Indicators for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP)
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1 Indicators for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) March 2015 Effectively implementing the new Sustainable Development Goals and their accompanying targets will depend on having sound, achievable and global indicators available to measure progress. Indicators are important because when the responsible individuals have to report against them, it drives action to maintain progress in the implementation of the Goals in every reporting period. In this briefing we set out some proposals for indicators required to monitor progress in moving towards sustainable consumption and production (SCP). Our proposals draw on civil society experience of implement SCP. Criteria for choosing indicators Our suggestions for some simple key criteria for these chosen SDG indicators, including those relevant to SCP; are: Outcome-focussed. In general, the indicators should measure whether desired outcomes are achieved rather than on whether policies, regulations and processes are put in place. Established. Ideally, the indicators need to already be established and understood, and in use in several nations even if not yet used by many national statistical offices. If a chosen indicator is relatively new and not yet widely in use, the data which underpins it must already be being collected in some countries. However, there may be a need for a limited number of new indicators if progress cannot be measured by established indicators, in which case the Inter Agency and Expert Group can resolve such issues. Multi-level. The indicators need to apply primarily at the national/state level, given that member state governments have lead responsibility in implementing the post-2015 agenda, goals and targets. However, governments will not be able to achieve the Goals on their own. There must also be maximum scope for disaggregated and aggregated indicators so higher and lower levels can use these to report their own progress, from regional groups of nations through to individual enterprises, local and regional governments and even at the level of individual people and households. Regularly and widely reported on. Nations should be able to commit to reporting on them annually without time lags of many years, although biennial and triennial reporting may be appropriate for some indicators. That means committing sufficient resources to gather and analyse the data, with support to build capacity for data gathering and analysis capabilities of all nations. Universal. They should be universal every chosen core SDG indicator should be useful, meaningful and viable for every member state. Supplementary country, region and sector-specific indicators can be developed and adopted if stakeholders find them useful in pursuing sustainable development. Indicators for sustainable consumption and production While Goal 12 is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, SCP is cross cutting through the range of proposed Sustainable Development Goals with many of their targets making a strong contribution to it. Based on a broad definition of SCP which is concerned with unsustainable under-consumption as well as over-consumption,
2 we have argued that 65 of the 169 targets contribute to SCP to an important degree. Of these, 30 have a particularly strong, clear and direct link to SCP. Through an initial analysis, we propose the following indicators to track progress on those targets that we judge are most strongly linked to shifting towards sustainable consumption and production. Most of these indicators comply with the criteria set out above, although for some of them further development work is needed and only a minority of nations are currently collecting the necessary data. Our approach has been to propose one indicator for each of the targets most closely linked to SCP which fits most closely with the criteria set out above, because it would not be helpful for each target to have numerous adopted global indicators. However, a small number of these targets are so wide ranging and cross cutting in nature that we felt it was appropriate to propose two or more indicators. We also propose that a few targets could share an indicator which matched both of them well. Over the coming year we intend to develop our recommendations further in consultation with governments and civil society experts. What is Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) and why does it matter? SCP means a global economy which delivers sustainable development and ends extreme poverty, all within the capacities of our one planet and meeting the needs of future generations. It means an end to the chronic and widespread under-consumption of life s basic necessities which leaves more than a billion people with too little for dignity, decency, comfort and safety a situation which is incompatible with sustainable development. It also means an end to careless overconsumption of resources which, mediated through increasingly long and complex global supply chains, are changing the climate, polluting and drying out river catchments, mining groundwater, fouling the air, soil, sea and freshwater and destroying forests and other ecosystems we all depend on. If people everywhere, and future generations, are to have the chance of a good quality of life we need to consume with more care and less waste. As well as changing patterns of consumption, SCP requires equally large changes in the way we produce goods and services. We need a more circular and resource efficient economy which cuts waste, boosts reuse and recycling, switches to low and zero carbon energy sources and radically improves the efficiency with which we use energy, water, land, sea and raw materials. This approach makes good sense for business and individuals, creates jobs and boosts the global economy. Bioregional is an international charity which works with partners around the world on sustainable consumption and production in the communities in which we live and through products and services. We call our approach One Planet Living. Bioregional is Focal Point for Sustainable Consumption and Production for Beyond 2015, a global civil society coalition of over 1,000 organisations. Bioregional is Global NGO Focal Point for the UN 10 Year Framework of Programmes and member of the Sustainable Building & Construction Programme Multi-Stakeholder Advisory Committee. Contact: Emily Auckland emily.auckland@bioregional.com; Sue Riddlestone sr@bioregional.com; Nicholas Schoon nicholas.schoon@bioregional.com
3 Proposed global indicators for sustainable consumption and production based on proposed SDG targets Proposed goal and target Proposed indicator Other goals linked to the indicator Note on state of play/feasibility of indicator Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 1.1; By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day. % of population below $1.25 (purchasing power parity) per day 8, 10, 12 Existing MDG indicator, well established and widely used Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 2.1: By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutrition and sufficient food all year round 2.4: By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practise that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption/prevalence of undernourishment Nitrogen use efficiency in food systems (the tonnage of nitrogen in harvested crops divided by the tonnage of nitrogen in fertiliser used to grow those crops) 3, 12 Existing MDG indicator, well established 12, 13, 14, 15 This indicator requires development, but many developed nations are already collecting the necessary data and estimates could readily be made for many nations through a sampling approach Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 3.9: By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination Ambient air pollution deaths per 100,000 capita attributable to outdoor air pollution AND/OR water, sanitation and hygiene attributable deaths per 100,000 children under five years 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 Both indicators require further development. WHO already publishes estimates at country level, but not annually Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water 3, 11,12 This could be developed from the existing MDG indicator proportion of population using an improved drinking water source
4 6.2: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerably situations. 6.3: By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and increasing recycling and safe reuse by [x] per cent globally 6.4: By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity. Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services 3, 11, 12 This could be developed from the existing MDG indicator proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility Percentage of wastewater treated 3, 11, 12 Many nations are already collecting the necessary data Proportion of total water resources used 2,11,12, 15 Existing MDG indicator, well established. Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 7.1: By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services. 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.3: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency Proportion of the population with electricity access Renewable energy s share in total energy consumption Energy intensity (primary energy consumption divided by GDP) AND the rate of change in energy intensity 9, 12, 13 This is an established indicator with the data being collected in many nations 9, 12, 13 Established indicator with the data being collected in many countries 9, 12, 13 Established indicator with the data being collected in many countries Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 8.4: Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year Framework of Programmes for Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead. Level of gross national expenditure on environmental defence and protection and natural resource base conservation, compared to GDP, compatible with SEEA accounting framework 2, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13 This indicator requires development, but many developed nations are collecting the necessary data and reporting
5 Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation 9.4: By 2030 upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource use efficiency and greater adaptation of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities Scope 1, 2 and 3 greenhouse gas emissions (GHG Protocol of WBCSD, WRI) per unit of output and per unit of final sales in key manufacturing and service sectors 2, 6,7, 12, 13 The necessary data is being collected in many developed nations, with many major corporations already reporting their emissions. Uptake in the developing world faces capacity/resource obstacles Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 11.1: By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums 11.2: By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons Percentage of urban population living in slums or informal settlements Proportion of daily journeys by more sustainable forms of transport (public transport, bicycle, walking( 3, 12 Existing MDG indicator 12, 13 Transport modal share indicators are well established in developed nations Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 12.1: Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production (10YFP), all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries. 12.2: By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources Number of countries with significant engagement with the 10YFP i) FSC and PEFC-certified timber consumption as a % of total consumption by volume ii) Area of forest under sustainable forest management as a percent of forest area iii) Red List Index linked to information on exporting and importing nations involved iv) National consumption based carbon footprints 2,6,7,13,14, 15 Requires development, including a process which leads to sound and credible judgements on what constitutes significant engagement 6, 7, 14, 15 i) This indicator requires development ii) Indicator already established by FAO iii) Established database iv) These are total, global CO2 emissions associated with a nation s consumption (excluding those
6 12.3: By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses 12.4: By 2030, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment 12.5: By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse 12.6: Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information in to their reporting cycle 12.7: Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature 12.a: Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards sustainable patterns of consumption and production emissions from within its borders attributable to other nations consumption). Some developed nations already report on this. Given the importance of climate change, this is a key SCP indicator Global Food Loss Indicator 2 This indicator is under development by FAO i) Average annual levels of selected persistent and bioaccumulative toxic chemicals resulting from human activities in soil and water ii) Ambient air pollution deaths per 100,000 capita attributable to outdoor air pollution Proportions of solid waste generated that are landfilled, incinerated (with and without energy recovery) and recycled. Proportion of companies with either >10,000 employees or market capitalization of > $1 billion or sales > $1 billion that integrate significant sustainability information into their reporting cycles Proportion of sustainable public procurement in total public procurement for key product areas (eg food, timber, energy) Results of standardised surveys which test public knowledge and understanding of key sustainability issues and lifestyle impacts R & D expenditure in developing countries, proportion of young people gaining secondary, further and higher education 3, 6, 7, 14, 15 i) This indicator requires development and additional data collection and analysis ii) Requires development. WHO already publishes estimates at country level, but not annually 9,11 Many developed nations collect this data and use this indicator 8,9 A few major corporations do this already. This indicator requires development, with a robust, credible standard set for what constitutes significant sustainability information. 9 This indicator requires development 2,6,7,14,15 This indicator requires development 8,9 This indicator requires development
7 12.b: Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 12.c: Rationalise inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities Develop an impact per visitor night indicator that can be widely and easily used by tourism facilities in developed and developing nations Fossil fuel subsidies expressed as a proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuels 13,14,15 This indicator requires development 3,6,7,9,133 This indicator requires development Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning National consumption based carbon footprints National carbon footprints for key sectors, including industry and commerce, transport, public services and housing. 12 As proposed for Target 12.2 Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 14.4: By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 14.6: By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing, and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation. Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable limits Value of fisheries subsidies, as a proportion of revenue from fisheries 12 This is an established FAO indicator 12 This indicator requires development
8 Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 15.1: By 2020, ensure conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 15.2: By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and increase afforestation and reforestation by x% globally 15.5: Take urgent and significant action to reduce degradation of natural habitat, halt the loss of biodiversity, and by 2020 protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 15.7: Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna, and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products Proportion of land covered by forest area and annual change i) Area of forest under sustainable forest management as a percent of forest area ii) Proportion of land covered by forest and annual change i) Red List Index ii) Living Planet Index Red List Index linked to information on exporting and importing nations involved 12 Existing MDG indicator 12 Indicator already established by FAO Existing MDG indicator 12 Established databases 12 Established database Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development 17.19: By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement GDP, and support statistical capacity building in developing countries i) Number of nations (and proportion of UN member states) that report regularly on the full suite of chosen SDG indicators, and on > 66% of the chosen indicators. ii) National consumption based carbon footprints 12, 13 i) The chosen SDG indicators should themselves be key measures of progress complementing GDP. As many nations as possible need to report on them. ii) As proposed for target 12.2
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