BIO-POLLUTION: HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN VIRGINIA WATERS

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1 BIO-POLLUTION: HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN VIRGINIA WATERS Harold G. Marshall Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia

2 General Definitions Pollution: The presence in the air, soil, or water of a substance with unpleasant or harmful effects. Bio-pollution: The impact of one species on another species, the habitat, or the functioning of the habitat. Often coming from an alien species. For instance algal blooms are polluter to our natural waters. Alien species: A species not native to a locality, but moved to that location from its natural habitat. Algal Blooms: The rapid increased concentrations of microscopic algae in aquatic habitats and are recognized by their color enhancement to the water s surface.

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4 Pollution impact of algal blooms Reduces oxygen levels throughout the water column. May produce toxins that infect shellfish, produce fish kills, and may result in human illness. Produce noxious unpleasant odors during blooms that may persist for extended time periods. Toxic cells may become wind born and produce illness in humans when inhaled. Dense blooms may block out sun light preventing light utilization by submerged aquatic vegetation. The residue from decomposing algal cells degrades water quality and may impact life within the habitat.

5 Diverse structure of Algal Toxins Saxitoxin Okadaic acid Domoic acid Anatoxin Ciguatoxin

6 Monitoring Algal Blooms in Virginia waters Since 1985 the ODU Phytoplankton Laboratory has interacted with the Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality and the Virginia Dept. of Health in the identification and monitoring of harmful algae in Virginia s tidal waters. Support for these studies has come from these two Virginia agencies, EPA, and the National Center for Disease Control.

7 Algal Blooms: Two Types 1. Virginia waters contain native algal species capable of forming dense concentrations of their cells, called blooms, or red tides. 2. In addition, non-indigenous algal species may be introduced to local waters and produce blooms. 3. These non-indigenous taxa are referred to as alien, invasive, or exotic species.

8 Alien Species In Virginia Tidal Estuaries Common methods of entry for alien species include: 1. Passage within tidal currents entering from Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic coastal waters. 2. Their presence in ballast water emptied by ships entering local ports and harbor facilities. 3. Direct introduction by humans (e.g. from laboratory cultures).

9 Alien species: Level of potential environmental impact 1. None. By not being adapted to the local conditions the species will not survive. 2. It may have no initial impact, but survives and adapts to the local environment and becomes a living component of the region. 3. With time the species may expand in numbers and range of development, gradually increasing its impact to the local populations and habitat. 4. It may eventually replace native species, upsetting the community structure, and impacting the previous ecosystem. 5. May include toxic species, being harmful to humans and local biota.

10 How common are algal blooms in Virginia tidal rivers There were 685 algal blooms recorded at 51 river locations produced by 43 different taxa 82% of the bloom producers were dinoflagellates (18) The majority of blooms occurred during summer and early autumn Most favorable water quality conditions include temperatures o C, salinities 8-18 ppt, with adequate nutrient levels, plus ample algal residency time to develop.

11 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 1. Over last 5 decades a major bloom producer in the York and Rappahannock rivers. 2. Since a major 1992 bloom that encompassed large portion of lower Chesapeake Bay and its rivers, it is a common bloomer in the lower James river complex. 3. It is a cyst producer, which enhances its establishment in new locations. 4. Potentially toxic to fish and shellfish, oxygen reducer, and odor producer. 5. Highest concentrations during massive bloom was 115 million cells/ml.

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13 Karlodinium veneficum 1.An ichthyotoxic species, is a common bloom producer in the Potomac River and its tributaries. 2.Due to its similarity to a variety of other taxa, molecular genetic analysis is necessary to identify its presence. 3.Its bloom concentrations are often > 10 5 cells/ml.

14 Alexandrium monilatum 1. A new alien species first recognized in Virginia waters in a summer bloom in 2007 in the York River. 2. It is ichthyotoxic, with common bloom levels of ca cells/ml. 3. It was again noted in 2008 as a bloom in the York, and again in 2009 in the York and also in the lower Chesapeake Bay at bloom levels. 4. Based on these events this species appears to have become established as a bloom producer in this region, with an expanded range indicative of major impact locally in coming years.

15 Dinophysis acuminata 1. Atlantic coastal species, may enter Chesapeake Bay and tidal rivers, consumed by shellfish 2. Produces okadaic acid, when eating shellfish may cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. 3. Produced a major bloom in lower Potomac River estuaries that lasted from February through April 2002, cells/ml, along with okadaic acid detected in the water, shellfish bed closed for harvesting.

16 Major Types of Shellfish Poisoning and Toxin Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP): Saxitoxin Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP: Okadaic Acid Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP): Domoic Acid Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP): Brevetoxins Infection pathway: 1.Algal cells enter shellfish. 2.Shellfish concentrates toxic algae within their digestive tract, 3.Humans eat shellfish and accumulate the toxin.

17 Prorocentrum minimum 1.Most common bloom producer in Virginia rivers and Chesapeake Bay 2.Potential toxin producer, source of oxygen depletion. 3.Blooms reach > 10 5 cells/ml. 4.This appears to be a non-toxin strain of this species.

18 Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria: bluegreen algae) 1. Common freshwater bloomer in lakes, ponds, and rivers, at 10 4 cells/ml. 2. Has bloomed in tidal fresh water regions in Bay tributaries. 3. Potential toxin producer (e.g. microcystins). 4. Frequent bloomer in upper reaches of the Potomac River. 5. Favors warm temperatures (18-28 o C), increased residency time.

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21 Additional Impact of toxic algal blooms 1. Human related health problems. 2. Local fisheries: People will not buy products. 3. Restricted water related recreational activities. 4. Reduced tourists coming to the area, impacting hotel, recreational, and restaurant usage, etc. 5. Additional personnel and funds will be directed for monitoring infected waters for toxins. 6. Total economic impact of a Pfiesteria related fish kill in Chesapeake Bay (U.S.A.) in 1995 resulted in economic financial losses in the millions ($).

22 Algal blooms are increasing world wide 1. Toxic species appear to be spreading their range world wide. 2. Non-toxic and toxic algal bloom events occurring world wide are increasing. 3. Satellite scanning indicate algal blooms occur regularly in world oceans and estuaries. 4. Nutrient entry into coastal waters and estuaries is increasing and associated with more extensive and lasting algal blooms. 5. Increased coastal aquaculture farming has also adding nutrients for bloom growth. 6. Question? Are increasing temperatures, reduced salinities, higher nutrient input, or changing predation pressures influencing increased algal bloom in the world s oceans?

23 Summary 1. Algal blooms are common in Virginia tidal rivers. 2. These blooms are recognized as a form of bio-pollution since they may harmfully impact the environment and its biota. 3. The majority are produced by dinoflagellates during summer and early autumn. 4. Bloom producers may include alien species that have become established in these waters. 5. Several of the resident and alien species are toxin producers that are potentially harmful to local fisheries and human health. 6. Algal blooms are becoming more common world-wide.

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