Upscaling sub-core scale heterogeneity

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1 Upscaling sub-core scale heterogeneity Dave Cameron On behalf of the Benson Lab Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering 0

2 X-ray CT: Sub-core heterogeneity affects CO 2 transport/saturation Perrin, J. C., & Benson, S. (2010). An experimental study on the influence of sub-core scale heterogeneities on CO2 distribution in reservoir rocks. Transport in porous media, 82(1),

3 Simulation: Varying capillary pressure curves important Φ Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 k Constant Pc Constant Pc Constant Pc Various Pc s CO2 Unique capillary pressure curves are needed to create spatial variations in CO 2 saturation. C-W Kuo, J-C Perrin, and S. M. Benson, Simulation studies of effect of flow rate and small scale heterogeneity on multiphase flow of CO 2 and brine. Energy Procedia 4 (2011)

4 Krause, M. H., Perrin, J. C., & Benson, S. M. (2011). Modeling permeability distributions in a sandstone core for history matching coreflood experiments. SPE Journal, 16(04), Sub-core scale permeability/capillary pressure mapping Calculate Local Equilibrium P c From Slice Average Saturation Local Region Calculate Permeability Values Average S w Take advantage of well known Leverett J-function Scaling Relationship

5 Using P c to map k provides excellent agreement with CO 2 saturation from Xray CT Krause, M. H., Perrin, J. C., & Benson, S. M. (2011). Modeling permeability distributions in a sandstone core for history matching coreflood experiments. SPE Journal, 16(04), Experiment 90% CO 2 Inj. S CO2 Simulation 90% CO 2 Inj. S CO2

6 Assessment of the Accuracy of Permeability Maps With PET Imaging Pini, R., Vandehey, N. T., Druhan, J., O'Neil, J. P., & Benson, S. M. (2016). Quantifying solute spreading and mixing in reservoir rocks using 3-D PET imaging. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 796,

7 Pini, R., Krevor, S. C., & Benson, S. M. (2012). Capillary pressure and heterogeneity for the CO /water system in sandstone rocks at reservoir conditions. Advances in Water Resources, 38, Capillary pressure and heterogeneity measured directly NW phase P c P NW P w BP z = 0 z = L P 2

8 Krevor, S., Pini, R., Li, B., & Benson, S. M. (2011). Capillary heterogeneity trapping of CO2 in a sandstone rock at reservoir conditions. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(15). Capillary heterogeneity enhances residual trapping Mt. Simon Sandstone Rock Showing Bedding Planes Saturation Distribution Showing CO 2 Trapping Before the Barrier Comparison of trapping with and without the capillary barrier

9 Accurate and efficient modeling of transport with capillary heterogeneity developed in GPRS Rigorous and Efficient Modeling Non-zero capillary entry pressure Virtual capillary pressure at s entry Single point upstream weighting Fully implicit >100-fold speedup compared to TOUGH2 Li, B., S.M. Benson and H.A> Tchelepi, (2012). Modeling Fine-Scale Capillary Heterogeneity in Multiphase Flow of CO 2 and Brine. CMWR, Conference Proceedings, June 22-27, 2012.

10 Improved solver for CO 2 storage calculations Water Oil Li, B., & Tchelepi, H. A. (2015). Nonlinear analysis of multiphase transport in porous media in the presence of viscous, buoyancy, and capillary forces. Journal of Computational Physics, 297,

11 Sub-core scale capillary heterogeneity influences buoyancy driven flow of CO 2. Upscaling required for correction B. Li and S. M. Benson (2015). Influence of Small-Scale Heterogeneity on Upward CO 2 Plume Migration in Storage Aquifers. AWR, in press.

12 Core scale anisotropy & correlation length influence of the buoyancy driven flow of CO 2 Li, B., & Benson, S. M. (2015). Influence of small-scale heterogeneity on upward CO 2 plume migration in storage aquifers. Advances in Water Resources, 83,

13 Macroscopic invasion percolation simulations for upscaling capillary heterogeneity trapping Permeability map for ln(k) =2 (unit: md) k (md) Post-imbibition CO 2 saturation map Pc=0kPa 5000 CO2 Saturation 1 y (grid block number) y (grid block number) x (grid block number) x (grid block number) Cindy Ni, PhD thesis in progress. 12

14 Trapped CO2 saturation Trapping predicted from upscaled P c curves Pc(Pa) Capillary pressure curve-drainage and imbibition green=j function blue=imbibition red=drainage Capillary heterogeneity trapping Sw σ lnk Residually Trapped CO 2 Increases Linearly Cindy Ni, PhD thesis in progress. 13

15 Summary Xray CT & PET imaging experiments: Heterogeneity exists & affects flow/saturation P c heterogeneity important Porosity + Saturation + slice pressures + Leverett-J function => Heterogeneous Permeability & P c distribution from lab results Capillary pressure heterogeneity can be measured directly Capillarity affects trapping Simulation & upscaling Tailored simulator Ignoring sub-core heterogeneity leads to overestimation of buoyant flow rate Macroscopic invasion percolation displays predictable capillary trapping effects 14

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