-health.org Health & Environment Alliance, www.env-health.org Overview of presentation About HEAL

More information

Questions and answers on the EU Clean Air Policy Package

Questions and answers on the EU Clean Air Policy Package EUROPEAN COMMISSION MEMO Brussels, 18 December 2013 Questions and answers on the EU Clean Air Policy Package 1. Why is air pollution a problem? Poor air quality is a major health risk, causing lung diseases,

More information

Agenda. Background PM2.5 Attainment Plan Public Workshop

Agenda. Background PM2.5 Attainment Plan Public Workshop 2012 PM2.5 Attainment Plan Public Workshop webcast@valleyair.org April 30, 2012 Agenda Overview of 2012 PM2.5 Plan PM2.5 in the San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Trends Emissions Inventory Modeling Analysis

More information

CBA: progress, major issues and challenges

CBA: progress, major issues and challenges CBA: progress, major issues and challenges Mike Holland mike.holland@emrc.co.uk EMRC and Imperial College London Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling Edinburgh, May 2015 1 Air pollution and the

More information

Damage cost model for air pollution in Finland

Damage cost model for air pollution in Finland Damage cost model for air pollution in Finland Mikko Savolahti, Niko Karvosenoja, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Timo Lanki, Väinö Nurmi, Jaakko Kukkonen Finnish Environment Institute TFIAM 47 Air Quality Programme

More information

Damage cost model for air pollution in Finland

Damage cost model for air pollution in Finland Damage cost model for air pollution in Finland Mikko Savolahti, Niko Karvosenoja, Ville-Veikko Paunu, Timo Lanki, Väinö Nurmi, Jaakko Kukkonen Finnish Environment Institute TFIAM 47 Air Quality Programme

More information

5. Health risk assessment of transport-related air pollution

5. Health risk assessment of transport-related air pollution 5. Health risk assessment of transport-related air pollution Birgit Kuna-Dibbert and Michal Krzyzanowski Identified health effects The evidence from accumulated research has enabled the assessment of the

More information

Health impacts and costs of diesel emissions in the EU

Health impacts and costs of diesel emissions in the EU Health impacts and costs of diesel emissions in the EU Health impacts and costs of diesel emissions in the EU This report was prepared by: Delft, CE Delft, November 2018 Publication code: 18.4R30.140 Diesel

More information

Air pollution: Health impacts across UK and Sussex

Air pollution: Health impacts across UK and Sussex Air pollution: Health impacts across UK and Sussex Dr Sotiris Vardoulakis Group Leader, Air Pollution and Climate Change Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards Environmental Sustainability

More information

Atmospheric Environment

Atmospheric Environment Atmospheric Environment 53 (2012) 156e176 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv An integrated model study for Europe

More information

Clean Air Policies in a European Context

Clean Air Policies in a European Context Clean Air Policies in a European Context OSLO, Norway 8 November 2016 Roald Wolters Unit Clean Air European Commission DG ENV.C.3 Topic of air pollution high in the public interest Sources: Various online

More information

Climate Change and Air quality. Air pollutants

Climate Change and Air quality. Air pollutants Climate Change and Air quality Air pollutants Impacts of Human Activities are Felt on Scales from Local to Global Slides courtesy of Prof. Gregory R. Carmichael, University of Iowa Smith et al. Interactions

More information

Public Health Relevance of Air Pollution. IASS, Potsdam 12 th -13 th November, 2018 Maka Maglakelidze IASS Fellow

Public Health Relevance of Air Pollution. IASS, Potsdam 12 th -13 th November, 2018 Maka Maglakelidze IASS Fellow Public Health Relevance of Air Pollution IASS, Potsdam 12 th -13 th November, 2018 Maka Maglakelidze IASS Fellow Air Pollution Paris Can't Breathe: Worst Pollution In A Decade Has City Gasping For Solutions

More information

CHARACTERIZING THE IMPACT OF URBAN SOURCES IN RUSSIA ON AIR POLLUTION IN NORTHERN EUROPE

CHARACTERIZING THE IMPACT OF URBAN SOURCES IN RUSSIA ON AIR POLLUTION IN NORTHERN EUROPE CHARACTERIZING THE IMPACT OF URBAN SOURCES IN RUSSIA ON AIR POLLUTION IN NORTHERN EUROPE Maria V. Makarova*, Dmitry V. Ionov, Anton V. Rakitin, Andrei V. Orlov Dept. of Atmospheric Physics, Saint-Petersburg

More information

General principles for assessment and quantification of the health impacts of air pollution

General principles for assessment and quantification of the health impacts of air pollution General principles for assessment and quantification of the health impacts of air pollution Fintan Hurley, IOM, Edinburgh, UK fintan.hurley@iom-world.org Green Week 2013 Air Pollution damages human health

More information

Economic and Social Council

Economic and Social Council UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Council Distr. GENERAL EB.AIR/GE.1/2004/13 10 June 2004 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE EXECUTIVE BODY FOR THE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY

More information

FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AND PROCESS HEATERS AT MAJOR SOURCE FACILITIES

FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AND PROCESS HEATERS AT MAJOR SOURCE FACILITIES FACT SHEET FINAL AIR TOXICS STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL BOILERS AND PROCESS HEATERS AT MAJOR SOURCE FACILITIES ACTION On February 21, 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency

More information

PM 2.5. an overview of composition, sources & health effects. Mathew Heal School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh

PM 2.5. an overview of composition, sources & health effects. Mathew Heal School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh PM 2.5 an overview of composition, sources & health effects Mathew Heal School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Scottish Air Quality Database and Website Annual Seminar, 18 th March 2013 SNIFFER report:

More information

01#*!2334! ISBN !

01#*!2334! ISBN ! ! "#$%&'(!)*+',%-!.//(,'%$'(#!!!!""#$!"!%&'()*+,&-&./01023/&4)2)5(&.6+32)+(6!"!%&'()*+,&-&./01023/&4)2)5(&.6+32)+(6& 01#*!2334! ISBN 0-919047-54-8! ICAP Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...

More information

Environmental external costs and international experience with the internalisation

Environmental external costs and international experience with the internalisation Environmental external costs and international experience with the internalisation Dr.-Ing. Peter Bickel Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung, Universität Stuttgart Expert mission

More information

Frumkin, 2e Part Three: Environmental Health on the Regional Scale. Chapter 12: Air Pollution

Frumkin, 2e Part Three: Environmental Health on the Regional Scale. Chapter 12: Air Pollution Frumkin, 2e Part Three: Environmental Health on the Regional Scale Chapter 12: Air Pollution History of Air Pollution Since human beings discovered fire, they began to pollute the air. At first, air pollution

More information

Are we on track towards the long term sustainability targets?

Are we on track towards the long term sustainability targets? Are we on track towards the long term sustainability targets? Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling 3 rd Session, Helsinki, May -7, 1 Markus Amann, Chris Heyes, Wolfgang Schöpp How to quantify

More information

Health Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants. Reuben Andrew Muni Climate and Energy Campaigner Greenpeace Southeast Asia Philippines

Health Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants. Reuben Andrew Muni Climate and Energy Campaigner Greenpeace Southeast Asia Philippines Health Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants Reuben Andrew Muni Climate and Energy Campaigner Greenpeace Southeast Asia Philippines Coal-Fired Power Plants in PH Trends indicate that coal s role in the country

More information

Air pollution and cycling

Air pollution and cycling Air pollution and cycling Audrey de Nazelle Cycling towards a better Enfield: Health, Business and Travel 8 th April 2016 Enfield, UK Global Burden of Disease 2010: top risk factors # 9 worldwide # 10

More information

State Implementation Plans for Federal 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 Standards San Joaquin Valley Eastern Kern County

State Implementation Plans for Federal 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 Standards San Joaquin Valley Eastern Kern County State Implementation Plans for Federal 8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 Standards San Joaquin Valley Eastern Kern County Public Meeting January 4, 2005 Fresno, Bakersfield, Modesto 1 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution

More information

Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Health Risks ( edited for AHS APES)

Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Health Risks ( edited for AHS APES) Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Health Risks ( edited for AHS APES) What is Particulate Matter? Image from http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/ module3/distribu/distribu.htm Particulate matter (PM) describes

More information

MARRAKECH 2016 COP22 CMP12 CMA1 U N C L I M A T E C H A N G E C O N F E R E N C E

MARRAKECH 2016 COP22 CMP12 CMA1 U N C L I M A T E C H A N G E C O N F E R E N C E MARRAKECH 2016 COP22 CMP12 CMA1 U N C L I M A T E C H A N G E C O N F E R E N C E Session: Climate Change Friendly Economics and Sustainable Development. November 16, 2016 at 13:00 14:30 Pavilion Indonesia

More information

Saltsjöbaden 6, Göteborg, Sweden, March Clean Air in Cities Working Group report

Saltsjöbaden 6, Göteborg, Sweden, March Clean Air in Cities Working Group report Saltsjöbaden 6, Göteborg, Sweden, 19-21 March 2018 Clean Air in Cities Working Group report Working Group coordinators: Laurence Rouil Roald Wolters Introduction Despite improvements over the last decade,

More information

Mapping emissions from residential wood combustion in Denmark

Mapping emissions from residential wood combustion in Denmark Mapping emissions from residential wood combustion in Denmark Real-world emissions from residential wood combustion Copenhagen Marlene Plejdrup & Ole-Kenneth Nielsen Department of Environmental Science

More information

Modelling national air quality strategy scenarios with UKIAM: Uncertainties emerging from the integration of multiple spatial scales.

Modelling national air quality strategy scenarios with UKIAM: Uncertainties emerging from the integration of multiple spatial scales. Modelling national air quality strategy scenarios with UKIAM: Uncertainties emerging from the integration of multiple spatial scales Tim Oxley, Helen ApSimon & Marios Valiantis Centre for Environmental

More information

Effect of PM2.5 on AQI in Taiwan

Effect of PM2.5 on AQI in Taiwan Environmental Modelling & Software 17 (2002) 29 37 www.elsevier.com/locate/envsoft Effect of PM2.5 on AQI in Taiwan Chung-Ming Liu * Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei,

More information

Report to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment: An Update in Support of the Canada-wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone

Report to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment: An Update in Support of the Canada-wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone Report to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment: An Update in Support of the Canada-wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone Prepared by the Joint Action Implementation Coordinating

More information

MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change

MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Health Damages from Air Pollution in China Kira Matus, Kyung-Min Nam, Noelle E. Selin, Lok N. Lamsal, John M. Reilly and Sergey Paltsev Report

More information

Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of coal-fired power plants surrounding the Jakarta megacity

Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of coal-fired power plants surrounding the Jakarta megacity Assessing the air quality, toxic and health impacts of coal-fired power plants surrounding the Jakarta megacity Lauri Myllyvirta 1 & Clifford Chuwah 2 Greenpeace Research Laboratories 3 Technical Report

More information

Jennings O Donovan & Partners Consulting Engineers Sligo

Jennings O Donovan & Partners Consulting Engineers Sligo 8.0 AIR QUALITY 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.1.1 Background Despite the ongoing deterioration in air quality on a national level due to the reliance on fossil fuel generated energy, Ireland as a whole is relatively

More information

Americans make the equivalent of round

Americans make the equivalent of round AIR POLLUTION CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering Prof. Tim Ellis January 18, 2008 Air Pollution Factoids Americans make the equivalent of round trips to the moon each year in their automobiles.

More information

Lecture 4 Air Pollution: Particulates METR113/ENVS113 SPRING 2011 MARCH 15, 2011

Lecture 4 Air Pollution: Particulates METR113/ENVS113 SPRING 2011 MARCH 15, 2011 Lecture 4 Air Pollution: Particulates METR113/ENVS113 SPRING 2011 MARCH 15, 2011 Reading (Books on Course Reserve) Jacobson, Chapter 5, Chapter 8.1.9 Turco, Chapter 6.5, Chapter 9.4 Web links in following

More information

Ireland s Transboundary Gas Emissions

Ireland s Transboundary Gas Emissions 1990-2016 March 2018 CONTENTS KEY HIGHLIGHTS... 3 Introduction and Background... 3 Ceilings and summary tables... 4 Sulphur Dioxide... 7 Nitrogen Oxides... 9 Ammonia...12 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound

More information