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1 Al-Azhar University Faculty of Engineering Architecture Department This is the author s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Mayhoub, M.S. (2013). What is preventing innovative daylighting systems from widespread use? In the Proceedings of LuxEuropa 2013, the 12 th European Lighting Conference, Krakow, Poland. p Copyright 2013 [please consult the authors] Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source.

2 WHAT IS PREVENTING INNOVATIVE DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS FROM WIDESPREAD USE? Mayhoub, M.S. 1 1 Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EGYPT msmayhoub@hotmail.com ABSTRACT The innovative daylighting systems (IDS) seek to maximize the utilization of daylight in building, where the conventional daylighting systems are no more able to meet the illumination requirements. Although many IDS have been commercially produced, none of them managed to penetrate the market strongly. Challenges, such as high initial cost, utilization difficulties, and application limitations, prevent them from widespread use. Most of these challenges can be overcome, but no IDS is likely to overcome all them at once. Alternatively, a number of systems efficiently suit different circumstances is a more practical approach. Keywords: Innovative Daylighting Systems, Collector, Guide, Diffuser 1. INTRODUCTION Conventional side and top lighting techniques have been used to provide adequate amount of daylight as long as a high skin-to-volume ratio has been maintained. The new building forms and users' needs resulted in compacted buildings, and thus maintaining the high skin-to-volume ratio became inapplicable. The need for deep-plan buildings meant that side windows are not the best choice, as they distribute flux principally up to 6m from the window wall, leaving the remainder of the perimeter zone and the core lacking sufficient light. The need for high-rise buildings meant that roof openings are not the proper solution as they are mostly inapplicable for other than the highest storey. The precious value of city land made the provision of daylighting via central spaces, which raise the skin-to-volume ratio, an uneconomic alternative. Consequently, three strategies have been developed to bring daylight deeper into the new buildings forms, and to control and distribute direct sunlight, by either improving the conventional techniques, developing new glazing systems, or inventing innovative daylighting systems. In any strategy, newly developed devices and optical materials are used. The produced daylighting systems, additionally, contribute in conserving energy, protecting the environment, and enhancing building users' productivity and well-being. 2. DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES The attempts to enhance the provision of daylighting in buildings can be classified into three strategies as described below Improving the conventional daylighting techniques This strategy seeks to improve the conventional daylighting techniques to enhance their ability to satisfy new buildings requirements and to meet new usages needs of daylighting. That mainly achieved via the use of new optical materials, elements and devices, such as overhangs, lightshelves, louvers, blinds, screens, and filters. The usage of these techniques either reduce daylighting problems, send more light to the back of the space, or improve the daylighting uniformity within the space. Over the time the old er

3 solutions, such as overhangs, have been turned into architectural vocabularies, and the newer ones, such as metal louvers, have become part of the modern architecture image Developing glazing systems The developed glazing technologies are mainly concerned in enhancing the thermal insulation properties of the glazing system, and thus allow more glazing area to be applied without increasing building solar gain. There are three fundamental approaches to improving the energy performance of glazing products, first: by changing the chemical composition or physical characteristics of the glazing material, second: to apply a coating to the glazing material surface to reduce heat gain and glare, third: to assemble various layers of glazing and control the properties of the spaces between the layers [1] Inventing innovative daylighting systems This strategy is more concerned about delivering daylight into remote and windowless spaces, and aims to maximize the utilization of daylight. Many IDS have been developed with a vast variation of technologies, covering a wide range of applications. They are typically consist of light collector, light guide and diffuser. Passive or active collectors mounted on the building roof or façade, and made of clear optical materials, mirrors or lenses, are used to collect direct or diffused daylight. The light guide delivers the collected daylight through the building vertical voids (e.g. atrium) or via fibre optics or light pipes (ducts). Glass or plastic fibre optics maybe used. Light ducts, made of/or lined with high reflective materials became recently cost-effectively available. A wide variety of conventional or custom-designed light outputs are employed to suit most architectural applications. The IDS are the subject to this study since they are relatively new, expensive, and need to develop more applicable and aesthetically appealing systems. 3. INNOVATIVE DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS REVIEW Since this study focuses on the systems have the potentials to spread widely, systems commercially produced or had demonstration installation will be reviewed Commercially produced systems Few systems of the developed IDS has managed to turn into commercial products. The passive tubular daylight guidance system (TDGS) is believed to be the most commercially available IDS. It proved a universal acceptance and applicability over a wide range of building usages and geographical locations, though it still has some limitations. It is mostly installed in the highest storey of the building due to difficulty in guide penetration of usable working spaces, although it is technically able to deliver daylight further, such as the 14-stories sun pipe installed in Washington DC [2]. Many types of the Heliostat are produced to collect sunlight by set of mirrors and/or lenses, and send it into building core via vertical voids. Another internal set of mirrors may be used to distribute the daylight. The Heliostat has very different shapes and components, and can be considered custom designed system. The Switzerland Company Heliobus produced daylighting system combined of a kind of Heliostat to collect sunlight and deliver it via kind of sun pipes into building core. Few custom produced systems have been installed since the first installation in the The Japanese Himawari system, which targets the east Asian market since the early 1980s, collects and concentrates sunlight using tracking Fresnel lenses. Light may be transported up to 200m by optical fibres, and distributed using custom made luminairelike devices [3]. A similar concept to collect and deliver daylight is used by the Swedish

4 Parans system that produced the first commercial product in Since then three generations have been developed, all of them consist of an array of small Fresnel lenses simultaneously track and concentrate daylight. A bundle of up to 20m-length fibre optics channel the light to be distributed by various types of custom designed luminaires [4]. The American Sundolier system is a sky light of 0.6m roof penetration collects daylight by set of mirrors track and concentrate sunlight. Daylight is indirectly distributed to large areas using unique in-room fixtures. The system has been installed in many building types since founded in Sunportal daylighting system has been developed by a South Korean team, and has become commercially available since It actively captures sunlight b y a heliostat with an ultra-sunlight concentrator. The light travels through a series of special optical relay lenses, providing the highest invented transmission rates over a distance up to 200m. Transparent tube diffuser is used to illuminate the space. The available few installations exist in South Korea, for industrial and underground tunnel use [5] Demonstrated systems The Canadian Core Sunlighting system has been announced to be commercially launched in Many demonstration cases installed in the North America since The system tracks and collects daylight by series of mirrors assembled in a solar canopy attached to the building façade, and channels and distributes it up to 15m within multistorey buildings by dual function light duct. The American Hybrid Solar Lighting (HSL) system has been under development since the beginning of the 21st century. The first prototype has been produced in Since then, nearly hundred demonstration cases have been installed. However, serious of technica l difficulties enforced the system developers to carry out radical changes in the original design. In 2013, Instead of a set of two mirrors, an array of Fresnel lenses have been used to track and concentrate sunlight. Fibre optics up to 15m length are used to channel the concentrated sunlight into a conventional-like luminaire. 4. INNOVATIVE DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS POTENTIALS Improving the conventional daylighting systems so far have limitations in terms of light delivery distance and amount. The IDS come with new technologies to overcome these limitations throughout different approaches that based in the usage of light collectors maximize the daylight channelled by light guides into building core. Comparing daylight collection capabilities of the IDS based in the available data is challenging, due to the vast variety of the operating conditions (e.g. sky condition, time of measurement, geographical location etc.) under which the measurements may be taken. In addition to the collector size, and the collector distance from the measurement point. The following values are examples, cited from the developers' publications, just to make a rough idea about the possible collected/delivered daylight amount. The HSL collects lumens under standard operating conditions [6], Sundolier system delivers lumens [7], Sunportal system delivers more than peak lumens [5], and Parans system output is up to 5500 lumens [4]. A distinct advantage of the IDS is their ability to deliver daylight into windowless and remote space in buildings. Daylight delivery distance is typically 15-20m in most of the IDS. The sun pipes have the potential to deliver further distance if a bigger pipe diameter has been used. A light delivery distance of 200m, via optical fibre or light pipes, has been claimed by Himawari system for the former and Sunportal system for the later

5 Moreover, most of the IDS are designed to provide a glare free lighting, and to reduce the internal heat gain and the fabric damage effects by eliminating both IR and UV wavelengths of the collected light spectrum. 5. INNOVATIVE DAYLIGHTING SYSTEMS CHALLENGES Although the IDS have the potentials to widespread, a long list of challenges prevents them from strongly penetrate the market. These challenges affect the daylighting quality, competitive cost, applicability, and ease of installation and operation High initial cost Providing a cost-effective lighting system is the major problem that faces any IDS. The more the amount of daylight collected and delivered, the highest the technology, the more the initial cost, and the smaller is the purchasing power. The commercial IDS price lists are mostly available only for customers not for academic purpose. However, a previous study by the author [8] about the costs and benefits of using the daylight guidance system (DGS) estimated the capital costs (including the initial and installation costs) of some IDS under identified circumstances. The TDGS cost per meter square is 76% more than an equivalent electric lighting system. Parans system cost, assuming a high volume production, is about six times that of the electric lighting systems. Sunportal system is too expensive to be residentially or commercially used at the recent time. Under the recent prices of the IDS, apart from the TDGS, most of them are used for reasons other than reducing building utility bills Utilization difficulties For any IDS to be used widely, it has to be integrated seamlessly into existing design concepts, and thus easily embraced by architects and lighting designers as a mean for offering daylight as a lighting option. The light guide is the most difficult part in terms of integration, then the collector and the diffuser. Given the currently commercially available systems, light ducts with relatively big circular or rectangular cross-sections, typically of range of Ø mm or around 250 X 600 mm, are used in all of them but Himawari and Parans systems that used fibre optics cables, which are almost fully integrated due to their flexibility and small cross section. Meanwhile, the light ducts that used in low or non-concentrating systems, which are more suitable for use under cloudy sky conditions, have difficulties to fit in existing buildings or to avoid conflicts with the HVAC and structural systems. Roof mounted light collectors to far extend can be incorporated into building design, whilst more difficulties face the façade mounted collectors since they have more influence on the architectural image. A wide variety of light diffusers are available suit most of the architectural applications. However, some diffusers are available in certain shapes suits the system's technology, and need to be considered by the interior designers, such as the core Sunlighting system linear luminaire Application limitations The light collection technology determines systems applicability, in terms of geographical location, climatic region, and sky condition. The collectors' variations include high, low or non-concentrating collectors, horizontal, vertical or inclined, and passive or active collectors. The high concentrating collectors work efficiently only under predominantly clear sky, since the direct illuminance only can be concentrated. Meanwhile, the non-concentrating collectors collect both diffused and direct illuminance, and thus are applicable under all sky conditions and over all geographical locations. High concentrating systems potentially deliver more amount of daylight under clear skies, while non-concentrating systems delivers more under overcast skies. Under the partially cloudy skies, the delivered amount comes second to the lighting quality in terms of the

6 uniform distribution over the time, which is easier to be achieved by non-concentrating systems as they collect both diffused and direct illuminance. High concentrating systems suffer severe changes in delivered daylight under partially cloudy condition. The occupants note of rapidly changes in the illuminance level is highly likely, which may cause inconvenience Technology challenges More complicated technologies are required to deliver more amount of daylight further distances via smaller guide. Some challenges still lacking satisfactory solutions, such as concentrating the sunrays precisely into the end of the fibre optics to avoid any burning damage. The de-concentration of the concentrated sunrays to provide a uniform planar illuminance distribution still go through many optical processes that are likely to change illuminance characteristics and reduce the delivered amount. The typical delivery distance does not exceed 20m for most of the IDS, which is no more than six stories below a roof mounted collector. Ultra concentrator is used by Sunportal system to channel the daylight 200m, but the technology is not revealed for public Maintaining daylighting quality External view, unique spectrum and unpredictable changes in colour and intensity are what make daylight a favourable choice. The big challenge facing the IDS is how to channel the daylight via light guides, and carry out all the optical processes without losing the perception of daylight. The connection with the external view is absent. The daylight spectrum is likely to change due to the use of spectral coatings to eliminate UV and IR wavelengths, and the obstruction of some of them in the fibre optics. A uniform distribution of the light within the space and over the working time is another quality required for most applications. De-concentrating sunlight by the output device to achieve a uniform planar distribution within a reasonable spacing to height ratio is challenging. The end emitting fibre optics produce narrow beams of light, which result in a non-uniform planar distribution. A uniform distribution over the time cannot be achieved by the highly concentrating systems that suffer rapid changes in the delivered illuminance under partially cloudy sky User's awareness and acceptance The users' awareness of the importance of the utilization of daylight, and acceptance of the employment of the IDS are essential to widespread their usage. Reducing building energy bill is not sufficient to convince people to pay the IDS high initial cost. Thus, users need to perceive the provided illuminance by the IDS as daylight, and accordingly accept that this augments the visual environment and the consequent well-being enhancement and productivity improvement. The awareness of the importance of using daylight to conserve energy, protect environment and preserve natural resources; is another impact helps to widespread the usage of the IDS in spite of their high initial cost. Building or energy usage regulations come as another 'tool' in this regard Need for restrictive maintenance program The extensive use of optical materials in the IDS requires high attention to be paid to avoid the precipitation of the air particulates, and the condensation of the air humidity on the optical surfaces. Particulates such as dust, smoke, and air vapour (if condensed) significantly reduce optical processes efficiency. Protection and maintenance program has to be restrictively applied. Light ducts have to be air tight to prevent any deposition of air particulates, gases, or pollutants; otherwise, a difficult maintenance process has to be carried out to clean the ducts inner surfaces. The collectors and diffusers surfaces require a regular maintenance; vary in time interval according to the local air pollution

7 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION IDS have shared features in common, they are not created equal though. Vast variety in technology, performance, application, installation, size and cost respond to the various requirements and challenges. However, none of the produced IDS is applicable under all sky conditions, over all geographical locations, in all building forms, for all illumination purposes, and to all projects budgets. The capital cost is a function in the optical material prices, technology complexity, ease of installation, and production volume. For the first two, it is usually a matter of time to be cost-effectively available. Ease of installation can be achieved by the early incorporation of the IDS in the building design process. Meanwhile, the mass production based in many external stimulus, in addition to the system efficiency, such as investors' awareness, users' acceptance, and products reputation. There are a growing awareness that considering energy bill cut off the only reason to convince people to use the IDS is insufficient. The impact on the cost of benefits such as health and psychological enhancement may become apparent only in the long term, but they are nonetheless factual and should be taken into consideration to help the IDS to be economically attractive option [9]. Governmental legalizations enforce the utilization of daylighting in the architecture practice, and media awareness enhances people participation in conserving energy, among many other efforts are required to increase the IDS utilization, thus raise the production volume, and reduce the systems cost, and the loop goes on. Utilization of the IDS is influenced by their ability to integrate into building design. Systems use fibre optics guides have insignificant difficulty to rout throughout the building, but have a significant limitation in terms of applicability under different sky conditions. On the other hand, systems use light ducts are more likely to conflict with other building systems, more difficult to penetrate building vertically, and more challenging to fit in existing building, but they are applicable under all sky conditions. Since the non-concentrating systems are the optimal choice in wide climatic regions, incorporation of such systems in earlier stages of building design process is essential for successful utilization. Influential collectors, such as that of the Core Sunlighting system, need creative architectural solutions to be merged in the façade fabric. In brief, no IDS is likely to overcome all the challenges, but a number of systems efficiently suit different circumstances is a more practical approach. REFERENCES 1. HOOTMAN, T. Net Zero Energy Design: A Guide for Commercial Architecture, 2012: John Wiley & Sons. 2. CARPENTER NORRIS CONSULTING. Solar Light Pipe in Washington, D.C. Detail 2004, Himawari solar lighting system. [cited 2013 May]; Available from: 4. PARANS, Product specification. [cited 2013 June]; Available from: SUNLIGHT direct LLC, Product. [cited 2013 June]; Available from: 7. SUNDOLIER. [cited 2013 June]; Available from: 8. MAYHOUB, M. & Carter, D. The costs and benefits of using daylight guidance to light office buildings. Building and Environment 2011, 46, BOUBEKRI, M. Daylighting, architecture and health, building design strategies, Oxford 2008: Elsevier Ltd

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