Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ISSN (Print) (Online)

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1 Asin J. Med. Biol. Res. 216, 2 (1), ; doi: /jmbr.v2i Asin Journl of Medicl nd Biologicl Reserch ISSN (Print) (Online) Article Impct of wstewter irrigtion on mjor nutrient sttus in soil ner Bhluk industril re of Bngldesh Abdullh-Al-Zbir 1, M.W. Zmn 1, Md. Zkir Hossen 1, Md. Nizm Uddin 2, Md. Jmil Hossin Bisws 3 nd Abdull-Al-Asif 4 1 Deprtment of Agriculturl Chemistry, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Fculty of Agriculture, Mymensingh-222, Bngldesh 2 Deprtment of Agriculturl Chemistry, Fculty of Agriculture,Ptukhli Science nd Technology University, Dumki, Ptukhli-862, Bngldesh 3 Deprtment of Entomology, Fculty of Agriculture, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh-222, Bngldesh 4 Deprtment of Aquculture, Fculty of Fisheries, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh-222, Bngldesh * Corresponding uthor: Abdullh-Al-Zbir, Deprtment of Agriculturl Chemistry, Fculty of Agriculture, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh-222, Bngldesh. Mobile: ; E-mil: lzbir361@gmil.com Received: 1 Mrch 216/Accepted: 27 Mrch 216/Published: 31 Mrch 216 Abstrct: The popultion increse hs not only incresed the fresh wter demnd but lso incresed the volume of wstewter generted. Treted or recycled wstewter (RWW) ppers to be the only wter resource tht is incresing s other sources re dwindling. Incresing need for wter hs resulted in the emergence of domestic wstewter ppliction for griculture nd its reltive use. The present study ws conducted t the Deprtment of Agriculturl Chemistry, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh during 213 to evlute the contribution of wstewter to mjor soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, C, Mg, B nd N) nd fluctution in physicochemicl properties of soil (soil ph nd Ec) from wste crrying cnl t 1 selected sites of Bhluk Upzil. Three (3) soil smples were collected t, 3 nd 6 m distnces from the wste dischrging cnls. The ph, EC, N, P, K, S, C, Mg, B nd N in soil smples decresed grdully with the increse of distnce from wste dischrging cnl. Mximum concentrtions of N t 6 nd m distnce vried from 84 to 97, P from 185 to 5, K from 46 to 6, S from 2 to 4, C from 75 to 288, Mg from 75 to 78, B from 9 to 28 nd N from 23 to 31 µg g -1 in test soil.the results showed better nutrient sttus of the soil long wste dischrge cnls. The findings give pplicble dvice to commercil frmers nd griculturl reserchers for proper mngement nd use of treted industril wstewter for griculturl purpose. Keywords: wstewter; mjor nutrients; irrigtion; soil nutrient sttus 1. Introduction An effluent is n inevitble production of industril process. It is defined by the United Sttes Environmentl Protection Agency s wstewter (treted or untreted) tht flows out of tretment plnt, sewer or industril outfll. Incresed number of industries hs enlrged the disposl of effluent to open lnd or to nturl wter resources. Effluent of different industries my vry in composition depending upon the source of production. Effluent my continessentil nutrients nd some toxic substnces. The vilble mcronutrients nd micronutrients of effluents cn increse soil fertility. The industril hot-spots of Bngldesh re locted ner the urbn nd suburbn res nd in mny cses re surrounded by griculturl fields. The irrigtion of industril, municipl, sewge-sludge effluent nd dumping of solid wstes on crop fields due to its high orgnic mtter nd nutrient content is common scenrio. As result the untreted effluents get dispersed throughout the crop field

2 Asin J. Med. Biol. Res. 216, 2 (1) nd plnts re exposed to pool of toxic metls. Moreover, flooding cuses inundtion of the cultivted fields with industril effluents. In riny seson, surfce runoff nd seepge contribute to the trnsport of hevy metls over distnce long with wste disposls. In mny regions of the world, prticulrly in wter-scrce urbn nd peri-urbn res nd where competition for wter is high, wstewter is being used for griculturl purposes. While some countries implement griculturl wstewter use prctices nd guidelines tht follow ntionl regultions or interntionl guidelines nd sfety stndrds, in mny other countries, especilly in the developing world, use of wstewter is n unregulted but common prctice. The lck of implementtion of guidelines nd sfety stndrds cn led to n otherwise voidble ggrvtion of helth risks tht could result in significnt secondry impcts. With incresed industriliztion in residentil res, different mterils re dischrged into effluent wter which leds to environment pollution. This concern is of specil importnce where untreted effluent is pplied for longer periods to grow vegetbles in urbn lnds. Such uses re on the increse becuse the effluent contminted wste wter is free nd good source of orgnic mtter s well s plnt food nutrient, vrible nd chep option for disposl (Rutkowski, 26). As consequence, the use of wste wter nd other industril effluents for irrigting griculturl lnds is on the rise prticulrly in peri-urbn res of developing countries. Mny industries dispose of effluents vi the open nd covered routes into the min chnnels, which lso crries domestic wter. Frmer s fields ner these chnnels re irrigted with these polluted effluents for rising crops. Wter is vitl resource but severely limited in most countries. Rpid industril developmentl ctivities nd incresing popultion growth hd declined the resources dy to dy throughout the world. The popultion increse hs not only incresed the fresh wter demnd but lso incresed the volume of wstewter generted. Therefore, there is n urgent need to conserve nd protect fresh wter nd to use the wter of lower qulity for irrigtion (Al-Rshed nd Sherif, 2). Treted or recycled wstewter (RWW) ppers to be the only wter resource tht is incresing s other sources re dwindling (USEPA, 1992). Bhluk is newly industril growing site of Bngldesh, which is highly susceptible to environmentl pollution over lst decde. There re severl types of industril units including textile, dyeing, phrmceuticls, lether, cosmetics, luminum, cermic, glss, grments, pckging industry nd brick fields. The untreted wstes nd effluents from these industries re dischrged rndomly to soils, cnls nd in the vicinity of the industril res. Moreover, the polluted wter is irrigted to pddy nd vegetble fields. The re lso suffers from flooding during riny seson. Consequently the reuse of wstewter for griculture is highly encourged (Mohmmd nd Mzhreh, 23; Al-Slem, 1996). The reuse of wstewter for griculturl irrigtion purposes reduces the mount of wter tht needs to be extrcted from wter resource (USEPA, 1992 nd Gregory, 2).It is the potentil solution to reduce the freshwter demnd for zero wter dischrge voiding the pollution lod in the receiving sources. It is the necessity of the present er to think bout the existing urbn wstewter disposl infrstructure, wstewter griculture prctices, qulity of wter used, the helth implictions nd the level of institutionl wreness of wstewter relted issued. (Rutkowski, 26). 2. Mterils nd Methods 2.1. Smpling procedure, preprtion nd preservtion All smpling were done t Bhluk Upzil (Figure 1) during the month of Februry nd Mrch, 214. Ten (1) sites ner the industril wste crrying cnls were selected to provide stisfctory representtion of the entire study re. Surfce (-15 cm) soil smples were collected t, 3 nd 6 m distnces from the wste dischrging cnls t ech site. Ech soil smple ws ir dried, nd ll clods nd crumbs were removed nd mixed uniformly. Soils were sieved through 2-mm sieve to remove corse prticles before sub-smpling for chemicl nlysis. The finl smples were kept in lbeled polypropylene continers t mbient temperture before nlysis Soil rection (ph) nd electricl conductivity (EC) Soil ph ws determined by using glss electrode ph meter (WTW ph 522; Germny) s described by Jckson (1973). The electricl conductivity (EC) of collected soil smples were determined electrometriclly (soil wter rtio ws 1:5) by conductivity meter (WTW LF 521; Germny) s described by Anderson nd Ingrm (1996). 132

3 Asin J. Med. Biol. Res. 216, 2 (1) 133 Figure 1. Mp of Bhluk showing the smpling sites Chemicl nlysis Exctly 1 g soil from ech smple ws tken seprtely in 25 ml digestion tubes, then 1 ml concentrted HNO 3 ws dded to it. The content ws kept for 16 hours t room temperture for pre digestion nd then heted t 14º C for 15 mins (Tm nd Yo, 1999). After tht the content ws cooled, diluted with deionized wter nd the volume ws mde 1 ml. All the smples were filtered through filter pper (Whtmn No. 42).Clcium of soil nd plnt smples ws determined from liquot by complexometric method of titrtion using.1 M N 2 EDTA (N 2 H 2 C 1 H 12 O 8 N 2.2H 2 O) s chelting gent t ph 12 in presence of clcon indictor (Pge et l., 1982).Mgnesium ws nlyzed by complexometric method of titrtion using.1 M N 2 EDTA (N 2 H 2 C 1 H 12 O 8 N 2.2H 2 O) s complexing gent t p H 1 in the presence of eriochrome blck T (EBT) indictor (Pge et l., 1982).Phosphorus of the soil smples ws determined colorimetriclly using stnnous chloride s reductnt, following the procedure stted by Jckson (1973). Phosphorus content of the liquot ws determined by spectrophotometer (Model: TG-6 U) t 66 nm wvelength. Potssium nd sodium of soil nd plnt smples were determined from the liquot seprtely with the help of flme emission spectrophotometer (Model: JENWAY-PFP7) t 589 nm nd 768 nm for sodium nd potssium, respectively suggested by Ghosh et l. (1983).Boron ws determined by Azomethine-H methodabsorbnce ws red t 42 nm following the instructions of Pge et l. (1982). Nitrogen of the soil nd plnt smples ws determined by Kjeldhl method s described by Bremner (1996) Soil smpling sites Tble 1.Informtion regrding soil smpling sites t BhlukUpzill, Bngldesh. Smpling sites Loction Smple ID Distnce from cnl Site-1 Hwile 1,1b,1c m, 3 m, 6 m Site-2 Hwile 2, 2b, 2c m, 3 m, 6 m Site-3 Jmirdi 3,3b,3c m, 3 m, 6 m Possible sources of contmintion Glss, metllurgicl, textile, composite, grments industry. Metllurgicl, Phrmceuticls, textile nd cermic industry. Textile, composite, bttery cid disposl, electric industry. Site-4 Jmirdi 4,4b 4c m, 3 m, 6 m Electric, textile, composite industry. Site-5 Amtoli 5, 5b,5c m, 3 m, 6 m Cermic, textile, composite nd dyeing industry. Site-6 Amtoli 6, 6b, 6c m, 3 m, 6 m Dyeing, composite industry. Site-7 Khruli 7, 7b, 7c m, 3 m, 6 m Phrmceuticls, composite, textile, dyeing industry. Site-8 Khruli 8, 8b, 8c m, 3 m, 6 m Phrmceuticls, composite, textile nd dyeing industry. Site-9 Bgrpr 9, 9b, 9c m, 3 m, 6 m Sline, dyeing industry. Site-1 Bgrpr 1, 1b, 1c m, 3 m, 6 m Glss, dyeing, grochemicl, nd detergent industry

4 Ec (ds/m) ph Asin J. Med. Biol. Res. 216, 2 (1) 2.5. Sttisticl nlysis The sttisticl nlyses of the nlyticl results obtined from the chemicl nlysis of different soil smples were performed using Excel Sttistics version 4. nd men differences were mde by multiple t-test. 3. Results nd Discussion 3.1. Soil ph The ph vlues of soil smples rnged from 6.91 to 7.97, 5.27 to 7.58 nd 5.11 to 7.27 (t -15 cm depth) t, 3 nd 6 m distnce from wste cnl, respectively (Figure2). The highest (7.97) nd lowest (5.11) ph vlues were recorded t the sites Hwile (site-1) nd Bgrpr (site-9), respectively.vrious mterils (wstes, effluents, chemicls nd slt etc.) dischrged from different industries might be responsible for wide rnge of ph vrition. Similr finding ws reported by Sumi (21) who found the ph of soil collected from Gzipur rnging from 6.63 to Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 Site-5 Site-6 Site-7 Site-8 Site-9 Site-1 Figure 2. Soil ph t different distnces Electricl conductivity (EC) Like ph vlues of the collected smples, EC vlues lso decresed with the increse of distnce from wste dischrging cnl. The EC vlues of collected soil smples rnged from 351 to 1324, 17 to 567 nd to 447 µscm -1 t, 3 nd 6 m distnce from wste cnl, respectively (Figure 3). The highest EC vlue (1324 µscm -1 ) ws obtined in soil collected t m distnce from the wste cnl t the site Bgrpr (site-1) which is fmilir s industril wste dischrge re. According to Cost et l. (21), high EC vlue in soil, might be due to huge quntities of slt, solid wstes nd effluents of tnnery nd other industries. In generl, EC of soils vried mrkedly with soil slinity. The high slt ffected soils of the study site ccount for the higher EC Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 Site-5 Site-6 Site-7 Site-8 Site-9 Site-1 Figure 3. Soil Ec levels t different distnces Mjor nutrient sttus in soil Nitrogen The concentrtion of N in lmost ll the soil smples ws below the typicl concentrtion (15 µg g -1 ) sufficient for plnt growth s proposed by Epstein, The minimum nd mximum concentrtion of N in soil smples were 29 nd 97 µg g -1, respectively (Figure 4). The men concentrtions of N were 89, 52

5 Concentrtion (µ g/ g) Concentrtion (µ g g -1) Asin J. Med. Biol. Res. 216, 2 (1) nd 49 µg g -1, respectively t, 3 nd 6 m distnces. 5, 4 nd 3% sites t these distnces hd vlues greter thn the men. Mximum concentrtion of N ws obtined t Jmirdi (site-4). N content decresed from cnl edge to distnt plces indicting its nthropogenic origin Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 Site 8 Site 9 Site 1 Figure 4. Pttern of N concentrtion in soil t different distnces Clcium, Mgnesium nd Sulphur The content of C in soil smples collected t m distnce from wste cnl vried from 72 to 288 µg g - 1 with n verge vlue of 177. At 3 nd 6 m distnces, the C content vried from 4 to 192 nd 17 to 75 with men vlues of 78 nd 34 µg g -1, respectively. About 6% smples t m, 2% t 3 m nd 3% t 6 m distnce from pollution site hd C bove the men vlues nd the rest were below the men. The highest C content ws observed t Hwile (site-2).it indictes the nthropogenic lod of C in the soils of present study re. The high concentrtion of clcium in soils t the cnl side might be due to dischrge of industril wstes to the cnl from the industril re. The concentrtion of Mg in soil ws detected within the rnge of 38 to 78 hving men vlue of 46 µg g -1 t m distnce from wste cnl. At 3 nd 6 m distnces from wste cnl, Mg concentrtion vried from 28 to 74 nd 17 to 75 with men vlues 36 nd 34 µg g -1, respectively. The result showed tht 2, 1 nd 3% smples t, 3 nd 6 m distnce hd vlues greter thn the men, respectively. Mximum concentrtion of Mg ws found t Bgrpr (site- 1). Mg content decresed grdully with the increse of distnce from wste cnl. The vritions in Mg content might lso be due to deposition of industril wstes, origin nd nture of prent mterils nd culturl prctices done by the frmers. The concentrtion of sulphur in soil vried from 6 to 4, 3 to 22 nd 3 to 2 µg g -1 t, 3 nd 6 m distnces from wste cnl with men vlues of 19, 11 nd 8 µg g -1, respectively (Figure 5). 4% smples t both nd 3 m, 3% smples t 6 m distnce from wste cnl hd vlues greter thn the men. The highest nd lowest mount of S ws found t Bgrpr (site-1) nd Hwile (site-2), respectively. All sites showed grdul decrese in soil S content with the increse of distnce from wste cnl which indictes the nthropogenic lod of S t those sites, preferbly from industril ctivities. Detergent nd grochemicl industries might hve been responsible for this S c b b b Figure 5. Men concentrtion of C, Mg nd S t, 3 nd 6 m distnces. C Mg S

6 Concentrtion (µ g g -1) Asin J. Med. Biol. Res. 216, 2 (1) Phosphorus, Potssium, Boron nd Sodium The minimum nd mximum phosphorus content in soil ws 43 nd 5 µg g -1, respectively. The men vlues of P t, 3 nd 6 m distnces from wste cnl were 133, 116 nd 95 µg g -1, respectively. The result indictes the industril origin of P in the soils of the study re. This P might hve originted from the glss nd fertilizer industry of the study re. The men K content decresed grdully with the increse of distnce from wste crrying cnl. This indictes the nthropogenic lod of K in the study re. K content in the soil smples rnged from 3 to 6, 6 to 55 nd 3 to 46 µg g -1 t, 3 nd 6 m distnces, respectively with men vlues of 41, 38 nd 35 µg g -1 (Figure 6). The concentrtions of K t 5, 6 nd 3% sites from, 3 nd 6 m distnces, respectively were greter thn the men vlues. The highest level of K ws observed t Hwile (site-2). The concentrtion of B ws detected within the rnge of 5 to 28 µg g -1 hving men vlue of 42µg g -1 t m distnce from wste cnl. At 3 nd 6 m distnces, B concentrtion vried from trce to 12 nd trce to 9 with men vlues 9 nd 7 µg g -1, respectively. The result showed tht 1, 6 nd 5% smples t, 3 nd 6 m distnces, respectively hd vlues greter thn the men. Mximum concentrtion of B ws found t the site Khruli (site-7). B content in soil vried gretly nd it crossed the mximum limit for crop production t some sites. High B content in soil my hmper the rice production in the study re. There ws decresing trend in N concentrtion in the soil smples with incresing distnce from wste cnl. Dissemintion of N to nerby soils my chnge soil physicl nd chemicl qulity. The concentrtion of N vried from 14 to 31, 14 to 23 nd 5 to 23 µg g -1 with men vlue of 23, 19 nd 16 µg g -1, respectively t, 3 nd 6 m distnces from wste cnl. Out of 1 sites, 3 sites t the nerest spot, 6 sites t ech of 3 nd 6 m distnces from wste cnl hd vlues greter thn the men. The highest concentrtion of N ws found t Bgrpr (site 9) b 15 1 b 5 Figure 6. Men concentrtion of P, K, B nd N t, 3 nd 6 m distnces. 4. Conclusions Wstewter from the Bhluk industril re cnls cn be source of fertilizer since it contributes N, P, K, S, C, Mg nd orgnic mtter without negtive effects regrding chnges in soil ph. However, n dditionl contribution of nitrogenous fertilizer would be needed to obtin suitble crop growth. It is necessry to be wre tht mny crops could suffer from the negtive effects of wstewter irrigtion due to its sodium nd boron content. Nonetheless, the benefits of irrigtion with wstewter should be kept in mind, including the ddition of plnt nutrients to rice plnts nd the conservtion of soil helth. Additionl studies re required to ssess the long-term effect of uncontrolled wste disposl in cnls ner griculturl lnd nd ssess the risk for soil contmintion by toxic elements like hevy metls, rdioctive mterils etc. Prticulr interest should lso be pid to reduce soil EC levels for successful crop production. Conflict of interest None to declre. P K B N References Al-RshedMF nd MM Sherif, 2. Wter resources in the GCC countries: n overview. Wter Resource. Mngement, 14 :

7 Asin J. Med. Biol. Res. 216, 2 (1) Al-Slem SS, Environmentl considertions for wstewter reuse in griculture. Wter Science nd Technology, 33: Anderson JM nd JSI Ingrm, Tropicl Soil Biology nd Fertility: A Hndbook of Methods. 2 nd edition, CAB Interntionl, Wllingford, U.K. pp Bremner JM, Nitrogen totl In: Methods of soil nlysis, prt 3: Chemicl Methods; Sprks, D.L. (ed); Soil Science Society of Americ: Mdison, Wisconsin, pp Cost CN, DD Cstilhos, RMV Cstilhos, EE Konrd, CC Pssinoto nd CG Rodrigues, 21. Tnnery sludge effects on soil chemicl properties, mtter yield nd nutrients uptke by soyben. RevistBrsileir de Agrocienci,7: Epstein E, Minerl metbolism.plnt Biochemistry. Acdemic Press, London. pp Gregory A, 2. Strtegic direction of wter recycling in Sydney, Proceeding of the first symposium wter recycling, Austrli Adelide, 19 2: Jckson ML, 1973.Soil Chemicl Anlysis.Prentic Hll Inc. Engle Wood Clitts, N.J. USA. Mohmmd MJ ndn Mzhreh, 23. Chnges in soil fertility prmeters in response to irrigtion of forge crops with secondry treted wstewter.communictions in Soil Science nd Plnt Anlysis, 34: Pge AL, RH Miller nd DR Keeney, Methods of Soil Anlysis.Prt-2.Chemicl nd microbiologicl properties.2 nd edn.soil Science Society of Americn Inc. Mdison, Wisconsin, USA.pp RutkowskiT, LRschid-Slly nd S Buechler, 26. Wstewter irrigtion in the developing world-two cse studies from the Kthmndu vlley in Nepl. Agriculturl Wtermnge, 88: Sumi SA, 21. Toxic metllic contmintion in industril wste wter nd soils of some selected res of Gzipur, Bngldesh. M. S. Thesis, Deprtment of Agriculturl Chemistry, Bngldesh Agriculturl University, Mymensingh. Tm NFY nd MWY Yo, Three digestion methods to determine concentrtions of Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Mn nd Fe in mngrove sediments from SiKeng, ChekKeng nd Sh Tu Kok, Hong Kong. Bulletin of Environment Contmintion nd Toxicology, 62: US Environmentl Protection Agency (USEPA), Offices of wter nd wstewter nd complince (Ed.) Guidelines for wter reuse. U.S. EPA, Wshington. 137

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