Current Status and Research Activities of Wastewater Technologies for Small Communities in JAPAN

Transcription

1 HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Current Status and Research Activities of Wastewater Technologies for Small Communities in JAPAN NAOYUKI FUNAMIZU 1

2 Sanitation system used in Japan 100% Centralized sewage system :66.7% Decentralized system (Jokaso): 10% Pit latrine or other: 23.3% Percentage (%) 80% 60% 40% 20% Pit latrine De-centralized Centralized 2 0% more than less than Size of city, town and community 50 (population in thousand)

3 Decentralized sanitation system in Japan Night-soil treatment Plant Trucked black water Septage from Jokaso 3 Toilet Jokaso Jokaso for Black water for Black & Gray water Large scale Jokaso Adapted from Ebara Corp.,KURITA Water Industries Corp., KUBOTA Corp.Ex Corp. Kyoto University.

4 Jokaso Type A Type B Influent Influent Black Water Return pipe of back Cost of Jokaso for one family (five Gray persons): and Black Water washed water Anaerobic filter Approximately 6000 EURO No.1 Gray water Discharge Discharge User National Government Diffuser tube Bio-filter Anaerobic filter Local Government No.2 (Constant Flow) Anaerobic filter No.1 Anaerobic filter No.2 Disinfection 循環水 1/10 1/3 17/30 effluent Bio-filter Treated water Back washing pump Effluent 4 Adapted from Ebie et al..

5 Night Soil Treatment Plant (Resources Reclamation Center) 5 Adapted from Ebara Corp.,KURITA Water Industries Corp., KUBOTA Corp.Ex Corp. Kyoto University.

6 Night soil Treatment system Night soil treatment system Night soil Septic tank sludge Sludge Concentration equipment Biological treatment reactor Membrane process Advanced sewage Treatment system Discharge Waste sludge Energy recovery system Gas power generator Using on system Garbage Livestock excreta Receiving and Pretreatment equipment Methane fermentation reactor Liquid fertilizer 6 Adapted from Ebara Corp.,KURITA Water Industries Corp., KUBOTA Corp.Ex Corp. Kyoto University.

7 Research activities on decentralized system An interdisciplinary research project on Sustainable Sanitation Six years project from 2002 to 2007 With 6 research groups from ten organization from Japan, China and Indonesia With four million US$ research budget from Japan Science and Technology Agency 7

8 Goals of our project are Developing ONSITE WASTEWATER DIFFERENTIABLE TREATMENT SYSTEM Proposing Japan Model for sustainable sanitation system Proposing tactics for implementation of this system to the developing countries in Asia to achieve the MDGs 8

9 9 ONSITE WASTEWATER DIFFERENTIABLE TREATMENT SYSTEM Don t collect Composting Toilet Feces, Urine, Garbage Compost Agriculture House KS & WM Treatment Don t Mix Bath & WB Rain Water Ground and/or Surface water Soil System Lopez Zavala and Funamizu: Water Science and Technology Vol.46, No.6-7, pp (2002)

10 10 Benefits Separating black water gives Recovery and recycle of nutrients Elimination of micro-pollutants in urine Elimination of sources of pathogens Reduction of wastewater flow Conservation of water resources On-site treatment gives No requirement of pipes The system creates Material cycle (organic matter and nutrients) New social system such as M&O NPO or company.

11 Pilot project China Asahikawa,Japan Chichibu,Japan Okinawa,Japan Bandung,Indonesia 11

12 Chichibu: Japan Model 12 Copy right : Mitsumasa Yokota: IIP Inc. Ex-President, Advisor of Chichibu City (CREST SST)

13 Chichibu: Japan Model Chichibu: Japan Model 13 Copy right : Mitsumasa Yokota: IIP Inc. Ex-President, Advisor of Chichibu City (CREST SST)

14 Chichibu: Japan Model 水( 土壌 ) 衛生 バイオマス に係る持続可能な仕組み Sustainable 水( 土壌 ) 衛生 バイオマス に係る持続可能な仕組み Sustainable Sanitation Sanitation model model based based on on Community Community Innovation Innovation Platform Platform (M. (M. Yokota) Yokota) 14 Copy right : Mitsumasa Yokota: IIP Inc. Ex-President, Advisor of Chichibu City (CREST SST)

15 Composting Toilet Air circulation Exhaust pipe Exhausted air Fan Aerobic fermentation system No special bacteria and chemicals are used at all. Mixing Device Sawdust plays important role as an artificial soil matrix. Aerobic fermentation is performed effectively by mixer and heating system. Sawdust Matrix Mixing mechanism 15

16 SAWDUST MATRIX: Key element of the composting reactor o Sawdust properties: High porosity High water and air retention High drainage Aerobic biodegradation (without odor) High tolerance bacterial Use of sawdust for long time 16 Low apparent density Biodegradability Energy saving when mixing Reuse as a fertilizer or soil conditioner

17 Chichibu: Japan Model 17 Human Interface Copy right : Mitsumasa Yokota: IIP Inc. Ex-President, Advisor of Chichibu City (CREST SST)

18 Chichibu : Japan Model 水 バイオマス循環型のサニテーションモデル Sustainable sanitation model in Chichibu city. 大棚川 River 生活雑排水 ( 風呂 洗面 洗濯 台所 ) Washing Machine KitchenS ink 生ごみ Toilet し尿 P P Bath Slanted soil treatment (gray water treated by a slanted soil chamber method ) Gray Water 雨水用枡 Urine wastes garbage Composting toilet (wastes, garbage) Urine Faeces garbage 安心 健康 Composting toilet Improvement of River Water Quality by environmental friendly system Water circulation Copyright 2005 Mitsumasa Yokota, All rights reserved Biomass circulation Mitsumasa Yokota, as an Innovation Partner, produced sustainable sanitation model, including circulation of biomass and water, harmonized with the nature of Chichibu city. Improvement of soil, by sharing the vision with residents and community. 18 Copy right: M.Yokota: CREST Sustainable Sanitation Team, Advisor to Chichibu City

19 Gray water Treatment Slanted soil treatment system by Dr.Itayama National Institute for Environmental Studies 20.0 A slanted soil treatment system of 3 stacks A kitchen sink T-P (mg/l) '01 '02 ' m 0.2m BOD (mg/l) '01 '02 ' These figures are prepared by Dr.Itayama

20 Chichibu: Japan Model Compost Compost 20 Copy right : Mitsumasa Yokota: IIP Inc. Ex-President, Advisor of Chichibu City (CREST SST)

21 Sanitation Issues in Asia Distribution of the global population not served with improved sanitation (WHO, 2001) 13% 5% 2% Asia Africa Latin America Europe 80% K.USHIJIMA, M. IRIE, N.SINTAWARDANI, J.TRIASTUTI, T.ISHIKAWA: The 5th International Symposium on Sustainable Sanitation Tokyo, Japan(2007)

22 Bandung City Study Site Water flush toilet (87%) Septic tank No treatment Kiaracondong =Typical slum Interview Survey Result of interview (62 households) <Study site> RW02, SUKAPURA village Kitchen Plant Kiaracondong district 12% 4% Population: 1,477 Washing Household: % Area : 0.03km 2 Bathing 30% Defecation 12% Urination 29% Toilet 41% Ave. 89 liter/day/capita Field Measurement USHIJIMA Ken (WEC) : 3 rd South-East Asia Water Forum: 22 nd Oct. 2007

23 Shift the social system Urban area (slum) Rural Area Water resource area Water supply Interface toilet kitchen Garbage Products Farmland Utilization Composting Toilet Gray water Collection & Transportation Compost 23 River USHIJIMA Ken (WEC) : 3 rd South-East Asia Water Forum: 22 nd Oct. 2007

24 Improvement of Interface Commercial Composting Toilet Expensive All stainless Heater Mixing motor Possible Design of Composting Toilet 1400mm Evaporator Water 700mm φ550mm Drain Bathing space Customize for the slum Low running cost Downsizing Cost down ( US$) mm Sawdust tank (100liter for 4person) Urine tank Bathing space Drain USHIJIMA Ken (WEC) : 3 rd South-East Asia Water Forum: 22 nd Oct. 2007

25 Compost Collection System Urine 19m 3 /day 4m 3 5times Residences Urine Collector 2 persons Waste picker Compost 8m 3 /day Junk shop 13m 3 8m time 回 25 Compost Collector 1 person Middle Station To Suburbs Collection Middle station Dump site Collector works 3time in a week Urine collection: once in 2 weeks Compost collection: once in 4 months (1~2person) Collected amount Total amount 27m 3 /day Transported Apx.. 68m 3 /day Apx.. 52m 3 /day Managed Managed by local by community Managed by Bandung City local (Each community residents pay the cost) Managed by Bandung City (Each residents pay the cost) USHIJIMA Ken (WEC) : 3 rd South-East Asia Water Forum: 22 nd Oct. 2007

26 Summary Current status of Japan Jokaso and Night soil treatment plant Sustainable sanitation system Don t mix!, Don t collect Onsite Wastewater Differentiable Treatment System The new system for rural area in Japan: Pilot plant in Chichibu, Japan The system for developing countries: Pilot project in Indonesia 26